1851

events

politics

• 1. January: Josef Munzinger becomes Federal President of Switzerland
• 15. July: The Gothaer contract will be closed between the Germans, regulated with that nationality questions and their interpretation among themselves.
• 2. December: Coup d'etat by of Louis Napoleon in France
• 31. December: The Austrian emperor Franz Joseph signs the Silvesterpatent and liftsthus the Oktroyierte March condition on
• end of the Schleswig Holsteini war

economics

• 15. October: The Disconto society, which develops later to a major bank, open in Berlin its business concern

• Fruit OF the Loom is created

Science

• George Gabriel Stokes publishes the equations of Navier Stokes of hydrodynamics (in Cambridge Transactions 9 (1851), 8)

culture

• 20. January: Premiere of the amusing opera the distinguished Dilettanten or the opera sample of Albert Lortzing at the city theatrein Frankfurt/Main
• 10. April: Premiere of the opera the home coming from the foreigner by Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy in Leipzig
• 16. April: Premiere of the opera Sapho (Sappho) of Charles Gounod in of Paris
• 20. August: Premiere of the romanticOpera Aurelia, duchess of Bulgaria von Conradin Kreutzer in Kassel
• Harriet Beecher Stowe begins with the publication of uncle Toms hut
• of the writers Herman Melville publishes the novel Moby thick
• the opera Rigoletto of Giuseppe Verdi becomes in Venice for the first time specified

other

• 1. May: In the Londoner crystal palace the first world exhibition opens
• Adolf Anderssen one wins the first international chess tournament in London

born

• 14. January: Reinhold of Sydow, German politician thatKaiser era († 1943)
• 19. January: David rigidly Jordan, US-American zoologist, Ichthyologe and peace activist († 1931)
• 19. January: Jacobus C. Kapteyn, Netherlands astronomer († 1922)
• 23. January: Ludwig Schupmann, German professor forArchitecture and technical designer of telescopes († 1920)
• 29. January: Smelling pool of broadcasting corporations Reverdy, German building manager and civil servant († 1915)
• 30. January: Henry Ogg Forbes, Scottish explorers and Botaniker († 1932)
• 2. February: Hugo angerof Bulach, elsässischer politician of the Kaiser era, MdR, undersecretary of state († 1921)
• 3. February: Lina Hähnle, foundress of the federation for bird protection († 1941)
• 3. February: William Trübner, German painter of the romance († 1917)
• 8. February: Kate Chopin, US-American authoress († 1904)
• 12. February: Eugen of Böhm Bawerk, Austrian economist († 1914)
• 20. February: Ernst von Heydebrand and the Lasa, German leader of the German-conservative party († 1924)
• 21. February: Ernst von Hessian Wartegg, Austrian travelers and writers († 1918)
• 21. February: Karl William Diefenbach, German painter and social reformer († 1913)
• 26. February: Carl Albert Purpus, German plant collecting tank († 1941)
• 2. March: Adolf Quensen, yard decoration and church painter of historicism († 1911)
• 2. March: Franz of Liszt, professor for criminal law and international law († 1919)
• 3. March: Alexandros Papadiamantis, Greek writer († 1911)
• 9. March: Paul Vitorelli, Italian judge († 1932)
• 16. March: Franz heat, German theologian and parliamentarian († 1921)
• 18. March: Adalbert Ricken, German Mykologe († 1921)
• 19. March: FriedrichFranz III. (Mecklenburg), Grand Duke of Mecklenburg Schwerin († 1897)
• 19. March: Roque Sáenz Peña, Argentine lawyer and politician († 1914)
• 26. March: Julius Langbehn, German writer and culture critic († 1907)
• 27. March: Ruperto Chapi y Lorente, Spanish composer and professor († 1909)
• 27. March: Vincent d'Indy, French composer and Musiktheorethiker († 1931)
• 28. March: Bernardino Machado, Portuguese politician († 1944)
• 7. April: Otto Klauwell, German composer († 1917)
• 10. April: Gene aero Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte, Italian cardinal († 1948)
• 22. April: Karl borrowing man, German architect († 1938)
• 7. May: Adolf of Harnack,GermanBaltic Protestant theologian and church historian († 1930)
• 12. May: Samuel Dickstein, Polish mathematician († 1939)
• 16. May: Johann Baptist of Anzer, bishop of the German mission in the province Shandong († 1903)
• 18. May: August Karl baron of the Heydt, banker and Kunstmäzen († 1929)
• 18. May: Itzhok Lejb Perez, Polish jiddischer writer († 1915)
• 20. May: Emil citizen of Berlin, German inventor of the record and the Grammophons(† 1929)
• 22. May: Anton Cyril Stojan, archbishop of Olmütz (tschech. Olomouc) († 1923)
• 22. May: Anton of Henle, bishop von Passau; Bishop of Regensburg († 1927)
• 25. May: Johannes Peisker,Czech sociologist († 1933)
• 29. May: Léon Victor Bourgeois, French lawyer and statesman, Nobelpreisträger († 1925)
• 1. June: Isaac Peral, Spanish engineer and submarine pioneer († 1895)
• 5. June: Ladislav rot, foundersthe company V. J. Rot († 1906)
• 8. June: Jacques Arsène d'Arsonval, French physician and physicist († 1940)
• 9. June: Charles Joseph Bonaparte, US-American politician († 1921)
• 9. June: Victory mouth miner, GermanEntrepreneur and inventor († 1927)
• 10. June: Anton Matosch, Austrian librarian and dialect poet († 1918)
• 11. June: Theodor of Scheve, German chess master († 1922)
• 14. June: Ernst Fuchs (physician), Austrian optician(† 1930)
• 22. June: Jacques Martin (musician and composer), Belgian composer and conductor († 1930)
• 27. June: Josef Garbáty, citizen of Berlin cigarette manufacturer († 1939)
• 28. June: Robert Friedberg, German political economist and politician(† 1920)
• 28. June: Waldemar Mueller, German banker and politician († 1924)
• 8. July: Arthur Evans, British archaeologist († 1941)
• 8. July: Otto Krümmel, German Ozeanograph († 1912)
• 9. July: Berthold English, Austrian chess master († 1897)
• 10. July: Friedrich of Wieser, Austrian economist († 1926)
• 20. July: Arnold Pick, psychiatrist and neurologist († 1924)
• 27. July: Guillermo Billinghurst, PeruvianPresident 1912-1915 († 1915)
• 2. August: Benno Orenstein, German railway eisenbahn-Industrieller († 1926)
• 3. August: George Francis FitzGerald, Irish philosopher († 1901)
• 14. August: Doc Holliday, US-American gun hero († 1887)
• 14. August: Guido heart field, German actor of the silent movie time († 1923)
• 20. August: Abraham of mountains, Norwegian right liberals politicians († 1936)
• 23. August: Alois Jirásek, Czech writer and historian († 1930)
• 2. September: August Freudenthal, author and journalist († 1898)
• 3. September: Olga Konstantinowna Romanowa, Mrs. von Georg I. of Greece († 1926)
• 6. September: William Pelizaeus, Spanish consul in Egypt († 1930)
• 13. September: Walter Reed, US-American bacteriologist († 1902)
• 15. September: Emilia Pardo Bazán, Spanish authoress († 1921)
• 17. September: Henri James Simon, German entrepreneur and Mäzen († 1932)
• 24. September: Federico Boyd, fourth president of Panama († 1924)
• 25. September: Carl Jatho, German Evangelist minister († 1913)
• 2. October: Ferdinand Foch, French marshal in the First World War († 1929)
• 31. October: Louiseof Sweden Norway, as a wife king Friedrich VIII. Queen of Denmark († 1926)
• 5. November: Rudolf Smend (1851), Alttestamentler († 1914)
• 10. November: Francis Maitland Balfour, English zoologist († 1882)
• 12. November: Eduard angel, German literature historian and stylist († 1938)
• 16. November: Min never Hauk, US-American opera singer († 1929)
• 21. November: Désiré Joseph Mercier, archbishop of Mechelen and cardinal († 1926)
• 28. November: AlbertGrey, 4. Earl Grey, British politician and statesman († 1917)
• 3. December: Gustav beautiful liver, German painter († 1917)
• 5. December: Mary cancer Brenning, German Pianistin († 1900)
• 10. December: Melvil Dewey,American, led a system to the classification in libraries († 1931)
• 15. December: Felix von Hartmann, Erzbischof of the ore diocese Cologne († 1919)
• 15. December: Johannes Metger, German chess player and chess teacher († 1926)
• 17. December: Otto bulkhead, German chemist and glass technician († 1935)
• 20. December: Knut Wicksell, Swedish economist († 1926)
• 29. December: William Marx, German local and structure politician († 1924)

Died

• 16. January: Karl von Müffling, Prussian general field marshal, military writer and Geodät (* 1775)
• 21. January: Albert Lortzing, German composer (* 1801)
• 24. January: Gaspare Spontini, Italian opera composer and - conductor (* 1774)
• 27. January: John James Audubon, US-American Ornithologe (* 1785)
• 1. February: Mary Shelley, English authoress (* 1797)
• 1. February: Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, English authoress (* 1797)
• 8. February: Nicholas Vansittart,1st lord Bexley, British politician and statesman (* 1766)
• 18. February: Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, German mathematician (* 1804)
• 3. March: Alexander Alexandrowitsch Aljabjew, Russian composer (* 1787)
• 9. March: HansChristian Ørsted, Danish physicist and chemist (* 1777)
• 13. March: Karl Konrad Friedrich William laughter man, German Philologe and Germanist (* 1793)
• 22. March: Göran election mountain, Swedish Botaniker (* 1780)
• 2. April: Rama III., King of Siam (* 1788)
• 12. April: Martin Schrettinger, German priest and librarian (* 1772)
• 19. April: George Franz August, count von Buquoy, Czech entrepreneur (* 1781)
• 23. April: Mikhail Petrowitsch Lasarew, Russian naval officer and admiral (* 1788)
• 23. May: August William Francke, mayor of Magdeburg (* 1785)
• 24. May: Friedrich Tieck, German sculptor (* 1776)
• 30. June: January TheobaldHero, Czech physician and composer (* 1770)
• 3. July: July IANA Blasius, German robber bride of the Johannes Bückler (* 1781)
• 5. July: Giovanni Scudieri, Italian architect and chief architect of low-read (* 1817)
• 10. July: Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre, French painter and inventor (* 1787)
• 16. July: Enne armies Dirksen, German professor of mathematics (* 1788)
• 17. July: Béni Egressy, Hungarian composer, dear savingist, translator and actor (* 1814)
• 21. July: Horace François Sébastiani, French general, marshal of France (* 1772)
• 1. August: William Joseph Behr, German lawyer, politician and writer (* 1775)
• 7. August: Johann Gottfried Gruber, German literature historianand writers (* 1774)
• 11. August: The Lorenz Oken, German Naturgeschichtler and scientist (* 1779)
• 16. August: Christian Martin Joachim Frähn, German Orientalist and Numismatiker (* 1782)
• 27. August: Ferdinand George August ofSaxonia Coburg Saalfeld Koháry, field marshal second lieutenant in Austrian services (* 1785)
• 8. September: Joseph Anselm fire brook, German archaeologist and professor of the philology (* 1798)
• 9. September: Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, US-American clergyman, (* 1787)
• 13. September: Franz Raveaux, German revolutionary of the March revolution (* 1810)
• 14. September: James Fenimore Cooper, US-American writer (* 1789)
• 18. November: Ernst August I. (Hanover), 1. Duke of Cumberland (* 1771)
• 9. December: Ramón Freire y Serrano, Chilean officer and president (* 1787)
• 10. December: Karl Drais, German inventor (* 1785)
• 19. December: Joseph mark lord William Turner, English artist of the Impressionismus (* 1775)
• 19. December: William Turner, English painter (* 1775)
• 21. December: Carl Friedrich Rungenhagen, German composer and music paedagogue (* 1778)