Abbreviation

Abbreviation (also "abbreviation") the shortened form marks one Word or one Wortgruppe. To it belong Acronyms, Short words, Initial words and Letter strings. Which one shortens is also socially conditioned. Thus abbreviations appear like OFF for answering sets or HP for homepage as regional, national or by those Text places limited. Further also abbreviations are common, only in a certain surrounding field to be used as for example in classified advertisements of newspapers.

The word "abbreviation" becomes by the abbreviation "Abk."shortened. Abbreviations develop usually in that Writing language and find frequently admission in that Colloquial language.

Table of contents

History

Already those antique Inscriptions were rich at abbreviations. In the Roman Epigraphik a system prevailed forwards, with that the words on the first letters were shortened. A double letter showed that Plural on.

Handwritten letter, like it to in 15. Century in Central Europe dominated, the interest in abbreviations lets rise. Still in that Antique one developed the secretary Cicero Tiro one Kurzschrift. In the books the writers were however still reserved. A small highranking line for a failed locking M and semicolon-like indications on B (for -BUS) and Q (for -QUE) were the only common abbreviations.

In the Western European Middle Ages were usual more abbreviations. Individual indications from the kurzschrift Tiros (Tironi notes) associated with the mentioned antique abbreviations. In addition abbreviations for holy terms stepped (Nomina sacra, for example DS for deus). The usual abbreviation of the Middle Ages was the over-written line, itself as duplication characters of m in German Kurrentschrift still to in 20. Century held. The abbreviation system with the high book need became particularly rich into that latemedieval Universities. Although with the pressure with mobile type characters the abbreviation need sinks clearly, covers the typensatz that Good mountain Bible still many abbreviations.

In the recent time are in particular in bureaucratic large organizations (UN, SED state, public administrations generally, Military, Large-scale enterprise etc..) extensive Abkuerzungssyteme in use.

Abbreviations with or without point

Whether an abbreviation with or without point is written, depends in the principle on it, whether it is also shortened expressed.

Abbreviations without point and blank

An abbreviation is shortened expressed, thus it becomes in principle without point and always without Blank written:

Examples: Pool of broadcasting corporations, KPMG, GmbH, UNHCR, USSR, StGB

Units are spoken as word, but nevertheless without point shortened.

Example: 10 m (spoken "10 Meter")

Abbreviations with point and blank

Abbreviations, those not to be shortened expressed, in principle with points are shortened. If the abbreviation is multipart, stand blanks between the components:

Examples: Dr., z. B., D. h., i. D. R., ges. gesch.

(an exception places the common "etc..", itself in place of the actually correct "u. s. w."as abbreviation for" and so on "interspersed.)

Line pagings within these abbreviations should besides are avoided, in Text processings best by protected blank. If available, a narrower gap than should between normal words used to be set.

Abbreviations with point, but without blanks

The abbreviation way with points, but without blanks, for a long time became outdated. There are however two special cases in which this is further permissible:

  1. Special case: When using one Fixed width writing (as for instance with one Typewriter) the blank may be void when abbreviations. When using one Proportionally spaced printing the missing blank is however considered as wrong.
    Examples: z.B., D.h., s.o., but: z. B., D. h., s. o.
  2. Special case: During in-patriated abbreviations, to out general habit or for marketing reasons not in the current abbreviation way of writing were adapted.
    Examples: K.D.St.V., F.A.Z.
  3. Protected distances how "z. B " in a contribution to Wikipedia facilitate the legibility of the articles, because with the line-makeup the two letters not to be torn apart. Therefore inserting protected distances is expressly recommended.

Smallwritten abbreviations

In particular with latin expressions, to be shortened, with point one shortens, although the abbreviations to be often also shortened spoken. They are smallwritten usually and would not so easily be recognizable therefore without points as abbreviations.

Examples: stud. iur., C. t., s. t.

Mix from abbreviation ways

Also the combination of abbreviations with and without point is easily possible.

Examples: Cob. LC, Gebaeudereinigungsges. ltd.

Abbreviations within the legal range

With some Law comments, for example in Palandt, becomes frequently, in order to save place and thus sides, radically each abbreviation without point and blank and frequently also also Binnenversalien written.

Examples: DarlN (for the borrowers), ZusHang (for connection), NebenBest (for Nebenbestimmung).

This abbreviation way serves the special requirements of these works. The Palandt has in this way already an extent from approximately three thousand sides in the thin pressure and would be more meaningful otherwise hardly to handle.

Some these abbreviations also outside of the comments in the legal everyday life are used. For example: iSd (in the sense), TC (dominant opinion), aA (other opinion).

Word types

Under the term abbreviation those fall Word types:

  • Abbreviation - a word, in relation to the original length a shorter representational form has.
  • Acronym - from letters of several words or several word parts developed word, as own word to be expressed can. In the Spanish at least one tries, to always use acronyms. One there hardly knows the letter lining common in the German linguistic area.
  • Short word - by shortening or omitting word parts word developed.
  • Initial word - from the initial letters of several words formed word.
  • Letter string - as word not out-speechable letter row.
  • Contraction - a fixed letter sequence as marking, for example security contraction

Acronyms and initial words belong to that Generic term "short words", while the letter strings only under the general term "abbreviations" fall.

See also

Literature

  • DIN 2340 (short forms for designations and names; Form from abbreviations and spare shortening; Terms and rules).

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