Antique Greece
That antique Greece the development of the European civilization along-coined/shaped considerably. History in that covers in the context of this contribution about the period of 800– (integration of Greece in . The time lying before it becomes in and in Dark age treated. All numerical data, so far not expressly differently indicated, understand themselves than v. Chr.
Table of contents |
Overview
During itself in the archaischen time (approx. 700-500 v.Chr.) finally that and it established to the large Kolonisation of the , was the classical period came (approx. 500-336 v.Chr.), in also central political understanding like those were coined/shaped, the time of the large cultural development that put. Also relevant realizations within other ranges, like that and of the as well as the verses that and that .
Greece in the archaischen time (approx. 700-500)
The archaische time created the foundation in various regard for the classical time of the antique Greece. At the beginning those stand after the "dark age" homerischen Epen, those and ). Probably still before Homer also the seals developed of the .
In this time slowly a new state State of, its training was formed possibly already in 12 in Greece. Jh. v. Chr., at the latest however in geometrical time (about 1050-700 v. Chr.) begins: Those (city state) the controlling system of government became (except in parts of north Greece and parts of the ). The aristocracy, which was first still no birth aristocracy, won at influence and became simultaneous, thus conditionally, the king rule ever more back-pushed and disappeared to a large extent. Thus stepped among other things strengthened up, while in other city states the population was more deeply involved in the government. Those (see also the principle to that Isonomie, equal rights) as in the case developed however only perfectly in classical time. Full citizens were entitled in the Polis to participate in the political life. The degree of participation was certainly gradated from city to city differently. Often had pole ice only a small limited surrounding countryside (Chora). Large pole ice with extensive Chora, like Athens and as well as one (market place as economical and also political center).
Already end 2. Millenium v. Chr. are Greeks after - z. B. after (allegedly 1053 v. Chr. settled, before however already centuries Greek) or (settlement not proven in so in former times time however so far) etc.. - moved its (s. also ionische Kolonisation, ). It came in the period of approx.. 750–550 finally to the large and in many areas of the daughter cities were created. Here became particularly in Unteritalien and up - z. B. 735 and 730 (data after as center. In the time starting from 700 the influence strengthened more eastern Elements on those an important role of mediator played. The Greeks took over that before already that and transformed it for their purposes.
In this period also those developed ionische philosophy (whereby itself for example Pythagoras just as also had employed), while on the Greek mainland fought each other different pole ice. On the Peloponnes was first leading long time, but it succeeded (in several embitters led wars to 640) and a reform of the community to become the prominent military power of Greece. Long the military model of the citizen weirs had itself (see and cemented thereby his requirement for rule.
In 7. Jh. and 6. Jh. also the system of government that experienced a bloom. So in particular in . Also in the west Tyrannen came to power in later time, whereby the development up quite spectacularly ran (see Gelon, Agathokles). The term Tyrannis came out and first an autocracy designated without valuation. Usually a powerful Aristokrat took over the guidance within a Polis and secured its power by military forces and looked for besides support with other Tyrannen. Given was thus no legal basis, but a purely power-politics. In the Greek motherland however about Sparta set against to this system of government and fought themselves it energetically.
Those antique Greek world did not know a national feeling in the modern sense. Comparatively a "national" large event were alone those a panhellenische meaning had. In addition it gave (this is earnings/services of the homerischen Epen; first developed also only in archaischer time) a God canon. Anyway those was deeply religious antique Greek world. Even if it around no book religion acted - the religion became through and Heroengeschichten determines -, nevertheless nearly all public and private actions of calling were accompanied to the Gods. Each Polis, might have been still so small it, was awake strictly over the own autonomy and was not not ready to give these up voluntarily. Thus conditionally the war was in the antique Greece rather the normal condition (see the fights between and or between Sparta and ). A real community feeling developed only the previous evening that .
510 the Tyrannis finally became in eliminates. Athens was already before to the Vormacht in Attika become, during later something similar in to try should. In it came briefly to to an event which should write world history: that Ioni rebellion (500–494).
Greece in classical time (around 500-336)
and
That (approx. 500-494), the smallasiatic and zyprischen Greeks against that, standing for decades under Persian upper rule to the retaliation campaign, the beginning that in its information gives; with it begins also (western) in the actual sense.
Athens triumphed 490, but it came ten years later to a renewed campaign under guidance of Dareios son 481 therefore that became Bright federation based, beside and also several different, but by any means all city states of the motherland did not belong; some were even rather ready to be subjected to the Persern. After delaying combat to that it got to the decisive battle. The Greeks destroyed the numerically superior Persian fleet (480). One year later became also the Persian landheer in that Battle of Plataiai struck. conquest began 478 . Sparta refused however taking over the protection of the Greeks far from the homeland. Athens however, so far the junior partner, assumed and created 478/477 that .
Already dualism Sparta/Athens appeared, finally to to lead should. Athens set now the war against that with the help of its federation away. It intervened finally in and in the eastern Mediterranean area. With this strategy it strained however its resources. Finally it came 449 logically to a reconciliation with Persia (Kalliasfrieden, its however in the research is disputed).
In Boeotien Theben pursued a policy for the establishment of one over the other boeotischen municipalities. Also Athens pursued under a similarly aggressive policy. The sea-federation, in the meantime long an instrument for the pursuit of athenischer interests, developed slowly to attischen realm. 460-57 the in such a way specified became Are enough walls established, Athens with the port connected and Athens to the uneinnehmbaren fortress made. Those as means for reaching the athenischen goals was used, whereby it came on athenischer side (particularly during the Peloponnesi war) to numerous atrocities.
Before already the in such a way specified had First Peloponnesi war (around 460-46) raved between Athens and Sparta. Reason was the provisional withdrawal from the spartanischen alliance and its change-over to Athens. Athens even undertook an expedition in this connection after (460-54), which failed however. But itself the per spartanische policy of the exilierten athenischen politician could do occasional intersperse (the 449 on Cyprus fell), so that 446 dreissigjaehriger peace was closed, whereby the latent tensions remained certainly existing.
In the west the Greeks of the danger erwehrten themselves meanwhile by those and the powerful . In the battle of Kyme 474 the Etrusker was destroying struck. Up the conflict went along further, even if the Karthager 480 had been struck with Himera. There also further Tyrannen could adhere to power, as for example in numerous pole ice Gelon, which occasionally than the most powerful man of the Greek world applied.
In the Greek motherland meanwhile Athens became the "school of Greece". The money from the cash of the sea-federation made numerous building projects possible like that . Athens developed also to the center that Philosophy ( and ). Those classical time was the bloom time of Greece and the Greek culture: Mentioned are only , , , , . The moreover the physician or the historical writers and was into the time Cicero unequalled model. A just as impressive example of the cultural development of the classical Greece is those and democratic thinking. Under finally also the radical became with perfection (the beginning had been already made in and the 50's 60's). Those athenische democracy with the fully qualified participation of the citizens it became first not against so some excrescences of the power politics a sample for the future, but did not protect, particularly since it is for example hardly to be compared in various regard with the modern democracy (the division of power was missing). With the famous of the description of the Perserkriege represents, developed a description of the fall beginning however already.
That - an antique world war
Over the controversy also Korkyra concerning the interference of Athens into the civil war in Epidamnos, the fear of Athens before a commitment Korinths in the north and over a trade controversy with the Megara, in addition, from the fear Spartas before a further increase in power of Athens, verbuendeteten with Sparta, came it finally to (with interruptions of 431-404).
432 requested Megara and Korinth Sparta ultimatively for intervention, but began the war rather unplanned with an assault of the Thebaner allied with Sparta on the city Plataiai. Sparta occurred to 431 in Attika, but had Perikles the population into the protection that withdrawn. Meanwhile the athenische fleet the Peloponnes pluenderte. Perikles counted on the exhaustion of the opponent, while the Spartaner broke in each year in Attika.
To the death of the Perikles 429 a new generation of politicians came to the rudder, how Kleon for an aggressive, Nikias however for compensatory policy opposite Sparta stood. 425 Sparta seemed due to the capture of several Spartiaten ready for the peace, but this by Kleon was rejected. Sparta reacts however and marched under guidance of the Brasidas 424 in and so the athenische supply threatened with grain. 421 it came to a peace treaty (Nikiasfrieden), which did not eliminate however all disputes. Sparta fought its Erzrivalin Argos, during Athens under the influence of the the consequence-fraught Sicily expedition undertook (415-13). This ended in a disaster for Athens. The income of failed, and that athenische army was destroyed, while in Greece Alkibiades, which had overflowed to the Spartanern, to a new tactics against Athens persuaded these. In Dekeleia a permanent base was established, while Persia supported now Sparta. With the help of Persian gold Sparta developed a high performance fleet. At the same time dropped ever more sea-federation members, that were treated of Athens as colonies, of the attischen federation. In Athen kam es daraufhin zu einem oligarchischen Verfassungsumsturz (411), der aber schon 410 wieder rückgängig gemacht werden konnte - auch mit Hilfe des wieder zu Athen übergelaufenen Alkibiades.
Spartas neue Flotte unter dem fähigen Lysander however further Athens life nerve threatened. 406 still triumphed the Athener with that Arginusen, but the fleet was subject to 405 in that Battle of Aigospotamoi. Athens capitulates 404 before Sparta, was however not destroyed, there Sparta Equilibrium of the forces upright received wanted. Korinth and Theben felt however around the fulfilment of their war goals betrogen and pursued now own goals, also and particularly against Sparta.
Fight for the hegemony: Spartas and Thebens high-altitude flight and the ascent of Macedonia
Sparta could not take over the guide roller of Athens after the victory of 404, even if it tried to fill out the gap those the loss of the athenischen had left: in addition Sparta were missing both resources, but probably the institutions necessary for it. Between Sparta and Persia it came besides to the war around small Asia (400-394), since itself Sparta refused delivering the there Greek cities the Persern as it had planned the contract of 412. In addition, in Greece the fighting did not break off. In Korinthi war (395-87) fought Argos, Athens, Korinth and Theben against the Spartaner. 387/86 came it finally to the so mentioned King peace, which was in reality a Persian dictated peace, which brought the war in the Greek Mutteland however at least to a provisional end. Persia received small Asia and Cyprus, during Athens only some to its old Kleruchien kept was allowed. All other pole ice should be autonomous.
On the principle of autonomy and equal rights the idea that was based Koine Eirene, of the General peace, the political effect strong in the subsequent years unfolded and beside that Panhellenismus the coining/shaping political thought of this time was. In addition, because of the end this peace idea failed again and again because of the impossibility to intersperse it without the warranty of a strong hegemonial power. The king peace becomes of some researchers as the first implementation one Koine Eirene regarded.
To its guard first Sparta raised itself, in order to defend its own position. It went however appreciably on the defensive. Athens, which had recovered slow from the defeat in the Peloponnesi war, justified 378/77 the sea-federation again, however makes smaller and on a somewhat more democratic basis. Actual however both Sparta and Athens were over increasing the thebanischen powerful position anxiously and tried to contain the thebanischen influence. But while the two old enemies nevertheless still approximated now, it came 371 to Battle of Leuktra, in which the spartanische army in open field battle was destroying struck by the Thebanern. This meant the final end of the spartanischen and a quasi hegemoniale position reached under Dionysios I. of Syrakus, became in 4. Jahrhnudert however of heavy civil wars afflicted. Up supplied themselves and the sizilischen Greeks already since early 5. Century partly violent fights, whereby both forces held themselves into for instance the balance. The straight peripheral areas of the Greek world, which experienced a bloom time after the Peloponnesi war, were so even actually Boeotien with Theben, in addition, (see Jason of Pherai), Korinth and Megara, which itself of the war recovered and straight from the trade profited.
In the north of Greece mounted meanwhile the throne of . It made Macedonia prominent military power in Greece. In the 50's it fought against those Phoker and the supremacy acquired 352 in . conquest followed 343 . Athens felt seriously threatened by the expansive policy Philipps. Above all the Athener tried to convince of it that Philipp wanted to subjugate her, had first however no success. it got to 340 finally for the formation of a defense federation, but was subject the army 338 the army Philipps. This created 337 that Korinthi federation and became Hegemon appointed. Philipp had become in fact Beherr of Greece. Its plans to a campaign against Persia it could not carry out however no more: It was murdered 336.
Its son it opened at the same time the gate for the Greeks to a new world. With it also the classical age of Greece ended.
It began the age of the to spread should (see also ).
Greece in the age of the up to the integration into that
Greece remained the battleground of the brightistic great powers. Above all those tried to renew the old Macedonian hegemony. Athens attempt to become after death Alexanders again a power failed pitifully (Lami war, 323-322). In place that the Greek stepped Federal States. The two most important were that Aitoli federation and that Achaii federation. In cultural regard the emphasis shifted more into the east, where above all in in small Asia, an important role played (see also ).
In consequence of the fights between the Greek small and Central Powers among themselves and with and approximately it came to the intervention of the approximately . In (200-197) Macedonia was destroying struck. the Roman general announced 196 Titus Quinctius Flamininus the liberty of Greece, Rome remained however protectorate power. Since the situation was further unstable, Rome in the future saw itself forced to intervene again and again. After that Battle of Pydna 168 was Macedonia, which under king Perseus again had tried to fight for the supremacy in Greece against Rome as power factor switched off. Rome engaged itself now durably in Greece. This led after the destruction of to the transformation of Greece into one (146 to Macedonia, 27 as province Achaia).
133 became also the realm of of Rome annektiert, 64/63 followed the realm that in (which however already since that 2. Century only of regional importance was and its richest provinces had long lost), 30 finally last brightistic power, that that .
The independent political history of the antique Greece was terminated thereby, but lived the Greek culture in the Roman realm away and coined/shaped since that 2. pre-Christian century increasingly also the Roman civilization. Emperor a large Philhellene was and granted to Greece numerous privileges, those its successors however again withdrawals. Into those it was nearly natural for the elite of Rome, beside also Greek, and the classical Greek education (paideia) remained at least in the eastern realm half also alive after the victory of the Christianity still for a long time.
Those Realm crisis of the 3. Century after Christ then also Greece, which had to suffer from barbarian ideas, concerned however again to recover could and to some extent also with that the last important philosophical current that Antique ones brought out. Straight one remained to in 6. Century after Christ an important center antique education. Since approximately then slawische peoples penetrated into the eastRoman Balkans provinces; over n.Chr. was Greece up to to a large extent slawisch settled and could only in the Middle Ages again for the griechischsprachige to be won. The conquest of the Roman Orientprovinzen by the Islamic Arabs (since : in the realm of the Kalifen the Greek office language was finally replaced by the Arab. However the conquerers showed up openly for many achievements of the Greek civilization; thus weniges was not retained only by the Arabs for future generations.
Quotations
Literature
By way of introduction (further data are in the bibliography to find as well as above all the bibliographies of the volumes that Cambridge Ancient History, 2. fundamentally Aufl changed.; for the time after 30 v. Chr. vgl. the articles , and ):
- Hans Joachim Gehrke and H. Cutter (Hrsg.): History that Antique ones, Stuttgart Weimar 2000. There also further data.
- Heinrich Krefeld: Hellenika. Introduction to the culture of the Hellenen. Berlin 2002. Good u. knappe of contributions from experts to the following topics: Society u. polit. Condition, religion, cult places, language, literature, philosophy, education u. Peideia, science, art.
- Wolfgang Schuller: Greek history, Oldenbourg sketch of history, Munich 2002 (newest Aufl.). Knappe, problem oriented representation with research part and comprehensive bibliography
Selection of resuming literature:
- Paul Cartledge: Culture history of Greece in that Antique ones, Stuttgart 2000.
- John K. Davies: The classical Greece and the democracy, Munich 1982.
- Simon Hornblower: The Greek World, Routledge Ancient History, 3. Aufl., London-new York 2002.
- : Athens. A new beginning of world history, Berlin 1993.
- The same: The emergence of the political one with the Greeks, Frankfurt A.M. 1980.
- Oswyn Murray: The early Greece, Munich 1982.
- Robin Osborne: Greece into the Making, Routledge Ancient History, London-new York 1996.
- Graham Shipley: The Greek World after Alexander, Routledge Ancient History, London-new York 2000.
- Michael steel: Society and state with the Greeks, 2 Bde., Paderborn 2003.
- Franc W. Whale bank: The brightistic world, Munich 1983.
See also
- and
- Magna Graecia
- and
- Greek literature
- Atheni democracy
- Systems of government of the Greek Antique ones
- Name customer Greece
- Society for antique philosophy
- Death and dead cult in the antique Greece
Web on the left of
- Perseus - antique texts in English translation
- Britannica of 1911 articles with Fordham; due to the age partly becomes outdated, but nevertheless worth reading
- Livius.org - recommendable (English)
- Overview with articles (also of strange Websites), maps and further left (English)
