Assassination attempt of Sarajevo
That Assassination attempt of Sarajevo, with to 1914 the successor to the throne Austria Hungary, Ore duke Franz Ferdinand and its wife Sophie Chotek, duchess of high mountain, was cause for those died July crisis of 1914, those in its process that The First World War released.
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Prehistory
Reasons for the attendance
The ore duke wanted the conclusion of the maneuvers of the k. u. k. XVI corps in Bosnia attend. The attendance happened on request of the national commander of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Oskar Potiorek. Potiorek was the opinion that one the reputation that 1914 four pistols with ammunition and six bombs from Serbian army existence. Further they got Zyankali zyankali-Flaeschchen, in order to kill itself in the case of a capture, and something money for the travel expenses.
The three originally enlisted assassins traveled one month before the notice over Tuzla after Sarajevo. Ciganovi? helped them to arrive under co-operation unnoticed by some coworkers of the Serbian secret service with weapons to Bosnia. In Sarajevo closed them as a fourth member Danilo Ili?, a 23jaehriger teacher, on. Ili? enlisted three further members of Mlada Bosna, Vaso?ubrilovi? and Cvetko Popovi?, two 17jaehrige high school students, as well as Muhamed Mehmedba?i?, a 27jaehrigen carpenter and Muslim Bosniaken.
At the conspiracy also different members were involved by Mlada Bosna, which did not go directly or armed into action: Veljko?ubrilovi?, Vasos brother and teacher from Priboj, Mi?ko Jovanovi?, buyer and bank manager out Tuzla, Mladen Stojaković, physician and late people hero in The Second World War, its brother Sreten, sculptors; Jezdimir Dangi?, Gendarmerie lieutenant colonel and later Tschetnik-Woiwode, Mitar Kerovi? and its son Ne?a, and finally Jakov Milovi?, a farmer from east Bosnia.
When the preparations were so well final to the notice, did Ili get? of Belgrade the order to blow the assassination attempt off. The guidance of the black hand had considered and feared themselves it in the meantime differently serious consequences in the case of a success. Dragutin Dimitrijevi? Apis, the boss of the Serbian secret service and one the leader of the black hand, sent itself an agent to Sarajevo, that with Ili? met, in order to hand over to him the order. But Princip wanted to know of it nothing and persuaded Ili? finally to implementing the plan nevertheless.
Mehmedba?i? and?abrinovi? should act as first and if the other five assassins than reserve took farther back, up to the emperor bridge with the?umurija bridge list, during itself, stationed. Ili? it oscillated unarmed between the groups of assassins and watched that they made everything correct.
The notice of?abrinovi?
To 28. June came the ore duke at the station of Sarajevo on, where it entered with his Mrs. Sophie into a vehicle with open verdeck. It was on the way from a troop inspection to City hall (Konak) drove and in a column from six cars on the appeal dock along of the MiljackaRiver. In the first vehicle sat the mayor, Efendi Fehim?ur?i?, and the police head Dr. Gerde. In the second vehicle Franz Ferdinand, its wife Sophie, national boss general Potiorek sat and Franz count Harrach, the driver. In the third vehicle sat Sophies chamber woman, count Boos Boos-Waldeck and the wing aide of the national boss, lieutenant colonel Merizzi, who drove the car. In the fourth and fifth vehicle other members of Franz Ferdinands Gefolgschaft and Bosnian officials sat. The sixth vehicle was empty and as reserve was carried.
Against 10 o'clock drove the column at Mehmedba?i? , which should throw a bomb, but nothing undertook past. He explained his inactivity later with the fact that he of Ili? the instruction got to throw the bomb only then if it recognized the car of the successor to the throne, what it however did not do. Next asked?abrinovi? and afterwards its bomb threw a policeman after the car, in which Franz Ferdinand sat, toward the car. Count Harrach, the driver, noticed the here-flying dark object and gave gas, during Franz Ferdinand the arm main header, in order to protect its wife against the object. The bomb reflected from Franz Ferdinands arm, fell over the put back verdeck of the car to the rear and exploded briefly before the third automobile, whereby lieutenant colonel Merizzi and count Boos Boos-Waldeck, in addition still another half dozen of merry were hurt.
?abrinovi? the cyanide potash placed from the black hand to the order swallowed and jumped into those Miljacka. The poison was however old and did not work not, so that it only vomited. In addition the river in the place concerned was not very deep. ?abrinovi? by the quantity it was seized, whereby he would have been lynched nearly, and arrested.
After lieutenant colonel Merizzi was only easily hurt after first information and was brought into the garrison hospital, the successor to the throne instructed that the travel is continued to the Konak. On the way to the Konak the column drove past at the other assassins, who undertook however nothing. Vaso?ubrilovi? it state later did that he did not shoot, because the duchess wrong would have done to him Cvetko Popovi? it stated that he had had fear and in this instant did not know, what with it happened.
Arrived in the Konak, the mayor before many local dignitaries set to a prepared greeting speech, by Franz Ferdinand was however immediately interrupted: "control rooms it one instant! I come to Sarajewo as guest and one receive me here with bombs! Now you can talk."it could however finally calm down. After its attendance in the Konak it ordered a change of the route. It did not want to drive as planned direct to the museum, but also the lieutenant colonel Merizzi in the hospital, hurt with the first notice at the neck, to visit.
The notice of Princip
Against the instructions the car column on height over the Miljacka of the leading bent latin-hereditarymoves however into the originally planned route in. The driver, who this still in time noticed, wanted to push straight back, when Princip, which sand-yielded itself disappointed removed from the scene and in the Café Schiller one had bought, saw to its large surprise, how the vehicle of the successor to the throne before the Café continued. It took the opportunity, went out of the Café, pulled its pistol and delivered immediately from approximately three meters distance of two shots. Franz Ferdinand was met into the carotid artery, Sophie of high mountain into the abdomen. Princip stated later that he did not want at all to meet Sophie, the shots applied for Franz Ferdinand and Potiorek.
Princip swallowed its cyanide potash immediately, vomited it however, whereupon he tried to shoot itself with the pistol. The pistol was torn it however from the hand and the furious quantity wanted to lynch it. While Princip was arrested immediately, count Harrach turned and drove fast to Potioreks residence. Franz Ferdinand spoke to its wife: "Sopherl! Sopherl! Do not die! Lodging alive for our children!“. But in vain, both bled still while driving at their injuries.
The political consequences of the assassination attempt
?abrinovi?, Princip and the other assassins with exception of Mehmedba?i? were gradually arrested. While the verhoere were silent they first persistently, until they when desired gave everything up from Princip and confessed, whereupon also most other conspirators were arrested. The Austria-Hungarian section advice Friedrich of Wiesner led the determinations and wrote in his report of 1914 to the k. u. k. State Department: "Mitwissenschaft of Serbian government at the line of the assassination attempt or its preparation and auxiliary order of the weapons by nothing proved or to also only assume. Rather reference points exist to regard this as impossible.“
The Serbian government regretted the incident and denied a connection with the assassination attempt. It pointed out that all authors originated from the annektierten Bosnia and were formally Austrians. In addition there would be no proofs, which pointed on an official Serbian commitment. On the other hand the Serbian organization became in Austria Hungary Narodna Odbrana (people defense) as Anstifter of the assassination attempt admits given.
Because of opposite interests on the Balkans the fronts between Austria Hungary and Serbia were for a long time hardened. Austria Hungary strove for the extension of its area and wanted to terminate with the support of Germany the sense crisis of the own monarchy with a victory against an enemy of many years, during Serbia the Austrian-Hungarian influence in the Balkans as outdated and wirklungslos regarded and with the assistance of Russia a re-organization of the region in the sense of the Panslawismus to cause wanted. Besides Austria Hungary supported Albanian forces as conscious measure for the attenuation of Serbia. Austria Hungary pushed also to as hostilely judged critical Serbian press, those Hetzereien against the monarchy operated and was responsible for the heated political tendency, which favoured the murder at the Austrian successor to the throne. Serbia appointed itself against it to the constitutionally guaranteed pressefreiheit of private media and saw in the officially steered and nationalistic Austrian-Hungarian press the true problem stove. The assassination attempt of Sarajevo was the trip, but not the exclusive cause of the world war following on it.
As reaction to the assassination attempt Austria Hungary Serbia placed to 1914 an extremely hard, on 48 hours limited Ultimatum, which could not be unconditionally accepted by Serbia, without giving the national sovereignty up. The "ultimatum" was officially a Démarche, because therein only with the abort of the diplomatic relations one threatened, and not direct with the war. Serbia answered giving way to the ultimatum within the given period, however not unconditionally did not accept it and began at the same time with one Mobilization. In consequence Austria Hungary Serbia explained as expected to 1914 the war, with which that The First World War began.
The process against the assassins
Of to 1914 the court process took place against altogether 25 accused because of high treason and murder in Sarajevo. During the process most accused denied each connection with official Serbia.
Gavrilo Princip
Gavrilo Princip stated that he do not repent the act and itself also not when criminal regards he has only a criminal and Tyrannen murdered. He said that it was a revolutionary, hates Austria Hungary and wishes its fall. Nobody caused it the act, denied it each official connection to Serbia. For asseveration it stated that it Ciganovi? it warned that the Serbian authorities would arrest it, if they experienced from their plan. He said also that it would do wrong to him, the woman of the ore duke, a Tschechin, to have killed and that this shot had been intended for Potiorek.
Princip became from the court of the High treason and murder for guiltily found and to 20 years detention condemns. For the judgement its recent age was crucial at the act time, which protected it the death penalty. It died however finally under miserablen prison conditions 1918 in Theresienstaedter Prison military hospital on .
Nedeljko?abrinovi?
Nedeljko?abrinovi? it indicated as reason for its act that Franz Ferdinand had been an enemy of the Slovenes, and particularly the Serbs. Er sagte weiters aus, dass in Österreich-Ungarn die Deutschen und die Ungarn das Sagen hätten, während die Slawen unterdrückt würden. Da er zum Tatzeitpunkt minderjährig war, wurde er vom Gericht zu 20 Jahren Haft verurteilt und starb 1916 an Tuberkulose.
Trifun „Trifko“ Grabež
Trifun "Trifko" grave? the act called "the largest revolutionary act in history". It from the court to 20 years detention condemned, also it was too young for a death sentence. It died 1918 on .
Danilo Ili?
Danilo Ili? by the court for guilty was found and condemned to death, he was of age at the act time. It became finally 1915 together with Mi?ko Jovanovi? and Veljko?ubrilovi? through Erhaengen in a prison in Sarajevo executed.
Vaso?ubrilovi?
Vaso?ubrilovi? to 16 years detention was condemned, it was under age at the act time and could not therefore not to death be condemned. After the decay of the Austrian-Hungarian monarchy it became released. He worked later than teachers and university professor and became under Tito Minister for forestry.
Cvetko Popovi?
Cvetko Popovi? because of high treason to 13 years detention was condemned and became released after the decay of the Danube monarchy. Also it was under age at the act time. It became later Kustos in the Ethnografi department of the museum of Sarajevo.
Muhamed Mehmedba?i?
Muhamed Mehmedba?i? as only participants one did not arrest and placed themselves behind Montenegro off, where it prahlte with its participation in the assassination attempt publicly, so that the Montenegriner had to finally arrest it. Austria Hungary required its distribution, which brought the Montenegriner into an unpleasant Zwiespalt. On the one hand they were bound due to agreements to a co-operation with Austria Hungary, on the other hand one they did not want to apply the numerous Serbian population Montenegros with the distribution against itself. How by coincidence could Mehmedba?i? however of the prison break off and escape, the problem was thus from montenegrinischer view solved. After this incident it submerged and behaved first inconspicuously. 1917 became it together also Dragutin Dimitrijevi? Apis, the leader of the black hand, because of a Mordkomplotts against the Serbian prince regent Aleksandar Kara?or?evi? arrested and to 15 years detention condemns. It became finally 1919 amnestied and returned to Sarajevo, where he led a modest life as gardner and a carpenter. It died during the Second World War.
Mi?ko Jovanovi?
Mi?ko Jovanovi? transported the weapons, which were used with the notice, from Tuzla to Sarajevo. In order not to be noticeable with possible control on the way after Sarajevo, Princip Jovanovi handed over? and it got the weapons back in Tuzla from it in Sarajevo. Jovanovi? by the court of the aid to the murder for guilty one found and 1915 together with Danilo Ili? and Veljko?ubrilovi? through Erhaengen in einem Gefängnis in Sarajevo hingerichtet.
Veljko?ubrilovi?
Veljko?ubrilovi?, Vasos brother, was found the aid to the murder for guilty and 1915 together with Mi?ko Jovanovi? and Danilo Ili? through Erhaengen in a prison in Sarajevo executed.
The notice place in Sarajevo
In Sarajevo those is on the happening to in the place, from which Princip delivered its shots, a marble board with an inscription to find, 1914 refers. At the railing of the at that time latin-hereditarymove, which carried its name, because it was the shortest connection to the catholic church, in addition and today's Princip bridge is a stone bank to find, the last remainder of a memorial, which asked the passanten for a short prayer for the victims of the notice. The opposite altar became 1919 blown up.
The weapon used by Princip was a Browning M 1910, a semiautomatic pistol of the caliber of 7,65×17 mm. It becomes in Army-historical museum in shown, together with the blood-stained uniform of the successor to the throne and the car of the mark Graef and pin, in which it was driven by Sarajevo. The second ball, which killed Franz Ferdinand, fired by Princip, is an exhibit in Did Konopi?t close? (Konopischt) in Bene?ov ().
Literature
- Milo Dor: The shots of Sarajewo, German paperbacks publishing house, Munich 1989 (a literary treatment of the events with consideration of the Serbian view)
- Vladimir Dedijer: Sarajevo 1914, Prosveta, Beograd 1966
Web on the left of
- The assassination attempt in the mirror of the Austrian-Hungarian press (Austrian national library)
- Expenditure for newspaper of the Forward of 29. June 1914
- The Austrian-Hungarian documents to the outbreak of war
- The Serbian Blue Book
