Cannabis

Cannabis is that latin scientific name that Hemp plant and becomes in Vernacular also as Comprehensive term for from hemp the manufactured Rauschmittel, in particular Marijuana and Hashish, used. The word trunk Canna hemp comes from the Indian one and means.

Table of contents 1 Overview 2 Legal regulations 3 Cannabis and traffic 4 To the history of application 5 Driven, Suchtpotenzial and toxicity 5.1 Intensification of the perception 5.2 Development and personal ripe ones 5.3 Effects on the brain 5.4 Mixing consumption of Cannabis and other drugs 5.5 Craze danger and toxicity 5.6 British Lung Foundation: 4 Cannabiszigaretten correspond to 20 tobacco cigarettes 5.7 Danger by unlawfulness 5.7.1 Quality control lacking 5.7.2 Consequences for the society 6 Consumer forms 7 Cannabis as medicine 8 Youth-cultural aspects 9 Numbers 10 Prices and quality 11 Literature 12 See also 13 Web on the left of

Overview

The berauschende effect of the hemp plant is due to the active substances contained in it, in particular those Cannabinoide ?-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD), although up to now yet all components in their complexity were not completely decoded. These substances stimulate those Cannabinoid receptors in central nervous system the organism. Those endogenous Agonisten this Receptors are called Endocannabinoide and play an important role with the modulation more synaptically Processes.

The three main kinds are Utilizable hemp, Indian hemp, Ruderalhanf, from those today several hundred breed sorts developed. Generally Indian hemp wears a higher relative portion opposite the utilizable hemp reassuring CBD in relation to the main active substance THC. Ruderalhanf hardly plays a role for drug production. As drug is almost exclusively the female, unbefruchtete plant interesting, since this exhibits the largest active substance concentration.

The most well-known use forms are

• Marijuana: the dried, female bloom conditions, if possible unbefruchtet (without seeds), with or without attaching sheets, are smoked
• Hashish: the pressed Resin the hemp plant one smokes or, in Fat solved, for the preparation uses of THC haltiger beverages and meals
• Hashish oil: with solvents from the plant "oil" extracted (in the chemical sense however no oil is, separates relatively pure THC) is evaporated and inhaled, with Tobacco mixed, on paper getraeufelt and gelutscht, smoked or to the preparation uses of THC haltiger beverages and meals.

In the medicine usually pure THC is used. In the laboratory only the Delta-8-THC-Form can synthesized become, since artificially manufactured Delta-9-THC is too unstable. It exhibits only approximately 70 % of the effectiveness of the natural form, which is to probably due many partial to missing interaction with the still unexplored active substances of the hemp. Patients describe synthetic THC compared with "genuine" Cannabis often as in his effect insufficiently.

Depending upon application form the time up to the entrance of the effect from some minutes varies with Inhalieren up to 30-300 minutes with oral admission. The effect continues rarely longer than three to four hours, in addition, with oral consumption clearly longer periods are reported. Cannabis is in Halluzinogen, after application a reinforcement of sensory impressions to expect leaves, itself usually in the form of easy perception changes with colors, Forms, Noises as well as the time perception expresses.

Legal regulations

Major item: Legal aspects of Cannabis

According to the regulations that, by nearly all states of the world one ratified, is the production, the possession and the trade of Cannabis almost world-wide forbade, in some countries also the consumption is illegal. An exception are those The Netherlands, where acquisition and possession of small quantities of Cannabis in fact are exempt from punishment. However the possession of a small quantity of Cannabis is partly entkriminalisiert, also in many other countries whereby from country to country different quantities as small apply. In Germany the bare consumption of Cannabis or other Betaeubungsmitteln is not punishable, on the other hand is the cultivation, the production, providing, the acquisition, the possession, -, Out and transit, selling, delivering, using up, giving and leaving to direct consumption in accordance with Betaeubungsmittelgesetz punishable.

Cannabis and traffic

Major item: Cannabis and traffic

Who gives cause for the suspicion, to separate the consumption from Cannabis and leading a vehicle strictly, must count in Germany and Austria on the extraction of the driving licence also then, if it does not drive impaired. Therefore sometimes in the course of disputed "Drogenscreenings" or with offences against the BtMG the authorities bend to covered and patronizing measures opposite Cannabiskonsumenten (urine samples, psychiatric investigations, Suspension of driver's licence with passive consumption etc..), although the courts the arbitrariness of the authorities in the meantime partly limit. There are few founded and generally recognized scientific studies over the effects of the Cannabiskonsums on the traffic. The legal regulations are in principle restrictive and handle the Cannabis impairment just as strict to tax as the consumption of alcohol. Differently as with alcohol there is with Cannabis and other Betaeubungsmitteln no limit values and the proof duration of the Cannabiskonsums officially waited is much longer than with other Betaeubungsmitteln, however a direct consumption can be proven over the blood values.

To the history of application

Although hemp for approximately 5000 years, first in China, for fiber production one cultivated, are first reports over the application of the contents materials for medical or ritual purposes only in Indian literature before approximately 2400 years. Here become weak concentrated Active substances (Bhang, Ganja) as socially acceptable outstandingly, stronger drugs (Hashish) however rejected. Medical literature of this time describes also applications in that Epilepsy and with pain.

With the becoming known of the psychological effect in Europe of the 17. Century two viewpoints began: In France the consciousness-changing characteristics of the contents materials were stressed, in particular in literary circles, approximately of Alexandre Dumas the older one and Fitzhugh Ludlow, while in England medical applications were located in the foreground; W. B. O'Shanghnessy calls calming, Anfallslinderung and Krampflinderung. Hemp was often used as favorable tobacco replacement and in this connection in the literature often casually as Knaster or "strong Tobak" designates.

Into the first third of the 20 Century was Cannabis, usually in the form of alcoholic excerpts, an easily available Medicine; in 19. Century one at the most frequent used up. In the year 1925 those found International Opium conference in Geneva instead of. There also a prohibition was discussed by Cannabis. During the time that Prohibition into that The USA became also Cannabis increasing as a danger for those Society regarded. Background was however, that the powerful Baumwollfarmerverbaende of the Southern States and tobacco producers was afraid market shares at hemp to lose and under reference to the intoxication effect to the prohibition pushed. Combined with purposeful Lobbying between 1935 and 1937 of the Hearst news network the Medienzars William Randolph Hearst, because of the prospect of a low-priced becoming paper production with hemp high financial losses feared, and the chemistry company Dupont, under anderm one Nylon and Rayon produced, might finally to in factProhibition in the year 1937 led. Probably this stands also in the connection with it, that 1933 in the USA those Alkoholprohibition waived was and the associated enormous national pursuit apparatus thus without meaningful occupation was; like that was the driving strength of the US Cannabisverbots, the chairman "office of the OF Narcotics" Harry J. Anslinger, 1933 ago been in "prohibition the office" responsibly for the penetration of the alcohol prohibition.

During of the The Second World War became the cultivation of the up to then common hemp plant as raw material for uniforms, Dressing material, Aircraft construction and the like again publicise, in addition, with its end the hektarweise destruction of fields accompanied, on those "Marijuana"was cultivated - a synonym of Spanish immigrants, in short publicity films of the US government as drug for Perverse, siechende "Untermen", spiritless "negroes" and Mexican Immigrant one describes. This hard dualism in the drug discussion - here the familiar everyday life drugs alcohol and tobacco, those usually as drugs were not even designated, there the new, fremdlaendische danger "marijuana", of many did not know, that it is identical to the long-known hemp - long time kept itself persistent and led to successful banishing that Useful plant Hemp from the western culture area.

Although in the European states with exception of Portugal, where the consumption from Cannabis had led to "Aufmuepfigkeit among the negro slaves", no negative effects of the Cannabis consumption admits were, became on urge of Egypt, that had for his part threatened with it, the import of Cocaine and Heroin to forbid from Europe, Cannabis to one illegal drug explained. Behind it purposeful might Lobbying of Bavarian because of the heroin paragraph confessed - heroin was legally produced at that time still by Bavarian.

In the course of the fight against marijuana the road price rose in the past 50 years over up to 8000 % of 60 USS/kg to 1.500 to 5,000 USS (regionally very different).

This legal position adheres to Cannabis since that time, the danger of Cannabis is however very disputed. Possibly the enormously versatile usability of the hemp plays a large role thereby, that Cannabis until today remains illegalisiert. Because hemp stands for z. B. in competition to wood products how Paper, Textiles, Food oils and particularly to tobacco and a multiplicity of chemically manufactured and patented Medicines.

Driven, Suchtpotenzial and toxicity

The consequences of the Cannabis and/or. THC consumption on the psyche are various and dependent on different factors, therefore no general statement can be met, for which circle of acquaintances which dose damaging works and under which circumstances already unique or rare consumption damages. A warranty for a safe consumption can, as is the case for other drugs, not to be given, the causes are too multilayered, those to craze or other unwanted effects lead.

Possible factors for compatibility from Cannabis are:

• Personal ripe and biological age (brain maturing)
• Stability of the psyche, also one coins/shapes by the outside surrounding field
• Frequency of the consumption as well as consumer experience
• consumed quantity, Darreichungsform and active substance content
• Mixing consumption with other drugs (also alcohol and nicotine)
• Probably also genetic conditions
• The direct surrounding field
• The personal condition and environment, those Daily form --> that sucked. set & setting

Intensification of the perception

The special danger for Erstkonsumenten consists of it, that the same quantity THC works with different humans differently.

Those selectively intensifying effect on feeling impressions does not only refer to positive, but also on negative impressions such as fear or distrust, whereby already small indisposition under influence from Cannabis to acute, intensified fear conditions to lead can (see Horrortrip).

As counter measure the work often helps a saved atmosphere, approximately by the proximity of a man of confidence, Avoidance of aggressions, Fulfilment of desires (z. B. after a certain beverage, but no alcohol!), until the intoxication effect faded away. Preventively the consumer should always realize himself that it, that the effect faded away at the latest after some hours again.

With presence of psychological diseases such as z. B. Boron the LINE personality disturbance, Depressions, Fear illnesses and/or. Phobien or Psychosen can the symptoms sometimes gelindert, but under other circumstances to be strengthened also clearly. In addition Cannabis stands in the suspicion, already with moderate consumption with humans one assessed for it latently existing Psychose favour to be able, to release as well as Psychosen already healed again.

Development and personal ripe ones

Many experts are itself united over it, that children and young people should avoid Cannabis in any case. In particular in this important development phase of humans the danger exists, the personality by Cannabiskonsum sensitively to disturb (Lit.: Nuthatch, Kovar, 1997).

This accompanies with the acceptance, that the degree of the personal is a ripe important factor with the Cannabiskonsum. Who independently in the life moved and which we run gene of the transition period from the young person carried out to the adult, has to expect presumably fewer problems with Cannabis than unreife personalities with ungefestigtem life. This process lasts frequently until far into the second half of the "twenties lebensjahre" these data refers also to the entrance age, (Lit.: Schmidbauer, of the Scheidt, 2004). Who begins thus early with the consumption, the risk runs, according to these data to endanger its personality development durably, if the consumption is maintained.

Humans, in their personality are strengthened, are less susceptible to a damage in the majority.

Some representatives of the science state, that the continuous consumption to Motivation loss-Syndrome to lead can, marked by Antriebslosigkeit and interest loss as well as a stagnation of the personality development. Others again answer this in the negative or state, that a certain Motivationslosigkeit can be already a crucial motive for continued Cannabiskonsum. drugcom, a project that BZgA, the following opinion represents: "after the present level of knowledge one does not assume that, that the consumption of Cannabis a durable and no longer reversible discouraged condition produces." (drugcom.de)

Effects on the brain

Due to the effect of the THC on that Brain it was examined for possible lasting changes in structure or function. No (approximately by computer tomography visible) changes were recognized. However an investigation resulted in, that the consumption can have an influence on the development of the brain by young people; it became with humans, before an age of 17 years the Cannabis consumes, a reduced brain volume as well as a increased relationship of whiter to grey brain mass determined. (W. Wilson et aluminium, Journal OF Addictive Diseases, 19, 1-22 (2000)). Such effects depend however probably strongly on the earlyness and above all the intensity of the consumption in the jugendalter. Same applies to the negative influence of Cannabiskonsum on the development (which in the rest of less to brain-physiological changes is to be attributed).

Besides a study resulted in, that the cerebral cortex is more badly supplied with blood by long-term consumers (Volkow et aluminium, Psychatry Research: Neuroimaging, 67, 29-38 (1996); Block et aluminium, Neuro report, 11, 749-753 (2000)). Critics state, this study would prove the injurious character of the Cannabinoide less, separate rather the harmful effect of the inhalation of incineration gases. For the effect of Cannabis and hashish products the mainly following 3 main components are responsible (Grotenhermen 2003/IACM, Cologne):

1.) [ THC ] (Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol), which ensures to 90% for the psychoaktiven effect with the Cannabiskonsum.

2.) [ CBN ] (Cannabinol), is with priority responsible for the muskelrelaxierende (cramp-solving) effect.

3.) [ CBD ] (Cannabidiol), works against the THC effect according to newest studies, thereby its effect weakens and provides at the same time for longer duration of effect of the total effect on the physical processes. A high CBD portion weakens thus the general psychoaktiven effect and leads to one, rather body-stressed, sedating effect, instead of to an often wished consciousness-extending experience.

Numerous other studies did not show any effects with adult consumer also with continued long-term consumption to the brain (see RoomMorgan, s. u.).

Most drugs brake the education of new nerve cells in the brain. Marijuana has which effect on the neuro genesis in such a way specified, was so far unclear. In a current study report researchers, that a synthetic Cannabinoid the vermehrung of the neurons stimulates - at least in the brain of mice (Xia Zhang et al. 2005).

One Metaanalyse of the University OF California, San Diego (UCSD) School OF Medicine "little" found notes for a substanzielle brain damage surprising, with heavy Cannabisrauchern if necessary a small restriction of the memory function could be observed, their practical relevance is however unclear.

Mixing consumption of Cannabis and other drugs

While already the exclusive consumption of Cannabis or alcohol limits the driving capability dose-dependently, strengthen themselves the negative effects with simultaneous consumption of different drugs. The accident risk rises thereby drastically.

With consumption of Cannabis with tobacco itself all characteristics of one can Nicotine craze adjust; Nicotine is one of the strongest well-known craze means. This craze can be confounded by the concerning with Cannabis craze.

Craze danger and toxicity

Despite the proof of psychological dependence at many continuous consumers THC (TetraHydroCannabinol) is, the psychoaktive main part of Cannabis, not in the actual sense malicious and physically not look for-releasing. World-wide no death is well-known by overdosing of Cannabis. The emergence of a craze illness depends usually on many factors.

The nuthatch Kovar study for that Federal Department of Health 1997 came to the result, that up to 20% of the consumers are dependent, within the examined pro gangs were approx.. 8 %; of the pure Cannabiskosumenten 2 % were dependent, within the examined group the other dependent ones in the study took different drugs beside Cannabis still. More consumer than addicted estimated themselves, as this after psychiatric inquiry methods the case would have been. Dependence on Cannabis is to be due particularly to special personal circumstances, for example an early entrance age plays a large role, so the result of this study.

The question that Tolerance formation and/or. Dose increase with repeated consumption is disputed with Cannabis. Many experts refer to it, that most continuous consumers substantially higher doses need than opportunity consumers. According to other sources a dose increase is to be excluded rare or. Intensive consumers consume frequently several gram daily, to that extent there is obviously a tolerance effect.

Investigations of Cannabisrauch one determined, that its composition is remarkably similar from tobacco smoke, Cannabis contains up to 5 times as much tar as tobacco, allerdigns none Nicotine, only in Tobacco smoke, is contained, while THC occurs only in Cannabisrauch.Tar contains the krebserregende Benzpyren, Smoking Cannabis has therefore additionally to the characteristics as drug and the dangers for the psyche also negative effects on the lung. These effects increase, if Cannabis is smoked mixed with tobacco. Whether the effects are in the long run stronger or weaker than with tobacco smokers, is disputed, since on the one hand with joints usually more deeply and clearly longer one inhaliert, but on the other hand average Cannabiskosumenten smokes clearly rarer than average tobacco consumption ducks. Regular Cannabis and Cigarette smokers damage to a considerable degree their respiratory system. But even for a destructive Habitus the industry has meanwhile a solution for a less injurious to health, although very elitaere form of the application develops. The Vaporisierer (z.B. that "Volcano" of pride and Bickel approx.. 500€ or that Vaporizer etc..). By evaporation and simultaneous filtering almost all tobacco-specific poison materials with absolute attention to the psychotropen main substances ([ Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabinol, Cannabidiol ]) thereby to be as it were purely inhaliert, becomes also a critical, not-smoking clientele addressed "it once to try". In this connection the fact is interesting, that o.g. Technologies actually for completely different purposes (z.B. Air revitalization, Klimatikherstellung for asthma patients) were intended, whereby that bonmot "the purpose sanctifies the means" an abnormal meaning gets.

British Lung Foundation: 4 Cannabiszigaretten correspond to 20 tobacco cigarettes

According to a study that British Lung Foundation damage 4 Cannabiszigaretten the lung as strongly as 20 tobacco cigarettes. The British Lung Foundation came to the result, that by the Inhalieren of the Cannabisrauches up to 4 times more tar in the lungs to cling remains than with the Inhalieren by tobacco smoke. By for the 60's the THC content increased by breeding (during the tar content remained essentially unchanged) to have from and the 70's 60's over long-term sequences only a force of expression causes long-term studies.

Robert Melamede of the University OF Colorado, one the prominent American Cannabisexperten represents however the view, Smoke from Cannabis less probably releases a cancer illness than a smoking of tobacco. THC would have characteristics even cancer-restraining. In particular with the application of THC poorer Varietaeten (i.e.S. Sorts) like that cannabis ruderalis "JANISCHEWSKI" (the "Ur-hemp" designates to his local origin ruderalis = on rubble, respectively karstem country growing and its discoverer), originally in that Mongolia and in Russia in the trationellen welfare art as antidepressive in form of a Tonikums use found and also today still finds (ROSENTHAL 2003). The RUDERALHANF contains into for instance the same Cannabinoide as its related Cannabis sativa and indica. In addition above all the highway circuits Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) belong, CBD (Cannabidiol) and CBN (Cannabinol). [ Nelson 2000; Raetsch 1998:144). However could in Cannabis ruderalis within the existing Cannabinoide a THC portion of at the most 40% to be determined and on the average 15-20%. To the comparison analyses that have Cannabis sativa a value around approximately 70% with reinrassiger genetics to the result (BEUTLER et the MARDEROSIAN 1978: 390). A positive correlation between a very high THC content and significant rising at cancer of the lungs illnesses could be so far never verified.

Danger by unlawfulness

Since Cannabis in Germany can be acquired exclusively illegaly, exist further dangers, in the unlawfulness are justified.

Quality control lacking

Since there is no controlled market for Cannabisprodukte, adjust themselves problems concerning the quality. Since the Dealer supplies itself usually from changing sources, is never clear, as highly the active substance content is actual. By purposeful breeding and cultivation methods the effects yield partly to around the fivefold from each other off (not however as partly in the press reports to around to fifty-subject). In addition falsifications or aspect ratio are observed, the consumer does not proceed in such cases from fear of own pursuit usually against the Dealer.

Thus hashish is very often stretched with other substances. In stretched hashish are usually Henna, Sand or oilsFats; in rare cases also poisonous substances became how Pentachlorphenol (PCP), Waste oil or shoe polish proven. The dilution is relatively difficult to recognize, since consistency and smell through black market-causes changing sources and manufacturing process vary. The alleged aspect ratio with camel dung, Donkey muck or Kuhfladen belongs against it in the realm of the legends. The in former times often expressed statement, Hashish becomes also Heroin, LSD or something similar "dilutes", does not apply likewise, since these drugs are many more expensive than hashish and this therefore for the Dealer would not be worthwhile themselves.

There is however cases well-known, in those consumers thought, they would have consumed hashish, with other drugs would be improved. With analyses turned out however, that only the active substance content was unusually high.

Also marijuana can be stretched, this happens however more rarely than with the Hasch. Here dusting with water use finds most frequent, in order to increase the weight. Also not-potent fiber hemp leaves partly become (Knaster) or spices such as majoran, Brennesseln or the like to it-mixed, if it itself not around a complete Falsification acts. These stretching means are to be recognized usually very easily as such and also not so dangerously, as it admixtures in hashish to be can do. Often to win the active substance-rich resin of the blooms shaken off over from it hashish, whereby the effect of the marijuana diminishes with almost unchanged weight. Sometimes the shaken off sheets and blooms with hair sprays are sprayed, around the inexperienced consumer resin crystals vorzugaukeln. Hair spray remainders to smoke is accordingly unhealthy.

Consequences for the society

Considering the legal regulations and the uncertain social status of Cannabis the open exchange and the clearing-up in connection with Cannabisprodukten are made more difficult. This results often from the fear of the concerning out, to come directly or indirectly into the visor of the prosecution, or itself and/or. to bring the own family in disrepute. But also at first sight indifferent ones are indirectly concerned.

The consequences cover among other things:

• Dislike and distrust in relation to neighbours and state organs themselves with relatively harmless consumer sample
• more secretly and socially uncontrolled consumption instead of public and socially controlled consumption
• Restraint with the correction "more wrongly" facts and/or. panic-make as well as more irrational with clearing-up over dangers from own experience
• Tabuisierung or Aufbauschung of the topic in the family or friend circle instead of material discussion
• Entrance to other drugs, since these by the same sources to be obtainable can
• Are missing to any age control with the purchase
• national interferences in family structures by withdrawal of the custody for children with cannabiskonsumierenden parents with partial devastating consequences for all involved ones
• Social consequences of an announcement are stronger than those of the consumption
• Juridical insecurity by the very non-uniform penetration of existing laws (see Cut off legal regulations)
• Promotion of the organized criminality by otherwise irreproachable citizens
• escaped public revenues by missing taxation on the assumption, the money for it is not spent on other things
• Promotion of the consumption of alcohol and other legal drugs.

Consumer forms

In principle are open a whole number of different application ways, from those the inhalational and the oral most common are.

Around the Cannabinoide over the lung to take up to be able they must be present in a inhalierbaren form. For this there are different possibilities. Once they can be brought in aerosol form, D. h. an atomization into tiny drops z. B. with the help of a Inhalators. The second possibility consists of it, to transfer the Cannabiswirkstoffe into the gaseous phase. This succeeds on the one hand by careful heating up on the boiling point of the Cannabinoide (evaporate, vaporisieren) by means of one Vaporizers or on the other hand through burn ("smoke"). Around Cannabis to smoke there are innumerable possibilities, purely or with tobacco z mixes. B. by means of Chillum, Bong, Water whistle or Whistle, as Joint, Blunt or "Bucket".

Also with the oral admission countless possibilities exist. Since Cannabinoide are fat-soluble, fetthaltige Nahrungsmitel or carrier solutions is necessary. Cannabis can directly or as Cannabisbutter (Cannabisbutterherstellung is a procedure, over THC will bake from sheets and pflanzenresten to extract) in pastry or with cocoaChocolate (high fat content) to be taken up. Further possibilities are the preparation of an alcoholic excerpt and the pharmaceutical production of plant extracts or THC in pure form.

The load of the respiratory system is smallest with oral admission and as aerosol spray. An alternative with likewise small breath way load places the Vaporisieren there. On the other hand smoking damages those by the emergence of numerous poisonous verbrennungsprodukte Respiratory organs and that Digestive tract and can up to one more chronically Bronchitis lead. In the Cannabisrauch corresponds in approximately from tobacco smoke. However Cannabisrauch is inhaliert more deeply and longer, which the exposition increases. On the other hand again joints/ becomeBong in the frequency consumes more rarely than cigarettes. In the long run is to be proceeded from a increased risk for lung illnesses with strong consumption of many years. Additionally the risk for cardiovascular diseases is increased. The admixture of Tobacco strengthens these risks.

Contrary to tobacco, which enriches existing radioactive Bestanteile from the mineral fertilizer in traces strongly, Cannabis does not contain radioactive components, those beyond the everywhere existing natural radioactivity go.

Cannabis as medicine

Major item: Cannabis as medicine

The Cannabis plant is medically used for at least 4500 years. The modern Cannabis research began with the isolation of the most important psychotropen active substance Delta-9THC in the year 1964. Today Cannabis - permit so far it the legal basic conditions - in that becomes School medicine and that alternative medicine with many diseases assigned. As cures or for the decrease of Symptoms or it knows side effects of the actual treatment AIDS, Asthma, Epilepsy, Glaukom, Cancer (side effects that Chemotherapy), Migraene, Multiple Sklerose, Disease Crohn, Neurodermitis, Pain conditions, Spastiken and Tourette syndrome help.

The missing standardisation of medical Cannabiszubereitungen is one of the most substantial reasons, that Cannabis nowadays no eminente role in the treatment o.g. Symptomatiken represents. End of the eighties to beginning of the nineties was however discovered, that there is an body-own Cannabinoid system, out specific connection places for Cannabinoide - Cannabinoid receptor exists, sucked. Endocannabinoiden. Are Anandamid, 2-Arachidonylglyzerol and Noladinaether obviously the three most important. This body-own Cannabinoid system plays allegedly a significant role with many body processes, as for instance with the processing of sensory impressions, Pain and with the adjustment of the appetite. The understanding of the natural functions of the Cannabinoid system subsummiert the understanding of the actual damage mechanisms with therapeutically wished effects, as for instance the specific Schmerzlinderung, and with possibly unwanted effects, as for instance the disturbance of the memory functions. (Grotenhermen/IACM 2003,Cologne)

Youth-cultural aspects

In the European and American youth culture Cannabis is very far common; at least of beginning of the 1990er to beginning of the 2000er years was a continuous rise in the consumption among young people to be determined, that up-to-date the ' maximum values ' from the early 1970er Years exceeds clearly. Parallel for this Cannabis became since that 1990er Years in various Youth cultures brought up for discussion, particularly in Hip Hop and Reggae, in addition also in films and literature. Also in that PunkScene takes place the consumption. Among many young people thereby a casualness of the consumption adjusted itself. Opposite end was that in the early period of the Cannabiskonsums publicised over youth-cultural messages 1960er/ To observe beginning of the 1970er years still another more strongly ritualisierter consumption. In addition the function of the drug vordergruendige in the ' HIPPI time ' has as symbol that in the pictures of Cannabis, obtained at present over youth cultures Rebellion strongly at effectiveness lost. This normality and/or. Casualness of Cannabis in certain youth scenes led obviously in particular under dte rodents also to a increased number at excessive intensive consumers.

That any abuse of drugs is dangerous, approximately as aids to Displacement, is undisputed. However here in public discussions a cause and effect are often confounded: Many young people evaluate the consumption of Cannabis not differently than from alcohol and see little difference therein, whether with a good Brandy a portion chess easily, with Cannabis one celebrates or one regards with a few beers a soccer game - some Cannabiskonsumenten reject the consumption of alcohol even vehement. Besides the emotional intensifying effect (s. makes more difficulto.) with the Cannabis consumption long-term displacing of essential problems. The picture of the kiffenden young person, his future is all the same to that, is usually the result of a verallgemeinerung.

Numbers

In Germany had 2004 under 12-25jaehrigen 31 % experiences with Cannabis (35 % of the male and 27 % of the female asked ones). Related to a consumption in the last 12 months are 13 % (17 % of the men, 10 % of the Mrs.) current consumers (source: Federal center for health clearing-up).

Regarding all adults between 18 and 59 years 25 % experiences with Cannabis (30 % of the men had 2003 in Germany, 18 % of the women), in the last 12 months 7% had consumed the drug and in the last 30 days 3.4 % (source: IFT, Munich).

In that Switzerland have according to that Federal Office for statistics Cannabis already consumes 36 % of the male and 24 % the female 15 to 24-jaehrigen (2002). 16 % and/or. 7 % indicated, to consume regularly.

Prices and quality

Usually marijuana for 50 becomes€, also Fox (Fuffie) mentioned, per 5-8 gram depending upon demand sells, packed in small bags, Plastic or aluminum foil. Also joints or Blunts for 2,50 5 become individual€ sold. Depending upon a character of the Dealers (z.B. whether it around to the consumer well admitted themselves of private dealers or a street trader acts) differs both the prices for hashish and marijuana and the quantities, those to be at least removed must. With the street vending is thereby in all rule with higher prices (z.B. 10€/g Marijuana) and at least regarding hashish even with worse quality to count (whereby in this case the prices relatively low, z.B. with under 5€/g to lie can). As appoximate value for a gram relatively high-quality marijuana can do up-to-date on average about 7€ are accepted (at one span of approx.. 4-11€ in the ' retail trade ', depending upon dealer, Quality, Region and removed quantity). Regarding Hashish this appoximate value is to average quality with approximately 3-7€. The span is however much larger, since often hashish of inferior quality is in the circulation, with a certain quantity the z.T. under 3€/g costs. On the other side occasionally very high-quality sorts on the market dip on (z.B. "Nepal Temple ball" or high-quality marokkan. "Zero" Hasch), then the z.T. clearly over 10€ to cost can. The designations of hashish places and the associated in each case power cannot however only do in this country ones, but also in Netherlands Coffeeshops strongly apart-go. In the Netherlands for some time high-per cent hashish becomes with a new extraction method ("Ice o Lator") (with 30 to over 40% THC; allegedly THC contents over 70% were so already made reached) of the domestic marijuana, into the there Coffeeshops between 18-25€ per gram costs. The prices other hashish and marijuana places in the Netherlands are roughly comparable with the German prices, whereby the price margin goes naturally quite far apart because of the larger offer span. The efforts from Cannabis breeders and editors to the increase of the THC content is connected there probably with priority with it, that into the Netherlands Coffeeshops since introduction of the daily delivery per person of max. 5 gram a constant incentive for these efforts is given, since a higher THC content accompanies automatically with higher prices, around the o.g. To compensate concession on the part of the conversion.

Literature

• Lark Lajon Lizermann: The Cannabis cultivation, Night shade publishing house 2004, ISBN 3037881348
• Walter Benjamin: Over hashish, Suhrkamp 1972, ISBN 3518365215
• Lester Grinspoon, James B. Bakalar: Marijuana - the forbidden medicine, Two thousand-unity (in Switzerland: book 2000) 1994, ISBN 3-86150-060-4
• Franjo Grotenhermen, Michael Karus: Cannabis, Traffic and working sphere, Springer publishing house Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-54042-689-2
• Dieter nuthatch, Renate Soellner, Peter Tossmann: Cannabiskonsum - development tendencies, Consumer sample, Risks, Juventa 1998, ISBN 3-7799-177-9
• Dieter nuthatch, Karl Artur Kovar Effects of the Cannabiskonsums, 1997, ISBN 3804715559
• Kolja Schumann: The Kiffer encyclopedia, Night shade publishing house 2004, ISBN 3037881224
• Bernhard van Treeck: The large Cannabis encyclopedia, Black head & black head 2000, ISBN 3-89602-268-7
• Ethan A. Needle man, Lynn room, John P. Morgan: Marijuana Myths, Marijuana Facts: A Review OF the Scientific Evidence, Lindesmith center 1997, ISBN 0964156849
• Wolfgang Schmidbauer, Juergen of the Scheidt: Manual of the intoxication drugs Fischer (Tb.), Frankfurt 2004, ISBN 3-596-16277-7
• Sadhu van Hemp: ' the hashish smoker - a man in the offside ', Books on the and GmbH, North first EDT 2004, ISBN 3-8334-0867-7
• Cannabinoid of promotes embryo NIC and adult hippocampus neuro genesis and of produces anxiolytic and antidepression like effects, "journal OF Clinical Investigation" (13.10.05; doi: 10.1172/JCI25509)
• Cannabis and tobacco smoke acres emergency equally carcinogenic, "Harm Reduction journal", 2005, 2:21 (doi:10.1186/1477-7517-2-21 [ 1 ])

See also

Drug, Hashish, Coffee Shop, Growshop, Howard Marks, Gene hemp, War against drugs, Skunk, Haze, Bena Riamba

Web on the left of

- word origin, Synonymous one and translations

- pictures, Video or audio files

• Federal Ministry for Gesunheit and social safety device Study to the dangers of the Cannabisrauchens
• University OF Otago Study of the university of Otago to the COMT gene and Psychosen (English) Cannabis induced
• cannabislegal.de Cannabis and legalization
• Cannabis chronicle (Switzerland)
• German physician sheet Article: Drug politics: The prohibition of Cannabis is a "collective erring way"
• www.drugcom.de On-line self check for the risk estimate of the own Cannabiskonsums