German Democratic Republic

This article is concerned with that German Democratic Republic. For further meanings of the abbreviation GDR, see .
German Democratic Republic
(Detail) (Detail)
eastern part, official designation in the GDR: Berlin, capital of the GDR, in the west: East Berlin
until 1952: 5 countries and Berlin (east)
starting from 1952: 15
108.179 km²
about 16.35 million (conditions January 1990)
151 inhabitants per km²
Existence period 7. October - 2. October
until 1964: (not to confound with that the Federal Republic of Germany)
1964 in Mark of the German issuing bank renamed
1967-1990:
starting from 1.July 1990 (): German Mark (the Federal Republic)
+01:00
7. October ( GDR
.dd (never uses)
+37 (no longer valid, +37X to several states assign again)
Lage der DDR in Europa

Those German Democratic Republic (GDR) was in state, of 7. October up to 2. October existed. It became 1949 from that and that based and designated itself as state.

The GDR became due to of the in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) at first and zone (SBZ), Soviet zone and east zone or simply only as zone, occupied into the 1960er primarily as Soviet, designates years. Regarding the doubted democracy (for those the second "D` of the abbreviation stands) it was called in particular in conservative and right circles in the Federal Republic also" the so-called GDR ", or the abbreviation became also written.

Table of contents

History

See also:

The GDR became in the area that zone of occupation and the Soviet sector to 7. October five months after establishment that Federal Republic of Germany established. It became political from the outset by those SED dominated and part was under that that standing . From 1949 to was as a first secretary of the the actual ruling power, from 1971 to (off with the title Secretary-General) and of 1989 up to the resignation of the entire that SED at the 3.December .

First the Soviet Union operated the adjustment of the GDR to that system less strongly, in order the chance on a politically neutral and perhaps also Soviet dominated German unit not to play. This changed with the refusal for that however suddenly by the Federal Government under Konrad Adenauer and by the westallied. The collectivization that and the nationalization of the enterprises substantial were advanced. The countries of the GDR became dissolved and by districts replaces. To it came itself into east Berlin to demonstrations against increased work standards, in far parts of the country too partly very extensive expanded. These were struck down militarily by the Soviet troops stationed in the GDR; it came also to deaths.

Diagramm: Bevölkerungsentwicklung von 1946 - 1985
Diagram: Population trend of 1946 - 1985

There the economy of the GDR itself also due to different conditions (the GDR carried extensive reparation payments out to the Soviet Union and did due to the pressure from Moscow without the financial achievements from that to the reconstruction of Europe), in addition, due to that more slowly developed than those the Federal Republic of Germany and substantial liberties were not granted, moved from 1945 to 1961 about two million humans from free will, by Abwerbung (usually by attractive job supply) or on the escape before Repressionen of the GDR into the Federal Republic of Germany. This became economically threatening for the GDR, since above average many young and well trained humans left the state. „ and aimed shooting border soldiers "secured". With the attempt, this sperrsystem, from which GDR calls "anti-fascist protective wall", to overcome, several hundred humans at that became German domestic border killed. The violations of human rights, among them at the German domestic border, committed by the GDR, became in the Federal Republic of Germany of the particularly furnished Central erfassungsstelle of the national administrations of justice in salt lattices documents. The still open border in became starting from that by those locked, thereby for the symbol of the division of Germany and became.

In the course that the governments of the German Federal Republic since (minister of foreign affairs 1966 and Federal Chancellor 1969 up; the GDR recognized on that the Germans are a people, who lived only in two states. Thereupon became both German states of members that .

In the summer and autumn fled ever more citizen of the GDR over 1989 also GDR citizen officially the departure after permitted, as well as over the messages the Federal Republic of Germany in eastCentral European states, particularly in . There the GDR guidance the transformation politics of the Soviet Secretary-General Mikhail Gorbatschow not to reconstruct, destabilized themselves the GDR wanted increasingly from the inside out.

The worsening economic situation and on the Soviet to regular protest demonstrations. These widened particularly in very fast to large demonstrations out, which remained peaceful - differently than the protest demonstrations because of the forced through journey of the message refugees from Prague and Honecker under the pressure of the public protests had to withdraw, like few days later the complete GDR government. To 9. November those became opened. To those selected . In its reign those became to the second democratic discussion level. Those On Mondays demonstrations the population of GDR and led the wall opening finally to the collapse of the SED regime. The unarmed on Mondays demonstrators remained peaceful, and the armed organs of the GDR, which had reacted above all to 1989 still with Pruegeleien and arrests to the demonstrations, done without, probably in view of the increasing mass of the demonstrators, to a large extent on the dissolution by force of the meetings. The conscious renouncement of force became clearest with the large Leipziger demonstration, in their apron it public arrangements between SED semidirect line and prominent GDR citizen (and A. those became Alliance for Germany, Wahlbuendnis out , and the German Democratic Republic stepped to 3. October that Federal Republic of Germany according to the article 23 of the Basic Law .

Politics

See also: Political system of the GDR

The official national institutions exercised formally power, could actually however to only resolutions of the actual ruling powers confirm:

  • ( (SED) and those . The absolute claim to leadership of the SED was since also officially in that embodies. In article 1 of the condition it meant:

    The German Democratic Republic is a socialist state of the workers and farmers. It is the political organization of the workers in city and country under guidance of the working class and its Marxist-Leninistic party.

    Their guide roller set it by those of the old GDR people chamber from the condition painted.

    The GDR was international in and in (RGW) merged and since member that .

    The right nature of the GDR did not correspond to the standard for one . In the GDR attorneys were not independent of the state. They were not right to file inspection. Attorneys got, like the judges, only a recapitulatory report. The possibility of letting the documents examine by an attorney (in particular in criminal procedures) did not exist. There were not political prisoners in the GDR terminology, it was kriminalisiert and as an offender designated.

    Additionally a politicalization of the entire society took place. With the Ideologisierung and the associated censorship in media, literature and art with a new terminology an enemy picture was publicised at the same time, which above all the youth internal should.

    Armed organs

    • developed with that kasernierten readiness first armed units after the war. They became into those Kasernierte people police transferred, the forerunners that were. Parallel those was created people police lake and air. In the course of the yearly most units were transferred into the NVA.
    • Those National People's Army (NVA) became to 1. March 1956 based. Since then that became 1. March as a day of the NVA committed. It consisted of the ground forces (LaSK), that (VM) and the air forces/air defense (LSK/LV).
    • Those Combat teams of the working class
    • Those belonged not to the NVA, were however like the national People's Army for national defense (MfNV) subordinated to the Ministry and for the guard of the borders of the GDR responsible.
    • (MfS)
    • the GDR

    Those (GST) became based and one of several paramilitaerischen organizations was in the surrounding field of the NVA. It contributed to the militarization of the society, by accomplishing the legally prescribed before-military training at schools, universities and in the enterprises.

    The role of the NVA with striking down of the :

    The 7. Armored division and 11. Motorized infantry division should originally also into those . In the reality however they rendered only logistic help and stood directly at the border GDR /?SSR for the military security of the operation. Various liaison officers, NVA Nachrichtensoldaten and also MfSOfficers were direct in the?SSR in covered or corresponding use.

    Parties

    A dominant party of the GDR was those . Their claim to leadership was since in the condition fixed and manifested itself on all levels of the social life in the GDR.

    Beside the SED were there four further parties, those with the SED and unite mass organizations in the democratic block so mentioned (:

    They were formally involved in the most committees and organs of the GDR, had however in fact no real portion of power. Furthermore the number of members of the coalitions was limited.

    In the time of the turn were based numerous new parties and citizen movements. This were among other things:

    to also many of the again created parties and citizen movements stepped, on partly in wahlbuendnissen created in addition beside the old GDR parties, which represented usually in the meantime completely different goals.

    The SED changed still its name in SED/PDS (a party of democratic socialism) for 1989 and designated themselves beginning in Party of Democratic Socialism over.

    Mass organizations

    Beside the parties a row belonged so mentioned to the national front. They were partly represented with own mandates in the representative governments up to the people chamber. The predominant majority of the GDR citizens in the schoolable or employed person age was in or several of these organizations member.

    Flag and coat of arms

    Three horizontal strips in the traditional Germandemocratic colors with that State coat of arms of the GDR consisting in the center, of and , and .

    First drafts of the coat of arms of Fritz Behrendt only hammer and ear ring contained, as a sign of the "worker and farmer state". The final version was based mainly on the work of Heinz Behling.

    With law of the state coat of arms with hammer, was determined circles and ear ring as state flag however further "only" black-red-golden. With law of 1. October the coat of arms was inserted into the state flag. Public presenting of this flag became to end that in that Federal Republic of Germany and as an offence approximately and public order outstandingly and by police measures prevented (explanation that compares of federation and countries, October 1959). Only those ordered Federal Government, „that the police should not intervene anywhere more against the use of flag and coat of arms of the GDR."

    Auf Antrag der DSU beschloss die erste frei gewählte Volkskammer der DDR am 31. Mai 1990 (AdW)

  • the GDR (NOK)
  • (DFV)
  • ,
  • Federation of the small gardners, settlers and small animal breeders (VKSK)
  • Combination of the mutual farmer assistance (VdgB)
  • Chamber of the technology (KdT)
  • (federation that in that (German Red Cross)
  • League for people friendship
  • Peace advice the GDR
  • General German engine haven federation (ADMV)
  • National advice of the GDR for the care and spreading of the German cultural heritage

Educational system of the GDR

Major item: Education system of the GDR

The socialist education system of the GDR essentially was as a uniform conceives, with following tertiary educational facilities. Constructing on the vorschulerziehung in and starting from the 1960er years zehnklassigen obligatory on all children (POS) followed

  • a two to three-year professional training (conclusion skilled worker)
  • a three-year professional training (skilled worker letter also (EOS). This began already after the 8. Class of the POS and led in four years to the Abitur. Only starting from beginning of the 1980er years followed 2 years EOS the completion of the ten-year POS.

Substantial characteristics of the educational system of the GDR were

  • the uniformity of education contents for all children to class 10 with increasing possibilities of a differentiation, in particular after class 10; Follow this uniformity were the identical final examinations of the 10. Class and/or the Abitur resembles in each case on day,
  • the purposeful preparation for the later working sphere by poly-technical training and an emphasis setting on the mathematical-scientific fan,
  • the effort around a unit of education and education with the goal of the complete integration of the graduates into the socialist society.

Religions

In the GDR there were different . Those played the largest role churches, in particular since in Federation of the Evangelist churches in the GDR united eight Evangelist Regional churches and, with far fewer members, those Roman-catholic church, in addition, different Free churches, for example that Federation of Evangelist-freechurch municipalities in the GDR. 1950 belonged to about 85% the GDR citizen of the Evangelist and about 10% of the catholic church. Until 1989 the portion of the church members of the total population decreased/went back on approximately 25% with the protestanten and 5% with the catholics.

Beside Christian it gave Jewish Municipalities, as well as isolates starting from that years , hinduistische and groups. The religious organizations were the only legal organizations independent of the state.

Freedom of religion was also in the GDR in that fixed and formally also one granted. The GDR with different methods nevertheless tried to extract the influence of the churches back urge and above all young humans from church influence. Their sharpest form had the anti-church policy of the GDR beginning that years. It culminated 1953 in the Kriminalisierung "“. This led to numerous Relegierungen of schools and universities and to arrests, which were however again taken back in June 1953. De oorlog auch van Jedoch in de matrijs Möglichkeit für Kirchenmitglieder van holfolgejahrzehnten, zu studieren und eine staatliche einzuschlagen Laufbahn, erschwert.

Consequence also this politics was it that the number of religiously bound humans in the course of GDR history decreased substantially. The policy of the GDR could not prevent however that the Christian churches remained a certain independent social factor. The history of the years 1989/90 showed then that straight in the Evangelist churches was as halfpublic assembly places a large part of humans to be partly without religious who became the carriers of the peaceful revolution in the GDR.

See also:

Culture and art

Major item: Culture in the GDR

In the GDR there were 10.471 general screen end schools (under it 1.150 middle schools and 373 high schools, D.h. from all cities, state-owned enterprises, schools, cultural centers, pioneer houses, club etc.. drawn in and into the castle brought. Were 23.000 works, consisting of 1.500 paintings, 12.000 graphics, 2000 designs, from photos, posters, plastics, and guest gifts to national places and enterprises. Since then became these works of Art archives Beeskow administered, which arranges thereby regularly exhibitions.

Geografie

Bezirke der DDR ab 1952
Districts of the GDR starting from 1952

That the GDR consisted of the today's the Federal Republic of Germany: , , Saxonia, and . In addition the municipality came the country Mecklenburg slammed shut was and after the reunification again became.

The GDR bordered on the at that time Federal Republic of Germany, those , as well as those . was one in the midst of the GDR.

The GDR existed since administratively from 15 . Beside the capital Berlin were:

License numbers see .

The northernmost point of the GDR territory was that on that was those in the district ().

The north and the center are part that North German lowlandses. Of the north ice-age formed are characteristic and numerous seas (). South of hill countries extend into which large low land bays (, taken (, , , , , linguistic area. In some circles of the districts Dresden and Cottbus was also as the language that minority nationally recognition.

In the schools of the GDR was up to Turn the foreign language taught first. Second foreign language was usually and into those years also prevailing. (corresponds approx.. 23% the GDR inhabitant.)

  • South a meant line, which runs from the northern resin over Stendal, Berlin, Cottbus up to or, the dialects that close on. It spoken Karl Marx city, Erfurt, Gera, Magdeburg, Cottbus, Potsdam of the majority of the inhabitants in the former districts Leipzig, Dresden, resounds, and in the capital Berlin. (more than 70% the GDR inhabitant correspond.)
  • Along the earlier GDR state border in south Thuringia and detached of it east in the Vogtland and in the ore mountains the native ones predominantly continue to speak . (corresponds approx.. 5% the GDR inhabitant.)

    • Dialects in the GDR districts

    • - in the districts Rostock, Schwerin and new Brandenburg
    • - in the districts Frankfurt (or), potsdam and Magdeburg
    • - in the district potsdam and in the capital Berlin
    • - in the districts Dresden and Cottbus
    • - in the districts Leipzig, Dresden, resounds, to Magdeburg, Erfurt, Gera, Karl-Marx-Stadt and Suhl
    • - in the districts Suhl and Karl Marx city

    Economics

    Bodenschätze und Industrie-Standorte der DDR. Stand August 1990
    Bodenschaetze and industrial sites of the GDR. Stood August 1990

    The GDR was despite it imposed reparations to the Soviet Union economically the country developed furthest of the and had a higher material standard than many of the developed states of the earth. She suffered however nevertheless constantly under and not restaurant economics. It partly prevailed an emergency solution economy. The prevailing economic system was one also and national enterprises and large-scale enterprises (). To very small extent also private-economical Kleinstbetriebe were waited, which were subjected not completely to planning.

    The first five-year plan of to pursued mainly the goal, the consequences of the war destruction, and and production particularly the energy industry to increase heavy and chemical industry. 1955 still existed in the GDR over 13.000 private companies, and in the agriculture was those only finally.

    1957 produced the GDR doubly as much as before that 2. World war was produced by the area of the later GDR. In the same year 213 millions became in the GDR. Tons of raw brown coal promoted (50 per cent of the weltfoerderung), 32.7 millions. Kilowatt river produces - about as much as Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Finland together, 2.9 million tons steel (14 times as much as still 1947), in chemistry production the GDR had world-wide the second highest production rate and was the largest machine exporter under all Eastern Bloc countries, until 1965 reached the industrial production for instance the fivefold of the Vorkriegsstandes.

    At the beginning of that the GDR was based years for short time the tenth-largest industrialized country of the earth, on their production achievement. At present the turn took they still another place under the twenty five strongest industrial nations.

    Nearly always consumer goods were nevertheless limited in the GDR in some ranges. For example one had to announce oneself for an autopurchase and wait then depending upon model up to 15 years (at comparatively high prices). " years 7.000 10.000 Marks for the new vehicle with waiting period and 30.000 Marks without waiting period. Among connoisseurs the rule of thumb applied - (double ex-factory price) minus (1000 Marks per use year). The building of single family houses was made possible for years a certain upswing first because of shortness of material within only close borders (there were regulations to the blocked quantity of stones and prescribed house types as a function of the family size for example), did not experience however by not sufficient national housebuilding particularly into the 1980er. Was Schrebergaerten likes and , , and into those .

    The residential areas were not as strongly after income brackets homogenized as it today in many western countries the case are. Belonging one of different social layers lived often closely together. However the Parteinomenklatura and the coworkers of many "state organs" were concentrated in certain populated areas by national housing dispatchings. The income of a shop assistant (with approximately 600-800 Marks), an engineer (about 500-1200 Marks) and a building worker (about 900-1800 Marks) differed in the height and concomitantly in the Sparpotenzial (Residualeinkommen), the income shears gaped however not as strongly as in the western industrialized countries. In demand craftsmen did not earn rarely at least as well as leading physicians. One could hardly constitute these differences in the daily life at status articles, since these were hardly available because of continuing lack. They played therefore a less considered role (exceptions were for example physicians, the z. B. due to ons-call service prefers telephone connections received). Nevertheless it succeeded to many, which could afford it, to partly emphasize itself by frequent journeys within the Eastern Bloc and by western consumer goods from the broad mass.

    Occupational groups with as expected small inlet of training were promoted, the training place and study place assignment were particularly planned on the basis the calculated need central and realized over the schools as guidance organ. The legally fixed education liberty was to be realized by these conditions partly only with larger obstacles for the training.

    The supply of limited goods, for example a telephone connection or a building material, depended often on relations and coincidence, not rarely also on the given political attitude.

    the unit in such a way specified of economics and social politics, those introduced social reforms on that VIII at the beginning of its term of office above all. Party Congress that one decided. It left somewhat more political and cultural free space, with which also the negotiations should be carried around an international acknowledgment of the GDR, to leave and tried the national enterprises more free spaces. Honecker applied therefore at first as hope carrier. It left at the same time however in two waves into that years with the exception of small craftsmen put all enterprises under state control, by being forced to accept a national participation of the majority.

    The initial reform momentum erlahmte however, because the discrepancies between political suppression and certain free spaces could not be bridged durably. As particularly awkward first proved into that years, there the GDR economy ever more strongly of improving profited and at the same time became dependent. The Soviet Union gave the oil price increases only continues to retard, shortened however because of extreme economic problems / the delivery volumes substantially and left the oil prices in during the oil collapse of prices to a large extent invariably (regulation in the RGW: Average price of the last in each case 5 years). Thus urgently needed foreign exchange for investments, those was missing to the economy that Range commercial coordination aufwaendig gained. Besides torpedierte Honecker starting from 1972 economic growth, because the social expenditures rose due to the smaller productivity constantly more strongly than the national income (comparable the gross national product). With the microelectronics program off for the setting up of their own microelectronics industry to 1990 about 15 became billion. GDR Mark invests. Thus the GDR lived to its end only on the substance and credits, for example a credit over a billion of that Prime Minister .

    Die geringe Arbeitsproduktivität und die ineffizienten Produktionskosten, vor allem aber die Auswirkungen der Währungsunion kurz vor der Wiedervereinigungbrought the export trade and industry 1990 nearly to succumb. Many thousands jobs were lost to more largely becoming economic difficulties of the enterprises through those.

    The secret "Schuerer paper so mentioned - analysis of the economic situation of the GDR" of 27. October 1989, which should contribute to the rescue of the GDR economy, drew the following conclusion over a functioning socialism:

    Altogether it concerns to one the development at the market conditions oriented socialist planned economy during optimal arrangement of of the democratic centralism, where each question is decided, where for it the necessary, larger authority is present

    The suggestions made in the paper did not come however any longer to the execution.

    1988 had already 55 per cent of all households at least their own car, during it 1969 only 14 per cent was and 1980 38 per cent. (to the comparison: In the Federal Republic of Germany had 1988 61 per cent of the households at least one car.)

    Science and technology

    The GDR tried one as industrialized country in many industriellen and technical areas and their technical tasks within the framework of the RGW to fulfill and the "socialist integration". Thereby scientists and technicians of the GDR should play a substantial role.

    In some areas substantial successes were to be registered; also within little promoted ranges like the automobile industry and the entertainment electronics GDR production was more varied and quantitatively more extensive than z.B. in Austria, Spain, Ireland, Portugal and Switzerland. The research and science in the GDR were substantially application orientated and practical.

    Important products, areas, events, discoveries, developments, results and personalities within the scientific-technologic and socio-scientific range of the GDR were (including the advances in the Soviet zone of occupation):

    • Space technology and research:
      • Development "Multi-spectral camera MKF 6"to the geological earth observation and long-range reconnaissance of stores (" the earth"), assigned in Soviet space stations starting from the 70's
      • First cosmonaut of the GDR: to also 31 in IntercosmosProgram of the socialist community of states as well as the USSR cosmonaut the first German astronaut was in the universe. Jaehn became together with the reserve cosmonaut Eberhard Koellner in Star City for the flight prepares.
    • Electro-technology, electronics
      • Development and building of microprocessors, memory chip, circuits and nearly all electronic construction units.
        • Development and production of transistors and semiconductors, there also these itself on the embargo list of the USA and found
        • the GDR belonged to the few countries, the ICs, i.e. integrated circuits produced (in the GDR as IS designates)
        • Microprocessor D (1-2 MHz clock frequency), UA880D (3-4 MHz clock rate)
      • Development and mass production of own computers, a various entertainment electronics (television, radio, etc..) and industrial electronics and electro-technology (for example RFT and Robotron)
        • Large computer: (together with the RGW)
        • Computer and PC: PC1715 (starting from 1986), A5120 (office PC), A5105 (BIC = education computer: starting from 1989 for universities usf.). Everything also -CCU and of Robotron produces. The P8000 as Desktop variant (8-bit Mikrorecher, chip U880, operating system OS/M compatibly also : (starting from 1985), Z9001, KC85 (starting from 1984), KC87 (starting from 1986). Everything also -CCU.
      • Electric motors, gasoline and diesel engines, Duesentrieberke, turbines and generators
      • Radio engineering, radio communication systems
        • Transceiver SEG 15 D, SEG 100, Teltow, EKN for example in the radio work Koepenick
        • Funkempfaenger EKV 10-13, EKD 100, 300 and 500
        • Radios U 700, UFT 721, UF
        • Short wave transmitter KSG 1300, KN1E, KN5E, KN20
    • Mechanical engineering and technology
      • Automatic control engineering (robot, control engineering, automat and semiautomaton)
      • numerous machines, devices and plants for the industry, chemistry and oil industry and agriculture
      • technological procedures (z.B. Welding method (Zentralinstitut for welding engineering (ZIS), Halle/Saale))
    • Development and building of civilian vehicles: see also Fire-fighting vehicles of the GDR, Delete vehicles of the GDR, Tankloeschfahrzeuge of the GDR, Turning leaders of the GDR
      • how W50, L60, G5, Z6, Guarantor, Phenomenon, , H3A, H6, S4000, IFA H3A tractor, LO series; Penalty how B1000, H6B
      • how Satellite (newer satellite forbidden), Waiting castle, Melkus, P70, F8/F9, "Saxonia ring" type 240, EMW 340, P2/P3
      • Tractors, agricultural machinery, harvest vehicles, combine, construction machines: pioneer and Famulus, ZT300 and K700, E512, Erdbeerpfluecker T157, RS09 equipment support, Karsei, Weimar loader, (ant), Feldhaechsler E294
        • Locations of the agricultural machinery and building of tractors: Institut for agricultural engineering (IfL), their department of tractor technology, head department tractor research VEB of the TWS in potsdam Bornim, Institut for building of agricultural machineries in Leipzig
        • The first tractors of the GDR were called Pioneer, Activist, Breaking into witch and Carrot number
        • Tractor series R-S and blank: Resin, favorite, Famulus
        • Equipment supports for tractors were R-S and GT series
        • Chain tractors KS and KT
        • The time series: Tractors Time 300 to Time 423
      • Motorcycles and mopeds how , , Simson 425, EMW R35/3, IWL city scooter Berlin, IWL Pitty/Wiesel/Troll, UC 350, blank 125/3, IT 125/150/175/250/300, ETS 125/150/250, TS 125/150/250, S50, S51, S70, SR50, SR80, SR1/SR2, SR4, KR50, KR51, Swallow, star, sparrow, sperber, habicht, Esser, Duo 4/1; Bicycles of Diamond and MIFA
      • Lokomotiv and building of railroad cars: see in addition also
        • Locations: VEB Lokomotivbau Babelsberg, Institut for rail-mounted vehicles Berlin eagle yard, VEB LEW Hennigsdorf
        • 1951 building for brown Kohl firing suitable of the locomotive H 45,024 of the "combination of state-owned enterprises Lokomotiv and building of railroad cars" (LOWA)
        • 1961 high-speed driving locomotive 18201
        • starting from 1956 advancement of the BR 50 (z.B. BR50.35; the latter steam locomotive model of this series was the 504088)
        • starting from 1954 building of the rust-fired locomotive BR 25,001 and starting from 1958 the coal dust locomotive BR 25 1002
        • starting from 1954 building of the passenger train tender locomotive of the BR 65 10 by VEB LEW Hennigsdorf and quantity production at VEB LKM Babelsberg (coal locomotive)
        • 1956 BR 50 (coal locomotive)
        • starting from 1955 building of the first large Mehrzeck diesel locomotive V180, development starting from 1953 by Institut for rail-mounted vehicles Berlin eagle yard, the Lokomotivbau "Karl Marx" Babelsberg and the German National Railroad, late development of the V240 and V300
        • 1958-1990 building of the first small diesel locomotive V60 1001 to the models V60 1003 to 10009 (1961), V60 1201 (1964), V60 106.0-1 (1974) etc.. in the VEB Lokomotivbau "Karl Marx" in Babelsberg and later in the LEW Hennigsdorf
        • starting from 1960 building of electrical locomotives (E11 or BR11 late E11 10 and E11 20, E42, starting from 1985 E211, E242.3. E109, sechsachsige E250, E243 (today 143)
        • Streetcars z.B. Steering rubbing car G4-65, Rostock #721 from 1959 to 1967
        • Building of double stick railroad cars
    • Scientific tool-making: MKF 6
      • Measuring instruments, analysis technology, sensor engineering:
    • Military equipment
      • Swimming tank, armored bridge-launching vehicle, frigates
    • Shipbuilding: Building of trade ships, passenger ships, Fischlogger, military ships, catch and processing ships and marine engines
      • Locations: Neptunwerft, Warnowwerft, VEB shipbuilding collective combine , , Peenewerft , Elbe-thrown, Damgarten, Brandenburg, Rosslau and Magdeburg, Institut for shipbuilding technology, those People-thrown in Wolgast: together 178 ships, which were supplied as Reparationslieferungen to the USSR
      • begun starting from 1951 these threw from the GDR government as "enterprise of the national defense". 73 per cent of the ships of the People's Navy were developed here and built.
      • 1951 building of a new coastal protection boat for the sea-police
      • 1950 to 1990 built threw first mineput -, mine search and clearing vehicles, later Reede mine countermeasures boat project 415 was developed here
      • starting from the 60's building of submarine defense forces (the 2 generations shark, Parchim I/II), of landing ships (the generations Labo Typ46, seal type 47, frog type 108), torpedo speedboats. 1950 to 1990 245 new naval units were built, 19 converted or part-manufactured and for 3 hull without equipment. Beside it about 35 ships were repaired annually and waited about 30.
    • Neptunwerft Rostock: End of the 70's building of 7 high sea-servicers for those the NVA (Jasmund class)
    • Aircraft construction. (the GDR possessed about 5000 military and civil aircraft and helicopters. They were in the possession of the national , IL, Mi) were imported from the USSR, work airplanes of multi-purpose fighters and agricultural aircraft like those Kruk, PZL Wilga and PZL Dromader from Poland, sport and passenger aircraft, a training flight witness how Zlin,
    • Research results in physics, astronomy, mathematics, nuclear technology, geology, geography, particle physics, hydrology

    admitted scientists and technician of the GDR

    • (1907-1997), physicist, physician
    • (? 1966), core physicists
    • Friedrich Behrens (1909-1980), economists
    • (1929-1971), economists
    • (1911-1988), physicists and feeler gauge
    • (1912-1988), physicists and founders of microelectronics in that GDR
    • (1887-1975)
    • Karl Lanius
    • (1881-1960), literature scientists
    • (1904-1997), historian, economist
    • (1921-1998), mathematician, wegbereiter of the small computer
    • (* 1939), molecular biologist, physician, essayist
    • (1904-1981)
    • Hans Juergen Treder, physicists
    • Heinz Kautzleben

    further persons List of the scientists, technicians, inventors and researchers of the GDR

    Literature

    • Refuge Hintersdorf: Type compass GDR tractors and agricultural machinery. Engine book publishing house, publication date: July 2005, ISBN 3613025698
    • Achim bishop: Tractors in the GDR. Publishing house Podszun, publication date: March 2004, ISBN 3861333481
    • Franc Roenicke, W. Melenk: Hero of the work. Penalty, reading and delivery van of the GDR. Engine book publishing house Stuttgart, publication date: July 2001, ISBN 3613872269
    • Franc Roenicke: Earned activists. Tractors, self drivers and agricultural machinery of the GDR. Schrader publishing house, ISBN 3613872331
    • Achim Gaier: Commercial motor vehicles in the GDR, Bd.1 and 2. Engine book publishing house, publication date: September 1999, ISBN 3613871939 and ISBN 3613872102
    • Achim Gaier: Passenger vehicle in the GDR, Bd.1 and 2: Engine book publishing house, publication date: November 2001, ISBN 3613872021
    • Detlef cheap, Manfred Meyer: Airplanes of the GDR, volume 3 - military and civil aviation. A type book, ISBN 3613022850

    National anthem

    The text that the GDR comes from . Since beginning that years the text of the hymn was not no more sung to native country "due to the passage" Germany united however.

    See also

    · · · ·

    Literature

    • George Fuelbert: Berlin - Bonn - Berlin. German history since 1945. Papyrossa, Cologne 1999, ISBN 389438168X
    • Olaf Klenke: Did the GDR fail because of the globalization? Self-sufficient economic policy versus international world economy. The example microelectronics. Long, Frankfurt/Main (andA.) 2001, ISBN 3-631-38204-9
    • Hermann weber: History of the GDR. AREA publishing house, Erftstadt 2004, ISBN 3-89996-026-2
    • Karl-Heinz red ago: Party procedure for Marx. Here Kurt Hager and others erred. Dietz, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-320-01590-7
    • Siegfried Wenzel: What was worth the GDR? And where did this value remain? New Berlin, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-360-00940-1
    • Stefan wool: The sound world of the dictatorship. Everyday life and rule in the GDR 1971-1989., Munich 1999, ISBN 3612266500
    • Ulrich Maehlert: Small history of the GDR, C.H. Beck, Munich 2004, ISBN 3406475507
    • André Steiner: From plan to plan. A restaurant history of the GDR, DVA, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-421-05590-4

    Source texts

    Web on the left of

     

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