Diacritical indication

Diacritical indications (also Diakritikum with Pl. Diakritika) are too due small indications such as points, lines, checkmarks or Kringel, some special Discussion or Stress mark and under or over the letter attached are, in some cases also by the letter through. Their use is often limited to individual or related languages, whereby it as Schibboleth (distinguishing feature of languages) to serve can. Diacritical indications are particularly in the many variants of the , in other widespread alphabets, z. B. that cyrillic, if necessary rather new letters are introduced.

In that in their classical form ten letters differ only by the amount of that over it or under it set points. In of the Arab writing derived systems, about that Persian writing, new letters are created by a vermehrung of the points.

In that again high German Orthography it gives except in only those . Since the umlauts of the basis letters represent completely different sounds, they are understood in German as independent letters and not for example A with diaeresis called. In quotations of fremdsprachiger texts fremdsprachige diacritical indications should be maintained, to a large extent for example Zedillen ç, Hatschek ? and Tilde ñ. However generally only the simple input is among other things in with German computer keyboards used Accents Acutely ´, Grave ` and Circumflex ^ possible.

The same diacritical indication can have different function in different languages. Also every now and then the appearance of the diacritical indications varies. (in about ~ circumflex one calls.)

From the diacritical indications to to differentiate are those diacritical indications do not cause Indication feed motion, the roller stops, then the basis letter is entered. This illogical input sequence is justified in the fact that the reverse would be connected with disproportionate mechanical expenditure.

This was maintained with computer keyboards for the diacritical indications common in the respective language usually, in order transferred from the typewriter to the computer to facilitate. There with the notice of accent keys (like z. B. ^, ¨, °, ~, `, ') first no announcement effected, become these sometimes as Dead keys, dead keys or DEAD key (English) designates. In order to enter a diacritical indication without carrier letters, the firm blank should after the newest recommendations as "basis letter" ( U+00A0) to be used, followed of the respective diacritical indication, z. B. Acute accent (' university University of U+00B4). This becomes often falsely for the looking similar (' university University of U+2019) uses.

Another input method uses a composition key (English: compose, multi-key), so z can. B. ae by the sequential manipulation of the keys <Kompositionstaste> <"> <a> are produced.

Diakritika in university code

The university code standard prescribes the following (logically understanding) order: first the basis letter, then the diacritical indication.

In many languages and still more in linguistic texts stacking of diacritical indications is usual. Here is in the sequence of the input and storage prescribed as follows: first the basis character, then the Diakritika under the basis character from above downward, and then the Diakritika over the basis character from down upward. However at present (January 2005) the support of stacking arbitrary Diakritika is both with writings and poor by software still quite. For this it requires advanced writing techniques how Open type, AAT or Graphites.

The most important diacritical indications of latin of alphabet

The names refer usually to the form of the indication, partially in addition, to a function of the indication, which can have it in a language. This name is used also if it has another function in another language.

Examples:

• Acutely (actually "sharp, rising accent", z. B. in that originally designated the separate discussion of two vowels, like in the Greek one, French and Netherlands one (example: Aleeuten, Citroeen). In German, Swedish one, Turkish one and other languages it assigns another [ a bright ] discussion to a vowel letter. The name Diaeresis designated only the form. It means in the Greek "point".

"diacritical indication" is when languagespreading using the term thus a phenomenon on more material, not on functional level, how Phon contrary to and Graph contrary to Graphem.

• Acutely ([ lat.: "sharply" ], accent aigu, accent, Kreska acute, as in é), see also: Ó ó
• (in the Tschech. one allografische Variant of the Hatscheks: as in ?)
• Breve (Brevis [ lat.: "briefly" ], semi-circle, as in ?; consider the round form)
• Cédille (Zedille, Zedilla [ splinter.: "small z" ], cedilla, Cedilla, as in ç)
• Cédille, ferried over (ferried over comma, the form after like a ferried over simple closing German quotation mark!, in the Lett. one allografische Variant of the Cédille, as in ?)
• Double acute (as in ?)
• Grave ([ lat.: "heavily" ], Grave, accent grave, as in è)
• Hatschek (Há?ek, Caron, checkmark, as in ?; consider the pointed form)
• Comma, placed underneath (in the Rumaen. and Lett. one allografische Variant of the Cédille, as in ?)
• Krouzek (ring, Kringel, circle accent, as in å) see also: Å å
• Makron (Macron, line, bar, length line, as in ?)
• Ogonek (Nasalhaken, bent hook, as in ?)
• Point (as in i?)
• Diagonal stroke (Slash, Kreska uko?na, as in Ø) see also: Ø ø
• Tilde (as in ñ)
• ([ griech.: "hole, point" ], Diaerese,