Before

As Before (v. old-high-German: ewa = contract, quite-linguistically hist. Konnubium) one designates a socially recognized and through (right -) Rules strengthened Partnership, traditionally seen of man and woman, Spouse or also Married couple called. Those Ethnologie designated also Before conventionally an institutionalized economic and reproduction community between two or more persons of different sex (necessarily do not resemble right), their common children by the marriage legitimately become. The condition of the different sexualness is not universally recognized however any longer; the Netherlands or Spain, in addition, Germany (although under other designation) do not know them (more) or only limited, in the USA give it - fought violently - to efforts in this direction. In article 143 of the official German version of the civil code means it now: "two persons of different or same sex can die a marriage."

Calm one continues to cover Before publicly (often religiously) contract, as well as economic rights and obligations between the persons concerned, who are regulated by the present Treaty always, recognized a kind. The modalities of the contract as well as its coming off depend to a considerable degree on the respective culture and society. In many, in particular patrilinearen The marriage also the function of the security of a certain legitimate hereditary line has societies.

The marriage ends through Divorce, abolition, declaration of nullity or with that a partner. The catholic view of marriage however does not know divorce, but only one declaration of nullity. A catholic marriage can be explained under certain conditions for futile, i.e. it did not exist then from the outset. Criticism at the "lifelong concept" came for example from the Spanish poet Cervantes; it suggested limiting the marriage from the beginning on three to five years according to which it, like other contracts also, could be terminated or extended.

In the conception of the general moral value of the marriage to today in principle few, like the national preference and subsidization embodied in the German Basic Law that changed Way of life Before on all levels occupies. In fact unmarried pairs are only in few countries married (nearly) on an equal footing, for example in and into that .

Table of contents

The history of the marriage

Of the Poly to the Monogamie

Over the beginnings of the "marriage" on this side of of the Animal people transition field we know empirically nothing, even interpretable grave finds that go back so far not so far.

Older social evolutionists proceeded from a linear evolution of the pair connections among humans: At the beginning of mankind has Promiskuitaet prevailed, itself afterwards to Group marriage and finally over those Polygamie to Monogamie would have developed. After this opinion the Monogamie became as culturally the most highly standing Marriage form regarded. After same logic (a later development places inevitably a "higher" development form) the today's would have Divorce rate likewise as "the higher" form of the marriage to be regarded, compared with the earlier rule form of a lifelong marriage. The few the older social evolutionists draw however this conclusion from such teleologischen logic.

Monogam living peoples seem in pre-Christian respectively before-Islamic time few to have been common (after Tacitus' writings were those with their A marriage an exception under that Barbarian that Antique ones) and only with few prevailed Polyandrie, where a woman was married with several men.

There is only few societies well-known, in that Polygynie and Polyandrie at the same time were practiced (see Group marriage and Pseudo's group marriage). Particularly by the expansion religions and those Missionierung became those Monogamie to the prevailing world-wide Marriage form. But the Monogamie was not an obligation in the old Judentum and is in the contemporary Islam.

The marriage ceremony was probably primarily a peace and an alliance contract between kinships, and - by means of often more complicated Exogamie- and Endogamieregeln - as link between Clan or Phratrien. It applied for Antique ones since that also as a precondition for the beginning of one Family, which was regarded as component of a community and the society. Thus the installation of the marriage served not only the interests of two individuals or their children, but also the purposes more religiously and laily Elite. (into the modern times inside was z. B. in the high aristocracy the "marriage to the left hand" without legitimacy and vomit the children after the father possible.)

Most recent time

Those meanwhile somewhat more liberal sexual practice in the culture of the western modern times, as well as the relative simplicity of divorce and remarrying led to a rise in such a way called of the serial Monogamie. Itself of (marriage more)Partner to separate to do in order to live with the next, has vordergruendig neither with polygamie nor with Promiskuitaet. However thereby often samples which resemble with the polygamie dominant the samples - for instance the marriage of a man with a very much more younger, above all outwardly attractive woman than "Trophaee" toward end of a particularly successful vocational career of the man, show up.

Since that 19. Alternative groupings those have century Group marriage experienced, in which all adults of members were married with one another (see Oneida). In still recent time, i.e. together with that Queer movement and that Bi-movement developed, beginning into that and here the region over San Francisco, those Polyamory subculture, in which durable nichtmonogame and concerted dear relations between several partners is promoted.

Inzesttabu

All well-known civilizations have the marriage with blood relatives in different degree always tabuisiert, in particular between parents and their children. Nearly all peoples forbid the marriage between brother and sister. Often one forbids also the marriage between related second degree. Many peoples imposed upon themselves further restrictions, resemble so the marriage with persons Surname or with persons with the same Animalanimal animal. See in addition also the article Marriage rules.

An exception formed the old was permitted; this privilege was refused to the people and could have served to concentrate power and vitality in a family (see also Inzest).

The consequence of the Inzesttabus is the demand after more exogamer, on another group referred marriage. Ethnologen stress, the Inzesttabu serve thus to promote the social co-operation (vgl. Affinity).

Endogamie

Certain peoples promote also the marriage within a certain group (Endogamie) request and to marry someone from the same trunk. Also racistic laws of the past, which connections of different race members sought to forbid, can be regarded as examples of Endogamie.

Divorce - marriage contract

Many societies know the procedure that Divorce for the completion of the marriage. The acknowledgment of the divorce is in different World views differently regulated.

In modern juridical systems the possibility exists of locking a marriage contract. The present Treaty documents u. A. the agreements of the marriage partners concerning the consequences a divorce. In the German juridical system it is usual that marriage contracts contain regulations to the topics:

While maintenance regulations occur also in other juridical systems frequently, the regulations over increase reconciliation hang from the conjugal law of property planned by the respective juridical system (a condition for an increase reconciliation is that the form of the increase community admits is), as well as of the possibilities of the respective social system (a condition for a supplying reconciliation is a legal old age pension insurance o. ae.).

Before and religion

Many religions know extensive rules for the marriage.

Christianity

Into the oestlich-orthodox churches the marriage is one the Mysterien. It is donated by the priest. A special rite is thereby the coronation/culmination of the bride people. Those orthodox churches permit in an emergency one or even two divorces, the celebration to the remarrying are however less festive than to a first marriage ceremony; it outweighs the thought of the penalty. Before a third marriage even a whole bus year is required. More than three marriages may be closed in principle of none, except the "church court" decide in reverse.

For the Roman-catholic church the marriage between two baptized Christians is one of the seven Sakramente. The partners donate each other the Ehesakrament. Valid is a marriage only, if it is closed according to the church regulations. Inquires the clergyman in the presence of two witnesses the marriage consent. For the marriage with a Nichtchristen or a Christian of other denomination permission can be given for marrying only civil or after the rite of the other denomination. The married people can separate ("of table and bed"), but a divorce is not possible. Church, whose by death or invalid clarifying (cancellation) no more cannot therefore only marry earlier marriages exist.

In Switzerland and in Germany the civil wedding is a legal condition to be allowed to be trusted church. The church wedding gives God benedictions for the marriage, even if it not when Sakrament is regarded. Also divorced ones can church be trusted. Also the reformed church does not understand the marriage as Sakrament, regards however the earliest and as holy, how the Heidelberger Katechismus in its interpretation of the sieved requirement makes clear.In the Anglikanismus the marriage is not understood likewise as Sakramen (there not begun from Christi, and also not necessarily for all humans), but the marriage rite a sakramentaler character is awarded (there it an outwardly visible rite is, and means to the grace). At present there is an alive discussion within the Anglikanismus over it whether the marriage is to remain further limited to heterosexual pairs. Also in some member churches of the EKD Segnungszeremonien for same sex pairs are developed and accomplished. The metropolitan Community Church celebrates same sex as also different-sexual marriages for decades already.

Hinduismus

That Hinduismus a holy task in the marriage, which entails religious and social obligations, sees.

Buddhismus

In the marriage is strengthened neither nor advised against. It is however taught, how one can spend a lucky marriage.

Islam

After Islamic understanding the areas of life are separate from men and women in principle; the marriage is the only place, in which this separation - to a part - legitimate-proves is waived. That the marriage with this background recommends to a considerable degree; it helps u. A. to the mental perfection.

Judentum

Orthodox one Jew the marriage is very important, because they believe that a man has the task, its second half to thus find the woman. That Reformjudentum, the marriage is likewise important which, it states however that it is not alone the task of the man to find a woman but also in reverse. For both the marriage ceremony is a large Mitzwa and as one of the largest and most important life decisions for both partners one regards.

Before today in Germany

To end 18. Century was the marriage ceremony excluding thing of the churches. The influence of the French right (see Code civil) the civil marriage favoured, because in many territories in western Germany French person condition right was used. To first completely independent German individual-legal laws it came only into the 1850er years (Frankfurt, Oldenburg u. A.). The first civil wedding accomplished in Oldenburg took place in Varel. Married at that time that Baptistenprediger Haese and Meta container. Straight "Dissidenten" like it, which none of the large denominations at that time belonged and to which at some places a legally recognized church marriage ceremony was refused, contributed to the introduction and penetration of the civil marriage.

As consequence of Culture fight and the later Realm concordat the national register offices were introduced, to those the marriage independently of a world-descriptive Confession one closes (Civil marriage). A church marriage ceremony may take place additionally, however only after the civil-legal marriage ceremony. Because of that Freedom of religion and there religious ceremonies by the state anyway as legally binding to be recognized, does not know over the condition conformity of this regulation of the Law on registration of births marriages and deaths are discussed. In a purely church marriage ceremony is not easily possible and has any legal consequences.

The national socialism distorted the civil marriage to the state a completely useful institution. It forbade "rassische mixed marriages" by Marriage law, frequently and promoted the "reinrassige" reproduction for the State of (hereditary health law) separated such marriages. The constitutional arrangement kind. 6 Basic Law after the Second World War can be understood also before this background: The marriage stands under the special protection of the this was converted not already .

Spouses are granted economic advantages as for example that Income tax rate for married couples with the computation that Income tax; the income tax rate for married couples brings however above all economic advantages if the incomes of the spouses differ clearly from each other and is thereby as incentive guessed/advised to the "housewife marriage" into the criticism. Further advantages how Confidence and mutual suggestion by different groups are promoted (Marriage Encounter, Family works from political or world-descriptive side and others). Unclearly is however, like the state between married people to the increased confidence to contribute can or is, except by the right to refuse to give evidence already existing.

In Germany to 1. August legally introduced Life partnership same sex partner brings all legal and social obligations to a marriage with itself, however only some of its advantages offers. In the tax law, official right and adoption right the Upper House of Parliament agreed so far no equalization.

The form of the marriage is selected ever more rarely since longer from pairs to the organization of its living together. During 2002 in Germany still 388.000 pairs married, were it in the year after only 383.000, which corresponds to a decrease of 1,4 per cent. Many pairs commit themselves today without marriage certificate or are received changing partnerships. But those refers Family sociology on the fact that before that 19. Century the situation was statistically similar, and that the social meaning of the "marriage" is not therefore necessarily reduced.

see also: Marriage right

Sociological components

From religious, sociological and reasons has a promise to the marriage before friends, that Family and the public - for which those Witnesses at the marriage and the priests and/or. Registrars of births, marriages and deaths stand - a special weight. Similarly an oath before witnesses therefore the mutual promise of a married couple has a larger load-carrying capacity than a completely private (sometimes not at all definitely expressed) decision as a rule.

Psychological components

Under the term married couple becomes often special confidenceness and Goods community the partner summarizes (a deep understanding of the conjugal law on property, which evenly instead of Goods community those Increase community , missing), on the other hand today also often is with the predominant majority of the married people the danger of narrowing, cooling off love plans or Divorce. Die zunehmende Sicht auf negative Aspekte hat einerseits mit wachsender Bindungsangst zu tun, andererseits mit gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungen und Freiheiten.

Married couples, which are gladly married, look for and find in the run the time their own in each case balance between personal liberty and solidarity. Such an (variable) equilibrium permits free contacts outward, retaining its own friend circle and the care of common contacts.

With increasing confidenceness (in addition, by disappointments and Crises) special forms that develop Communication in the verbal, nonverbalen and sexual Range. They are important, in order to meet the possible danger of creeping "growing silent". Also the balance between security and change, between habits and new one is to be analyzed in the discussion repeatedly.

Preparation and consultation

A special range concerning the marriage is the contact from married couples to the respective origin families. In that Marriage preparation, of Seelsorgern and Marriage advisors importance is stressed, the partner clear priority before the own Parents to give. The necessary detachment becomes already in Old will appropriate described: ... Therefore the man father and nut/mother is left....

With that Birth or Adoption from children the conjugal changes Partnership within many ranges. Now it is particularly importantly, irritations open, to respond but carefully and deal with possible mental injuries well. Friendships to other recent families or Marriage rounds facilitate this phase.

Before today in Belgium, the Netherlands, Canada, Spain

These countries exhibit the characteristic that both different and same sex pairs the marriage can be received. In Canadian province of Ontario it is necessary to request before the marriage, a license from the local administration to. With the license it is then possible, before an official of the city administration, for a judge, to be received or a recognized religious figure the marriage.

Sociological components

From religious, sociological and reasons has a promise to the marriage before friends, that Family and the public - for which those Witnesses at the marriage and the priests and/or. Registrars of births, marriages and deaths stand - a special weight. Similarly an oath before witnesses therefore the mutual promise of a married couple has a larger load-carrying capacity than a completely private (sometimes not at all definitely expressed) decision as a rule.

Psychological components

Under the term married couple becomes often special confidenceness and Goods community the partner on the other hand today also often summarizes (a deep understanding of the conjugal law on property, which is differently out-arranged in these countries, and the goods community always plan, are not missing with the predominant majority of the married people), the danger of narrowing, cooling off love or Divorce. The increasing view on negative aspects has on the one hand with increasing Fear of connection to do, on the other hand with social developments and liberties.

Married couples, which are gladly married, look for and find in the run the time their own in each case balance between personal liberty and solidarity. Such an (variable) equilibrium permits free contacts outward, retaining its own friend circle and the care of common contacts.

With increasing confidenceness (in addition, by disappointments and Crises) special forms that develop Communication in the verbal, nonverbalen and sexual Range. They are important, in order to meet the possible danger of creeping "growing silent". Also the balance between security and change, between habits and new one is in the Belgian, Netherlands, Spanish and/or. to analyze Canadian discussion repeatedly.

Preparation and consultation

A special range concerning the marriage is the contact from married couples to the respective origin families. In that Marriage preparation, of Seelsorgern and Marriage advisors importance is stressed, the partner clear priority before the own Parents to give. It is also possible for Belgian engaged ones, but do not confer under any circumstances usual, of German marriage advisors in this regard to leave. The necessary detachment becomes already in Old will appropriate described: ... Therefore the man father and nut/mother is left.... Old person the will is read also in these countries, and not only in Germany.

With that Birth or Adoption from children the conjugal changes Partnership within many ranges. Now it is particularly importantly, irritations open, to respond but carefully and deal with possible mental injuries well. Friendships to other recent families or Marriage rounds facilitate this phase. Young German married couples do not only close among themselves friendships, but also in Canada this phenomenon is well-known.

Before today in the USA

The US-American marriage right becomes from the particulars Federal States regulated. That results in a complex patchwork of different laws of divorce and goods. As a kind Contract between the two married people marriages, which are closed in a Federal State, are recognized also in other Federal States. An exception for this are same sex marriages; here it permits that Defense OF Marriage act out law has for the opening of the marriage for pairs discharges; Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger has however to be Veto announced.

Many effects of the marriage, z. B. during the assessment to the federal income tax, or with migration questions, by the federation are regulated. To marriages between humans of different race did not become certified in all US Federal States. In this year that condemned Supreme Court the state Virginia in addition, one in District OF Columbia to recognize closed marriage between a man more European and a woman of African origin.

Before the marriage ceremony a Heiratsserlaubnis (marriage license) must be requested. Only by it the marriage is legally recognized. In the USA the religious and the legal ceremony can take place for marriage ceremony at the same time. If the marriage is closed by a clergyman, it can act at the same time as a registrar of births, marriages and deaths and put the marriage with it also legally into effect. This requires the signing of marriage permission. A purely religious ceremony is not recognized by the law.

Sociological components

From religious, sociological and reasons has a promise to the marriage before friends, that Family and the public - for which those Witnesses at the marriage and the priests and/or. Registrars of births, marriages and deaths stand - a special weight. Similarly an oath before witnesses therefore the mutual promise of a married couple has a larger load-carrying capacity than a completely private (sometimes not at all definitely expressed) decision as a rule.

Psychological components

Under the term married couple becomes often special confidenceness and Goods community the partner summarizes (a deep understanding of the conjugal law on property, in the different US Federal States is differently out-arranged, and the goods community always does not plan, missing), on the other hand today also often is with the predominant majority of the married people the danger of narrowing, cooling off love or Divorce. The increasing view on negative aspects has on the one hand with increasing Fear of connection to do, on the other hand with social developments and liberties.

Married couples, which are gladly married, look for and find in the run the time their own in each case balance between personal liberty and solidarity. Such an (variable) equilibrium permits free contacts outward, retaining its own friend circle and the care of common contacts.

With increasing confidenceness (in addition, by disappointments and Crises) special forms that develop Communication in the verbal, nonverbalen and sexual Range. They are important, in order to meet the danger of creeping "growing silent", which is present also in the USA. Also the balance between security and change, between habits and new one is to be analyzed in the discussion repeatedly.

Preparation and consultation

A special range concerning the marriage is the contact from married couples to the respective origin families. In that Marriage preparation, of Seelsorgern and Marriage advisors importance is stressed, the partner clear priority before the own Parents to give. Due to the large distances, in addition, because of the linguistic barriers it is not under any circumstances usual that US-American engaged ones can be advised from German marriage advisors in this regard. Besides the US-American marriage consultation developed its own tradition. The necessary detachment becomes already in Old will appropriate described: ... Therefore the man father and nut/mother is left.... Old person the will is read in the USA at least as frequently as in Germany.

With that Birth or Adoption from children the conjugal changes Partnership within many ranges. Now it is particularly importantly, irritations open, to respond but carefully and deal with possible mental injuries well. Friendships to other young US-American or foreign families or Marriage rounds facilitate this phase.

Literature

  • Marianne weber: Wife and nut/mother in the right development. Tübingen 1907.
  • Dieter Schwab: Bases and shape of the national marriage legislation in the modern times up to the beginning 19. Century. Bielefeld 1967.
  • Klaus Juergen Matz: Pauperismus and population. The legal restrictions of marriage in the South German states during 19. Century. Stuttgart 1980.
  • Arne Duncker: Equality and inequality in the marriage. Personal position of woman and man in the right of the conjugal partnership 1700-1914. Cologne u.A. 2003.
  • Josef Prader/Heinrich J.F. Pure hard: The church marriage right in seelsorglichen practice, Ludgerus publishing house, meal 2001, ISBN 3-87497237-2

Belletristik over the marriage is by far not as extensive numerously, although as over the love. Thus belong for example "The Wahlverwandtschaften" (Goethe 1809) or the "artist marriage" (Schefer 1828) to the pieces of gloss.

  • Felicitas of Lovenberg: Often fall in love you, get engaged you rarely, never marry? The longing after the romantic love. Droemer publishing house 2005, ISBN 3-426-27368-3

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