Oil
Oil is in that Earth's crust stored, mainly out existing, high-viscosity, Material mixture. It possesses a dark to black and has a characteristic Smell. Some oil places fluoreszieren during the irradiation also ultraviolet light. There are different theories for the emergence of the oil.
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History
Oil was found already before very long time due to the fact that oil a lower Density as seawater and therefore in the cavities the shale has -, sand and carbonate sediments rises upward and at the earth's surface to light steps sometimes (in Germany for example Haenigsen between Hanover and Braunschweig). If it can ascending at impermeable shale or another close rock formation not further and putting into to large depth does not remain, it is to be found by not very deep drillings.
To oil, which formed materials bitumen-like by the admission of oxygen, out-pouring to the earth's surface, became already before 6000 years in the front Orient, particularly in Mesopotamien, discovers. Humans learned the characteristics of this natural product to use: Thus one received a product by mixing oil with sand, reed and other materials, for the sealing of ship planks.
Of that the word comes "naptu" (of nabatu = shine) for oil, which in the designation "Naphta"at present still existence has. This expression points on the fact that already early the oil served for lighting purposes. The Babylonier was it also, the important roads and approach roads to cult places with a thin Bitumen layer took off. The use of "earth pitch" was so pervasive in the Babylonian realm that Hammurabi the material some chapters in its law work 1875 v. Chr. - those granted demonstrably first national adjustment of the oil...
The designation petroleum usual for us is Roman origin: "oelum petrae" which means as much as stone or rock oil. This decreases/goes back on discoveries of the Romans in Egypt, where her in a mountain course at the gulf of Suez Oil from the mountains to withdraw saw. One assumes that already the Roman army used oil as lubricant for axles and wheels.
Oil was regarded long time also as a cure. During the oil boom years of North America into the 1860er years there were many quacksalber, who sold the alleged miracle drug against all kinds of physical defects. It was early already used as war weapon. In the antique with oil quite modern seeming flame throwers were built, which sucked. "Greek fires", a dreadful weapon particularly in the sea-fight.
The actual exploitation of the crude oil began however only in 19. Century. Reason for it was first the search for a good lamp fuel, because whale oil was only for realms affordably, tallow candles skates unpleasant and gasflammen gave it only in few, modern houses. Different scientists developed thereupon in the center 19. Century procedure for the commercial use. The Canadian physician and geologist Abraham Gessner 1852 acquired a patent on the production of a relatively cleanly which is on, low-priced lamp fuel from crude oil: the petroleum. 1855 suggested the American chemist Benjamin Silliman cleaning oil by sulfuric acid in order to use it as fuel.
Thus one began to look for larger crude oil camps. For several years one already knew that with drillings after water and salt occasionally oil seeped into the boreholes. Thus one had the idea to bore directly after oil. The first drillings were accomplished 1857 to 1859, perhaps those world-wide first How/as TZE in Lower Saxony, west Celle, abgeteuft. However the drilling became world-famous after oil, the Edwin L. Drake to 27. August 1859 at the oil Creek in Pennsylvania accomplished. Drake bored George H on behalf of the American industriellen. Bissell and encountered into only 21.2 meters depth the first larger source of oil.
The first oil promotion in Underground work 1854 found in Bóbrka Krosno (Poland) instead of.
After the introduction of electrical light oil was first no longer attractive, but the invention of the automobile was long in coming not.
Emergence
That biogenous tables theory for erdoelentstehung in accordance with is oil out Sea organisms (plankton) developed, which died, dropped and on that Bottom of the sea of Sediments were covered. By dropping that Sediments became these materials high Pressure and more highly suspended. Under these conditions they changed themselves into so mentioned Kerogene around, organic materials, which predominantly consist of carbon and hydrogen. In the process of the further Dia. genesis can the Kerogene become bituminous. Sedimentary rocks, which contain Kerogene, are called oil source rock. An example of an oil source rock also finely distributed bituminous Kerogenen is oil shale from that Lias epsilon (lower Law). The finely distributed Kerogene can under certain conditions, particularly at high temperatures, moves, since they are easier than water and are displaced by this. When moving ("Migration"the oil) the Kerogene unites to more compact masses, to oil. The migration runs on the whole upward. If the oil turns out under impermeable earth layers, which prevent its further migration upward and after the sides (erdoelfallen), it enriches itself there and so a erdoellagerstaette develops. A erdoellagerstaette consists thus of a memory rock, the oil and more or less stores water in its pores, which itself - if available - likewise in the pores of the memory rock rules. The stores water contains often solved salts. Partly developed under similar conditions . Above erdoellagerstaetten therefore a cap from natural gas can be. Sandige sediments near the surface and oil-bearing are called oil sand. Oil is not equivalent compound world-wide. Like that more is for example in some areas Alkanes, in other more Alkenes contained, also the relationship of aliphatic too aromatic Hydrocarbons is different.
One abiogenetischen theory after, the by far fewer representatives than the biogenous tables has theory (see in particular Thomas's gold), carbon compounds, under it also many hydrocarbons exist inside the earth of their emergence to large quantities. These carbon compounds are pressed on because of their small density toward earth's surface.
Production
If the erdoellagerstaette close of the earth's surface is, then the oil can in Open mining are won, example: Athabasca Erdoelsande, Alberta, Canada. At the beginning of the oil use it became at some places also in Foundation engineering won, for example with how/as TZE, west Celle (Lower Saxony, Germany). From deeper stores oil is promoted by probes, which are brought in by drillings up to stores. Exist also Offshore construction works a one promoting in the middle in the sea make possible. Whereby partially the drilling platforms by promotion platforms to be replaced.
For boring hollow drills are used, so that drillingsmall from the borehole to light can be transported. The drilling tool consists of steel tubes, which to a ever longer tubing linkage, which boring rank, can be together-screwed. At the lower end is the actual drilling tool, the drilling bit in such a way specified. The drilling bit mostly possesses three against each other angularly arranged, gezaehnte taper roller bearings (fig. 1), which can be occupied for boring in hard rock with diamonds, in addition, other forms are used.
Mostly the entire boring rank and concomitantly the drilling bit of a motor driven device over-meet (turntable) turned (Rotary procedures). The drilling bit has a larger diameter than the tubing linkage, so that around the linkage a cavity develops (annular space so mentioned), for that for the prevention of its breaking down with a steel tube is lined ("Casing") (fig. 2).
In order to out-promote drillingsmall, a drilling liquid is pressed in by the casing pipe, which withdraws at the crown and is pressed drillingsmall again upward in the annular space as well as that. The drilling liquid must a high specific weight and a high , so that it can be pressed in by the hollow drill pipes and be pressed out by the annular space again and so that that is drug along drillingsmall thereby (water, polymers and suspended among other things loosened BaryteFlour contains). Sometimes the drilling flushing is also used, in order to propel thereby an engine directly over the drilling bit, so that only the drilling bit is turned, not however entire boring rank. So that the individual pipes of the drill pipes can be handled, over the borehole a drilling rig is established (fig. 3), in which also the device is for the rotation of the drill pipes by means of engine.
If the conditions require it, can be bored also in far elbows, so that stores can be opened also from the side (see: Arrange-bore), for example with stores under settled, difficult, to protecting or militarily used area.
In larger depth the oil stands under the pressure load-ends earth layers and the associated natural gas and after drilling from the borehole is if necessary pressed, since it is easier than water and the surrounding rock. When first drilling stores therefore withdrawing the oil with a special device ("Preventer"), which is at pressure, must be prevented, which is at the upper end of the drill pipes. In the first time the oil can be mostly promoted without further measures by the self-pressure in stores (primaerfoerderung). If the stores pressure diminishes, the oil with tiefpumpen must be brought to light, those of over-meets by means of drill pipes to be propelled (horse head drive, fig. 4).
The stores pressure can be increased by pressing in water or natural gas by means of by drillings of furnished insertion probes (secondary promotion). The permeability of the memory rock can be increased by pressing in acids, whereby components of the memory rock, for example Carbonates, to be solved. In the course of the stores exploitation the wasser-Anteil in the material to be conveyed rises, later more waters as oil is usually promoted, partially more than 90 % water. By primary and secondary promotion procedures can depending upon stores conditions about 20 to 50 % of the oil, which is in stores ("oil into place") is won. The remainder is not replaced by the described promotion procedures from the solids of the memory rock. Further oil can be won however by special procedures (Tertiary period promotion). In addition belong:
- Heat procedure: Press from hot water or superheated steam ("steam floods") or burning a part of the oil into stores;
- Press in from nitrogen;
- Press in from CO2, that the stores pressure increases and in the oil solves themselves and thus its viscosity decreased ("CO2Floods");
- Press in from light gasoline or liquid gas, which likewise degrade the viscosity of the oil.
- It presses in from aqueous solutions viscosity of increasing materials (organic polymers) whereby the oil is replaced better from the solids ("polymer floods");
- Press in from aqueous solutions of boundary surface-active materials, which enrich themselves at the boundary surfaces oil/solid and oil/water and from the solid loosen so the oil and divide finely in the water, emulsify ("Tensidfluten").
The Tertiary period procedures are partly also combined. A considerable remainder of the oil can be won however so far with no procedure from stores.
The oil promotion from stores, which are under waters, causes special difficulties ("offshore production"). Here standing or over it swimming drilling platforms (fig. 5) must be furnished for the development of stores on the waters reason, from which and promoted later can be bored. Here the arranging boring is favourable, because thereby by a drilling platform a larger area can be opened.
Meaning
Oil is one the most important the modern Industrial companies. It is important for the production of Electricity and as Fuel nearly all Traffic and Means of transport. Besides oil in that becomes chemical industry to Production of Plastics and other chemistry products often assigned. From these reasons it becomes also "Black gold"mentioned.
Chemical products of oil
In that Oil refinery the oil is split up into its different components. One differentiates oil as natural product of crude oil with respect to the industry forwards the processing and of Mineral oil, like products after the processing (gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, lubricating oil) of the oil to be called.
In the chemical industry the oil takes an important position. Most chemical products leave itself out approx.. 300 basic chemicals develop. These molecular compounds become today too approx.. 90% from oil and natural gas won. To these belong: Ethen, Propen, Butadiene, Benzene, Toluol, oXylene, p-xylene (this represent the largest portion). From the world-wide delivery of the oil become approx.. 6-7% for the chemical product family trees used, the by far larger portion are burned simply in power stations and engines. The importance of these products of oil is obvious: There is no more oil, must these basic chemicals over complicated and cost-intensive procedures with high energy-committed a crime to be manufactured. The chemical component system of the oil is used, in order to produce nearly each chemical product. In addition colors belong and lacquers, medicaments, wash and cleaning agents, in order to call only some.
Oil
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(Oil refinery)
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+-+-+ -- > rising boiling point -- > +-+
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Kerosene Gas oil--+------Vacuum gas oil Arrears
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\/ Flugbenzin Diesel, | Lubricating oils heavy Fuel oil, Fuel oil
\/easy | Tenside Bitumen
\/ Fuel oil | Coke, Soot
(Pyrolysis) |
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Olefine and Cracken
Aromatics |
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(reactions)
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Monomers
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(Polymerization)
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Plastics
Financial system
As central raw material oil is also article that Speculation. Oil becomes even in goodsoption dealings (oil contracts) acted; the oil price affects also the general Stock exchange courses, because in many industries a dependence on the oil price exists or is seen. Two very important crude oil places are Brent and West Texas Intermediate.
World reserves and provision with stocks
For the year 2004 the confirmed world reserves became depending upon source on 1260 billion (171.7 billion Tons after Oeldorado 2004 of ExxonMobil) and/or. on 1148 billion (156.6 billion Tons computed after BP Statistical Review 2004). The reserves, are located and with today the available to be economically won know, increased in the last years despite the annual deliveries easily in each case and achieved in the year 2004 the highest ever computed conditions. While the reserves in The Near East, Eastern Asia and due to the exhaustion of stores and more insufficiently Folder ion activity , rose they sank in and easily on. It is forecast that the erdoelreserven can cover only 50 years the world consumption. The fact that similar, not occurred forecasts were already met in the past, has the term Oil constant brought out. In the year 2003 the largest erdoelreserven were in (262.7 billion barrel), in Iran (130.7 billion barrel) and in (115.0 billion barrel), whereupon those followed , and (see 1 für eine genaue Tabelle).
Critics of these data point out however that the numbers were falsified frequently for political reasons. Besides many countries announce the same numbers annually, although they promote at the same time large quantities oil; the numbers are often not adapted thus. Beyond that becomes according to estimations of independent experts in the first decade of the as Peak oil admitted point to that Hubbert curve are reached. Reaching these 'Oil point' (' peak ') it means that world-wide the promotion and/or. Production by oil no more to be increased cannot. In the consequence from peak oil that becomes Oil price unwiderbringlich and to a considerable degree rise, there with constantly growing consumption that Offer those Demand no more not to serve can.
The countries that are obligated to maintain a 90-Tage-Vorrat at oil for crisis periods. A large part of the Germans and a smaller part of the foreign supplies lie in the underground Kavernenanlagen in the carousing A salt in the area Wilhelmshaven, where also most oil to Germany is introduced.
Weltfoerderung
So far in the history of mankind approximately 900 billion barrel oil were promoted. Most reserves were discovered into the 1960er years. Starting from beginning of the 1980er years lies the annual promotion - this is to time about 27 billion barrel - over that the again discovered reserves, so that since this time the existing reserves decrease. Therefore becomes from most experts with a promotion maximum (? Peak oil) between 2010 and 2020 counted. Some assume even the maximum will arrive still before 2010 (Colin J. Campbell, Jean Laherrere). Starting from this time oil will become ever scarcer and more expensive, because then the oil need will be larger than the oil delivery. Under present conditions (is called with same consumption, static range) the erdoel-Reserven hand still 43 years. It is however most probable that one in the future - (even owing to higher petroleum prices) - new reserves will find.
Main promoters from oil were in the year 2003 (496.800 million tons), (420.000 million tons), (349.400 million tons), (187.800 million tons) and Iran (181.700 million tons); the entire weltfoerderung was with 3.608,600 million tons (see 1 for an exact table). Those Oil promotion in Germany Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony are insignificant in the international comparison and take place almost exclusively in the Lands of the Federal Republic.
World consumption
The daily Consumption world-wide lies with approximately 84 million . (20.1 million barrel), (6 million barrel), (5.5 million barrel) and (2.7 million barrel) 2003 main consumers of the oil were in the year (see 1 for an exact table). The world consumption rises at present around 2% per year.
The per-capita consumption is with that Industrial nations clearly more highly than . Thus consumption was in the USA 2003 with 26,0 barrels per inhabitant, in Germany about 11,7, while into China statistically on each inhabitant 1.7 barrels came, in India 0.8 and in only 0.2 barrels per head were used.
Germany imported in the year 2004 110.140.000 tons crude oil. Main countries of importation are Russia, Norway, Great Britain and OI C C Libya.
Different
Due to its economic meaning oil is also the subject of political argument. The profit from the oil production exists in the difference of the promotion price of approx.. 5$ per barrel at the world price of approx.. 60$ - altogether an annual clear profit of over 1300 billion $. In that Oil crisis tried those . Also the present Wars and crises around that arguments are around the entrance to the oil according to opinion of many critics.
There the oil deposits that are finite, ways are searched, regenerativ energy as for example , Wind energy, Terrestrial heat, Bio Diesel, Vegetable oil to use. Germany is strongly import dependent in the range oil. Therefore is since 1978 that Oil provision with stocks federation the creation of an oil contingency reserve assigns.
The products of the oil ( and Fuel oil) represent at the same time a compact medium, in order to store or transport energy. As alternative becomes over the use of as energy stores thought. In addition it must however only once under very high energy expenditure by means of or other procedures of water to be made. Then it must for transport z.B. are liquefied. In addition much energy is used again. Hydrogen could directly burned (thermal use) or by means of into electricity to be converted and engines (for example in Electric vehicle) propel.
The density of oil (particularly crude oil) becomes in API degree measured. That Space measure from oil becomes in measured.
The processing chains in the oil industry become by the terms Downstream and Upstream characterized.
In the trade and at the stock exchanges distinctive between "sour" (sour) and "sweet" (sweet) crude oil (crude oil), whereby then again one differentiates between heavy (heavy) or easy (light). The classifications serve for the classification of the turning and/or. Refining bar. "sour" means that the crude oil has higher sulfur content. For this reason refining is more complex.
Transport
Despite the fact that oil the bases for the most important Fuels is, the oil is often transported in uneconomic way crosswise over the oceans and over country. This takes place over water with enormous Oiling anchors, over country also Tank truck and Pipelines.
Consequences
The oil has in the course of the time to the current situation of some contributed. Pipelines are tapped and whole tankers for example in of armed groups kidnaps, around the won property (approx. 2,25 millions. To sell barrel on day) against weapons with hehlern, there many armed groups of the Niger delta betrayed by the state often and particularly of the larger mineral oil companies bestohlen and exploited feel. This led among other things to the blind force on the part of the state, whereby a whole town was made equal to the ground. Shell spoke of 1000 force victims annually, against it of approximately 500 victims alone in one week.
Often oil arrives into that Groundwater o.A. Likewise immense damage for that develops Ecological system, if larger quantities of oil are ignited, there for example a burning Source of oil or evtl. even Oil field to delete with difficulty is. Also so-called tankerunfaelle can be very harmful for the environment and get dirty whole sand beaches with tar lumps or cover with a black oil carpet. Many animals, with priority birds, which the oil sticks the plumage together and whose food spoils, end elendig. It also occurs that oiling anchors on the sea rinse their tanks out with sea water, on the one hand for cleaning, on the other hand, because they must have loaded certain quantities of water from stability reasons as ballast. See also: Exxon Valdez
News
Literature
- Richard Heinberg: "The Party's Over. The end of the oelvorraete and the future of the industrialized world ". Riemann publishing house, Munich 2004 ISBN 3-570-50059-4
- Rudolf Rechsteiner: Green, 2003 win, ISBN 3280050545, or as pdf file HTTP://www.rechsteiner Basel.CH/DOWN load.cfm?ID=117 (of the author approves and even in the net posed)
- Colin J. Campbell: Oil change!, 2002, ISBN 342324321X
- F. William Engdahl: With the oil weapon to the weltmacht, 2002, ISBN 3980737829
- Daniel Yergin: The price. The hunt for oil, money and power, Frankfurt 1991, ISBN 3100958047
- Thomas's gold: Biosphere of the hot depth. Wiesbaden 2000, ISBN 3980737802
- Author collective: To the political economics of the oil - a strategic property and its price, in: Point of article 1-01, ISSN 0941-5831
- Author collective: The oil, in: Imperialism 3, S. 169-194, Munich 1981, ISBN 392293501X
See also
- Oil/tables and diagrams
- Mineral oil enterprise
- Oil resources
- Peak oil
- An interesting alternative is that Fuel vegetable oil
Web on the left of
| - pictures, videos or audio files |
- When is the oil everything?, NZZ folio
- The coming global oil crisis
- Oil in the mineral Atlas WiKi
- Minutes: Oil and oil products
- Dismissal OF the Claims OF A Biological Connection for Natural petroleum
- Homepage of the German oil museum in how/as TZE
- Oil/natural gas: Data, statistics, info. diagrams "agenda 21 meeting place" in the education server learn:LINE North-Rhine/Westphalia
- Oil and natural gas museum in twist
- Peak OF oil scenarios, literature, left
- n-tv: Always new records: The history of the oil price
- The oil - a business article of first class
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