Färöi language

Färöisch (färöisch føroyskt [ˈføːɹɪst], Danish: færøsk, derived from it the German designation färöisch contrary to outdated färingisch) is political a westScandinavian language, those from at least 44,000 humans on that to Denmark of belonging and extensive autonomy rightspossessing Färöern as well as further Färingern are abroad spoken.

The total number of the native speakers in the world is unclear. Estimations reach from 60.000 to 100.000, whereby the first is to be estimated number as realistic, while the higher number speculates on whichDescendants of native speakers actively färöisch speak, which is with difficulty provable.

Färöisch is thereby one the smallest under the living Germanic languages (indogermanische language family).

Färöisch belongs at the same time to the smallest languages in Europe beside Saami (finno ugrische language family), to the two sorbischen languages, Ladinisch and RA-gate-Omani with in each case among 100.000 proven speakers.

Färöi is considered as that language in the world, most books per native speaker appear annual in which (1 Buchtitel on approximately 325 inhabitants). From 1822 to 2002 cameexactly 4,306 titles on Färöisch out, whereby 2000 with 170 titles (under it 66 translations from other languages) are the past record year.

Not least by their status as office language on the Färöern and by the rich färöische literature it applies todayas the no more does not endanger in relation to the dominance of the Danish one in 20. Century inside.

The German language took at least two terms out of Färöi: Skua (robbery sea gull) and Grind (whale) (see there).

mutual comprehensibility Färöisch Icelandic

Färöi keyboard layout

Färöisch is mutually understandable with Icelandic in the writing language. Both modern language forms decrease/go back particularly closely to Altnordi , which is investigated today in form of the oldIcelandic in the older Skandinavistik.

The mutual comprehensibility of the spoken languages Färöisch and Icelandicis however reduced. Färöisch is harder in the comparison to the Icelandic one, and both languages deviate from the writing language clearly. How Isländer and Färinger in the discussion inform themselves, depends on which further Scandinavian language the Icelandic interlocutor controls, or whetherit only English as foreign language can. Almost all Färinger speaks flowing Danish as secondary language, and so arises often inter+more Scandinavian languagemix, frequently also with English influences. Different it is with Färingern and Isländern, the longer time in in each case the different oneCountry live. They learn the neighbour language usually fast.

history

From Altwestnordi (oldNorwegian) developed with beginning of the Wikingerzeiton the Färöern in 9. Century Altfäröi. This language form existed as writing language up to the reformation after 1538, as Danish exclusive writing language became and finally interspersed themselves.

Färöi could however in the old Balladen and the spokenEveryday life language survive. To end 18. Century are present only sporadic writing certifications. Oldest document is the sheep letter from 1298.

The first pioneer of the written Färöisch was a scholar Jens Christian Svabo. In the context of its Indberetninger fra EN journeyi Færø 1781 - 82 he collected old färöische Balladen and wrote her down as the first. However they did not arrive at the pressure. Svabos Orthographie oriented itself at the dialect of Vágar, tried a standardisation however already.

The first book upFäröisch, Færøiske Qvæder COM Sigurd Fofnersbane og Hans Æt of the Danish minister Hans Christian Lyngbye of 1822, documented the Sigurdlieder, which were collected by its färöischen colleague Johan Henrik Schrøter. Another pioneer of those years was Jóannes íKróki (Johannes Clemensen), which into the Sandoyarbók (1821 - 1831) likewise färöische Balladen collected. Its way of writing reflected the dialect of Sandoy.

Johan Henrik Schrøter procured also the first translation of the matte house gospel (gospel Sankta Matthæussa 1823),in each färöischen household arrived, however in the church not to become generally accepted could not, where further Danish was preached.

The compilation of the Färingersaga from old-Icelandic sources by the Danish antiquity researcher Carl Christian Rafn was a further milestone. With publication 1833 were provided a färöische translation, which came also from Schrøter. Both Schrøter and Svabo used much loud near Orthographien. In the Färingersaga became the influence of the Danish Philologen racing mash Rask, which Schrøter induce apparent to an improved Orthographiecould.

In the summer 1845 the Danish governor on the Färöern, sent Christian Pløyen, those from the teacher of oils Jespersen collected Spells at C.C. Rafn. Beside the färöischen original text it provided a Danish translation, in the case of which probably Schrøter and Jens Davidsen helped it. Rafn did not keep this way of writing however for suitable, around it for published and the assigned Icelandic Philologenand nationalist Jón Sigurðsson with a revision. That one represented a etymologisierenden and historisierenden beginning, which also the Danish Philologe Niels Matthias Petersen represented. It was the time of the national romance, and here one deliberated oneself upon the altnordischen roots.

V.And. Hammershaimb is considered as the actual father of the modern färöischen writing language. First it, like Svabo and Schrøter, was already a trailer of a loudnear posting. Only by Petersens and Sigurðssons influence came it here to the reorientation. 1854 appeared its Færøsk sproglære(Färöi language teachings) in Rafns of scientific magazine Annaler for nordisk Oldkyndighed og history.

1891 were revised Hammershaimbs language teachings in its Færøsk Anthologi completely and were lost to today only few at validity. Hammershaimbs younger colleague Jakob Jakobsen carried considerably for this, even if its self-willed Orthographie could not become generally accepted. Jakobsens earnings/services with this standard work was not only the phonetically accurate transcription and confrontation of the dialects on the basis detailed read samples, but above all also a dictionary Färöisch Danish with 10.000 references andconstant discussion data.

N.F.S. Grundtvigs son Svend Grundtvig (a good friend of Hammershaimb) traveled on the Färöer, in order to help in the case of the translation of many old language monuments. The färöische literature developed.

Neufäröi became on the Weihnachtstreffen of the Färöer 1888of the forming national movement as future host language proclaims.

Only 1937 were recognized the färöische language as school language, 1938 as church language, and since the autonomy statute of 1948 it is host language on the Inselgruppe. Official secondary language on the Färöern is Danish.The argument between Neufäröi and realm-Danish entered as färöischer speak-ridden history of the Färöer .

finally 1961 came the first official färöische Bible of Jákup Dahl out (there was already a baptistische expenditure before); Färöi became howeveralready before preached of the pulpit.

It should last the Føroysk to 1998, until the Färinger got its first nut-linguistic dictionary , orðabók.

the färöische alphabet and phoneme inventory

more see under: Färöi discussion

the färöische alphabet has28 letters, which can sound as follows:

notes:

• „Front and rear A, i and í “do not designate only the alphabetical order, by any means an articulation place in the palate. Thoseappropriate pairs behave to a large extent identically in case of the A and perfectly directly sounding with i, y and/or. í, ý. The straight latter two pairs make it heavy for the pupil in the dictation.
• Sometimes Ø, ø is written also o, o.
• The capital letterÐ is used only if a name is set completely in capital letters, so for example on maps or with Firmenlogos, because occurs ð in each case within or at the end of a word. Contrary to the Icelandic ones always is it inmute sliding sound (few exceptions), and never the be correctful Dentallaut, which is received in the Icelandic one and English: as in MON or Seyðisfjörður. Etymologisch is also related it to the soft Danish D. , Where the Danish speaker in relativesWords of the own language a soft D would speak, occurs usually in the färöischen counterpart ð . That is itself because of „the etymologisch aligned “ morphophonemischen standard posting, which were introduced 1846/91 by Hammershaimb, and in relation to the phonetic Orthographie models (of Jens ChristianSvabo (1746-1824) and late Jakob Jakobsen (1864-1918)) to intersperse could.
• All vowels and Diphthonge can be both short and long, whereby the short form is often differently realized (see phonetic transcription). Unbetonte short vowels step in each case as A, i oru up, which is noticeable particularly characteristically in the many Flektionsendungen. Determined long Diphthonge in its short form is monophthongisiert, so that for example a short differs/ó/not from/ø/.
• Ú is the only „habituation-needy “sound for German native speakers (ofother refinement of the färöischen phonetics apart, which are not however in the articulation meaning). This Diphthong develops on a darkened u (high ungerundeter non-front vowel, similarly Russian Ы) and becomes the bright u, whereby still another sliding vowel [w] toEnd to be suggested can. The latter can be said also over the others „u-Diphthong “ó, which was represented in earlier Orthographie models also than „ow “.

inflection of the kinds of word

in the structure

nominal of inflected words

Färöi is contrary to other Germanic languages such as Danish or English enrich at forms. For example the Genus is very similar - to system the German, it becomes thus with Nomina, Pronomina, adjectives etc. between three sexes differentiated. Remarkably - andstanding under the Germanic languages alone - is in the Färöi Pluralform of the number word and indefinite article in, which is exactly the same written, spoken and used (in the singular) as in German, but differently one bends. In addition the distributiven number words comethe färöischen language for two and three (see there).

Of the nominally inflected words in Färöi their frequent ending is characteristic - ur. Is not (torn from the context) by any means an indicator for a certain kind of word, stillfor a sex or a number or a Kasus. Likewise it behaves with the typical endings - IR and - acre. As already mentions above, unbetonte syllables (and those are general in Färöi the final syllables) can do no different, than thesethree vowels A, i, u carry. Thus it is certainly more complicated than in German (and other languages), where in this case the e is usually used, if a Flektionsendung carries a vowel. This system is sometimes heavy also for native speakerstransparently, particularly since making more difficult in addition it comes that the spoken language certain ending vowels are permissible differently realized and sometimes also in the orthography two variants of a form.

On the other hand it can be said that both determined itself paradigms in the spoken language hardly orand at all from the altnordischen origin even irregular forms in certain cases did not remove parallels to the German to exhibit.

Nomina

the färöischen Nomina are divided, as in German, in three groups:

• kallkyn (k.) - male (maskulinum) with 5 declinations and 53 subclasses. These subclasses summarize all conceivable exceptions into a system;
• kvennkyn (kv.) - female (femininum) with 7 declinations and 34 subclasses;
• hvørkiskyn (h.) - neutrally (neutrum) with 5Declinations and 34 subclasses.

Representatively of the three sexes three frequent classes are here mentioned for illustration, whose master vowels do not change .

notes:

• The male Nominativendung - dominates ur in Färöi (at first sight), but - ur can indicate exactly the same a female Plural (genta - towards door = girl, Sg. and. Pl.), or behind verbs stand (coma - kemur= come - comes). Also there are male nouns, in which - ur to the word trunk belongs as with fingur = finger.
• Gundsätzlich have the endings <- A (r), - i (r)> and <- u (r)> through comparable and differentiating functions by all word classes and diffractions. It fallsalso native speakers often not easily to use these ending vowels correctly. Other Germanic languages like the German know here only <the e>, as in <- EN, - it>, etc. At the same time it applies in the Färöi rule that unbetonte short ending vowels in each case <A, i, u>([A], [ɪ], [ʊ]) to be, never however á <, e, í, know ó, ú, y, ý, æ, ø> or the actual Diphthonge. Some geographical and family name end on <á>, but those are compositions with the word á (brook, river, see. dän. å).
• The dative dung - over the Plurals is in principle in all classes (not only the Nomen) and in all färöischen dialects as [ʊn] one expresses. General donkey bridge for this form: í Føroyum [ʊi 'fœɹjʊ n] („in Färöer n“= on the Färöern).
• The genitive form usually set in parentheses, because it occurs rarely in the spoken language (in addition, the written), certain genitive forms with certain words as „not existence “to apply and the genitive usually together with prepositionsin the dative one describes. Applies nevertheless:

1. The genitive form of the Singulars decides with all nominal classes on their affiliation and in the dictionary beside the basic form and the Plural is also called.
2. Into firm idioms the genitive dips up, like for example alsothe preposition vegna („because of “) and behaves thus as in the German Standardsprache. Likewise with til („too, toward to something “): til Føroya - to the Färöern.
3. With compound words the first component often stands in the genitive, as also inGerman words like „Sundays drivers “- nevertheless native speakers (in both languages) this always as genitive form (on) do not recognize.
   See for example: grindaboð, markatal, where the first component stands in the genitive.
4. Names by institutions such as Postverk Føroya („postal administration of the Färöer “) occupybesides that this form belongs to the living language. *Postverk Føroya r would be felt as „ungrammatisch “. - Oy in the national name of the Färöer is by the way an old form of the today's oyggj and behaves exactly the same, as described in the above paradigm.

articles

general differ the Scandinavian languages from the other Germanic languages thereby that the certain articles the Nomen one attaches , thus a suffix are. This is not in Färöi different, and it forms in this regarda community with the Norwegian one, and Swedish one as in attributiven positions a double Determination gives it - contrary to the Danish ones and Icelandic ones. That means: If a determined noun is more near described by an adjective, dips in thatSentence not only the article as individual Lexem up, but additionally still as suffix at the Nomen concerned.

Example:

the note:

• The färöische language politics depend much on that in Iceland,and therefore the term is not uncommon ensyklopedi as (more taken out of the Danish one) internationalism, becomes however usually by the word alfrøði - which approximately it obtains the conception that here „all sciences “(- frøði = - science) to be gathered - replaces.

attached certain article

fundamental applies the fact that the Nominativform of the attached certain article with male and female Nomen always - (i) n and with neutral - (i) ð is, whereby in the other Kasus differently presents itself. As rule of thumb it can be considered thatin such a way the nominal inflections also in the Neutrum (as in the other two Genera), specified above, behave that a n steps between trunk and Flektionsendung, and that those dative dung - over in this case not only in the Plural, but also inSingularly arises (as - num).

indefinite article

the indefinite article behaves as follows (identically to the number word):

notes:

• The discussion behaves as over in German expected - already admitted dative dung to that with exception -, which is realized also here as [un].
• How already mentions above, there is the Pluralform of this word inno other Germanic language. Hereby it is for example differentiated that one buys „a pair of shoes “and not „some shoes “, whereby this construction not when dual is represented, which there was in Altnordi still.
  Example: EEC keypti einar skógvar =„I bought *eine shoes “(a pair) opposite:EEC keypti skógvar = „I bought shoes “(no matter how many and whether pairs).

See: Distributive of number words in the färöischen language

of adjectives

as in German gives it with adjectives (characteristic words) onestrong and a weak diffraction. It is used with indefinite articles (, no, some, etc.), or if the noun stands alone. In this case the noun carries also no attached certain article. Adjectives are bent after Genus, Kasus and number.In the dictionary the male Nominativform of the strong diffraction is always located (recognizable from the ending - ur, those in some cases in addition, to the word trunk to belong can).

strong diffraction

• stórur (m), stór (f), stórt (n) = large, large, large
• vakur, vøkur, vakurt = more beautifully, beautiful, beautiful
• góður, góð, God = good, good, good

• stórur bátur [ain 'stɔuɹʊɹ 'bɔatʊɹ] = a large boat
• vøkur genta [ain 'vøkʊɹ 'ʤɛnta] = a beautiful girl
• eitt = a good child in this table also the pertinent question words

are indicated to God barn [aitːʰ gɔtːʰ badn] (hvør? = who? , hvat? = which? etc.).

Weak diffraction

• tann stóri báturin (m) = the large boat
• tann vakra gentan (f) = the pretty girl
• tað góða barnið (n) = the good child

number words

Pronomina

verbs

prepositions,Adverbs and conjunctions

Färöi text samples

Example out: W.B. Lockwood, at Introduction ton decaying far eye. Lockwood used here a neufäröische version of the Färingersaga and quotes the section, where Sigmundur Brestisson is assigned by the Norwegian king, the Färöer to christianisieren. The research goesof the fact out that the appropriate Ting met in the year 999 on Tinganes.

Source: Press release of the Färöi federal state government of 26. September 2005 (tinganes.fo). The new Smyril is an ultramodern car ferry, which is the running time shortened from Suðuroy to Tórshavn substantially and in particular for the inhabitants of the south island of immense importance.

Further examplesin the articles

• Färingersaga
• Poul Poulsen Nolsøe (myths around the national hero Nólsoyar Páll, färöisch and German)
• Mítt alfagra country (national anthem with German translation)
• Helena Patursson
• sheep letter
• Stóra Dímun (from the Färingersaga: old-Icelandic, neufäröisch, Danish and German)

in the Internet

• Bible of the färöischen church (on färöisch and Danish)
• the Bible of the Baptisten (on färöisch)
• Thor and the Midgardschlange (färöisch, English, German, inter+Scandinavian)

Färöi terms

in the following articles are explained individual färöische terms:

• Glossary thatfäröischen geographical name
• Grindaboð (Grindwal alarm)
• Løgting (parliament of the Färöer)
• Markatal (agricultural yield measure)
• Ólavsøka (national holiday of the Färöer)

literature

introductions

• W.B. Lockwood: At Introduction ton decaying far eye, Føroya Skúlabókagrunnur 4. Aufl., Tórshavn 2002 [1] (firstwith Munksgaard, Copenhagen 1955, further unchanged editions 1964 and 1977)
• Höskuldur Thráinsson, Hjalmar P. Petersen, Jógvan í Lon, Zakaris Svabo Hansen: Far eye. At Overview and Reference Grammar, Føroya Fróðskaparfelag, Tórshavn 2004 ISBN 99918-41-85-7 (501 sides, 380, - DKK)
• smelling pool of broadcasting corporationsH. Kölbl:Färöisch word for word, journey know-how publishing house Rump, Bielefeld 2004, ISBN 389416350X (in addition a Kauderwelsch discussion coach with the most important sentences and idioms is available ISBN 3831760918)

dictionaries

Färöisch Danish Färöisch

the twotitle specified here are färöisch Danish and/or. Danish färöische dictionaries. The Føroysk Donsk Orðabók opens a large part of the färöischen vocabulary, while the Donsk Føroysk Orðabók permits important conclusions on färöischen handling internationalism , Anglizismen and down-German leaning words, which are frequent in the Danish one and in the färöischen writing language to be usually avoided.

• M.A. Jacobsen and Christian Matras: Føroysk Donsk Orðabók, Føroya Fróðskaparfelag, Tórshavn 1961 (first 1927-1928 in the publishing house Varðin, Tórshavn and J.H. Schultz, København)
• Jóhannes av Skarði: Donsk Føroysk Orðabók, Føroya Fróðskaparfelag 2. Aufl.,Tórshavn 1977
• Hjalmar P. Petersen (høvuðsritstj.): Donsk føroysk orðabók: við stødi í Donsku føroysku orðabókini/eftir Jóhannes av Skarði, 3. útg., Føroya Fróðskaparfelag, Tórshavn ISBN 9991841512

English Färöisch English

• Jóhannes av Skarði: Ensk Føroysk Orðabók, Føroya Fróðskaparfelag, Tórshavn 1984
• G.V.C. Young: Føroysk ensk orðabók/Faroese English dictionary: with far eye folklore and of per verb, Føroya Fróðskaparfelag, Tórshavn 1985 ISBN 0907715222
• Annfinnur í Skála/Jonhard Mikkelsen/Zakarias Wang: Ensk føroysk orðabók, Stiðin, Hoyvík, 2. útg. 1993

Färöisch Norwegian

• Egil Lehmann: Færøysk norskordbok/Føroysk norsk orðabók, Sunnmøre vestmannalag, Bjørgvin (mountains) 1987

language history and language politics

• Christian Gebel: The Färöer - history and language history, series of publications of the German Färöi friend circle - number 1, Duesseldorf 1988 (18 sides, illustrations. A lecture, on the occasion of thatEstablishment of the German Färöi friend circle in Duesseldorf to 9. October 1988 was held)
• for Christer Lindqvist: „Languageideological influences on the färöische Orthographie (research) “in: North Western European LANGUAGE evolution (NOWELE), Odense, 43:77 - 144 (2003)

2004 the published book far eye. At Overview and Reference Grammar(s.o.) the language history Färöi in its own chapter represents extremely in detail.

Web on the left of

Wikipedia on Färöisch

• Vokabeltrainer Färöisch German
• websters-online-dictionary.org far eye English (on-line dictionary Färöisch English)
• university of the Färöer - faculty for färöische speaking and literature sciences (on English)