Family
| This article treats the human family in the sense of close relationship, further meanings under . |
Under one Family those understands a closer . (in the broader sense it covers also Schwiegerfamilien.)
The word comes of that term familia (of famulus, House slave), where it did not designate first the married couple and its children, but name for the whole to the household of the Pater familias belonging relative, releasing and was.
The old idiom a man without family it meant that the meaning as standard equipment small conditions comes of.
Table of contents |
Functions of the family
The family bundles biologically and socially many functions:
Whether those biological "family" requires, is already disputed. To the biological basis however the capable of child-bearingness of the woman and the procreativeness of the man, living together at least two belong and the extreme continuous in need of careness that .
As social are to be called:
For children born in it it furnishes legally one legitimate Placement in the respective society.
At powerful families those is particularly remarkable political Function (z.B. the alliance function in ).
It has also religious Functions, which is noticeable little in modern small families (examples: Father speaks that Table prayer; it decorates the Christmas tree), in former times however in many Customs one clarified (examples: The father determined whether a newborn child was lebensfaehig or is suspended; the sowing with the hand may only the farmer makes).
Their economical Function is however clear: Thus it furnishes protection and welfare service (also material) for babies, in addition, for ill and old relatives, nourished, and lives in it dresses.
Their Function becomes by its ability social control, to the easement that and facilitates for forming of motivations and abilities of growing up (vgl. here z.B. Scholar family); it forms first close already for the baby and children and young people also primarily out.
In societies become legal, political, religious, economic and educational functions of the family often to a large extent on other social (z.B. States of, political municipalities, insurance offices, public education, sport) transferred and withdraw in the family everyday life then strongly, which can change in times of distress quite rapidly. Thus the family loses everyday talents of the education heretofore, so that it z.B. particularly one requests, educational the children and motives for education and contribute also to also economically so that the economic function appears stronger than financial load.
Single terminology
Differences it becomes whether a young married couple after that to the family of the woman pulls (Uxorilokalitaet) or to that of the man (Virilokalitaet), or whether it establishes itself at a third residence (Neolokalitaet). Also it is differentiated whether material, cultural and mirror-image-ritual resources in a family of the father turn into on the son ( of women and/or. To confound men - vgl. in addition and .
Family forms
In the western culture area today usually the in such a way specified becomes under "family" Core family understood, D.h. , and of them . The core family appears indeed in most modern as predominantly occurring model. Modern forms, like group houses or a living together of two parents with ever own children (whether marries or not) remain more minoritaer. Nevertheless they can designate the historical dynamics and much that coins/shapes these new family forms, may also in "normal" marriages have become valid. Conceptually the "core family" may in this sense not with "Small family"to be confounded, the few members covers; a "core family" with twelve conjugal children is not a "small family".
Historically regarded there is in Europe a whole set of Family forms. The subject of the discussion were in particular the "whole house" and the "large household family". Both forms that it gives in substantial variations, both, which the number of the members, the included generations or collateral lines, and, which the installation course non--blood-related (, Gesinde, House slaves) concerns. Also the interpretation of "descent" differs vgl. z.B. those that and Care children / parents).
In matriarchalischen societies the family was led by the nut/mother, in patriarchalischen families of the father.
As "whole house" becomes after William Heinrich Riehl the family form of the farmers and city citizens developed since the Middle Ages particularly in "Western Europe" marks, those beside the core family primarily by the installation course of Gesinde and more unver used is excellent. Although of the number of the households ago more minoritaer (roughly around a third), lived in them nevertheless to the deadline around 50% of established humans. And more humans times of their life in the "whole house" lived very much, which stepped with the industrialization very strongly back. The "ideological" meaning of this way of life is disputed: On the one hand it is considered as harmonious stronghold of different social conditions, when modelful model of patriarchaler way of life, on the other hand one its social gap stressed between rule and Gesinde and related the meaning of the "whole house" in relation to the core family - which in terms of figures always outweighs, but in one or early society with the today's core family to be hardly equated can. Only starting from that 18. Jh. are present sources, which register households with all in their living members (kameralistik; Tax and census lists); before sources often prove excluding extended families of the oberschichten. René king to the fact it referred that the historiography therefore often neglected the earlier meaning of Kleinamilien.
The "large household family" designates ways of life, with those several generations and u. U. several parallel marriages (z. B. on brothers) inclusive Gesinde under a roof in a life and a trade association lived. She came rather into South-east Europe forwards (apart from other world regions - vgl. z.B. the nordfriesischen ).
Change of the family structure in recent time
With the growth of the cities and the development of the and the verbuergerlichung of the Industrieproletariats in Europe since the center 19. Century develops also the conception of the so-called ' normal family '. This changes itself for their part and offered into the 1950er years still the following picture: with own children, both physical parents in the household, lifelong (also and (z.B. see House birth)
Is reminded also of family-referred occupation specifications, like z. B. in that Social work.
Quotations
The conception that the family is the social cell and the State of a kind of blown up family, is an obstacle for the progress of the science of history, the sociology, the policy and still some different one. José Ortega y gas set (Structure and decay of Spain, 1921)
Literature
By way of introduction
- Paul B. Hill/Johannes Kopp: Family sociology. Bases and theoretical perspectives, 3. revised edition, Wiesbaden (VS publishing house) 2004
- Rosemarie Nave heart: Before and family sociology. An introduction to history, theoretical beginnings and empirical findings, Weinheim/Munich (Juventa) 2004
- Ruediger Peuckert: Family forms in the social change, 5. revised edition, Wiesbaden (VS publishing house) 2004
Representations and special investigations
- A. Burguière, C. Klapisch Zuber, M. Segalen, F. Zonabend (Hrsg.): History of the family, 4 Bde., Campus publishing house, Frankfurt A.M. 1997 [ original: Histoire de la famille, arm and Colin, Paris, 1986]
Critical aspects
- : The will for knowledge. Sexualitaet and truth I, Frankfurt A.M.: Suhrkamp publishing house
- : Studies over authority and family
Further references
Unmarried, , , A parents family, , Small family, , Nut/mother love, , Care child, Care parents, Phratrie, , Mother-in-law (sociology), Single, , Stieffamilie, Father love, Verschwaegerung,
see also
Web on the left of
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