Flag
a flag is an abstract arrangement of colors, surfaces and indications in usually rectangular form. It serves the affiliation in immaterial or material form (usually as cloth) for the marking and/or. the agency ofCommunities and bodies. In the kind of its use it transmits further information. Example of the latter is the trusting inheritance flying a flag.
general
„flag “and „flag “are colloquially often equivalently used.The origin of the word „flag “is to be looked for in the old Saxonian or Germanic word „Flaken “or „Ffleogan “, which as much as „in hoist blow “meant.
In the closer (legal) sense one is „flag “a piece cloth, which one throws away and replaces,if it actual tore completely differently than one „to flag up “, which is always a Unikat and if wore (e.g. with regiment flags) ceremony to be buried would have.
Flags are replaceable, them in many sizes and in high number of items are manufactured- a flag against it is a not justifiable unique piece (troop flag, association flag, guild flag, regiment flag). Technically the difference between „flag consists “and „flag “of the fact that the flag firmly fastens actual to the stick during a flag often to a mastor Flaggenstock with linen to be go-eaten or down-gotten can. Driving and catching up a flag out should theoretically each day with sun up and/or. Sunset take place, is this possible like that should not the flag however at night be lit. In the navigationone speaks thereby of the flag parade. Also in in the German Federal Armed Forces the flag parade is accomplished, with which the federal service flag in a prescribed ceremony is go-eaten each morning and down-gotten in the evening.
While flags of a mast blow senkrechten, hang Banner at a horizontal shank.
Stander are reduced expenditures of the flag, as they are attached to service cars of high-ranking persons from the policy and the military. In Germany this is usual, if itself therein the Federal President, the Federal Chancellor, that President of the Bundestag as well as its vice-president, the Upper House of Parliament president as well as its representatives, the general inspector of the German Federal Armed Forces and other kommandierende generals to be driven. In the diplomacy it is world-wide usual that those service balancing of the message representatives to official attendance the flag of its homeland as Standershow.
history
predecessor of flags and flags are it those are Vexilloloide so mentioned, a banner form, which are still usual today in some parts of the earth. First certifications are on 5500 years old old-Egyptian clay/tone goods,on those Vexilloloide are shown. Vexilloloide were far common, and took in different culture areas different forms. Examples are by the Romans led the Signum, from that the material flag, the Vexillum, developed or symbol-pregnant technical and sun screensin Southeast Asia. The oldest received „flag “is old from Iran a banner with „cloth “, coming 5000 years, made of metal. Materials played still another subordinated role, many more frequently leathers, wood, metal and other materials were used. Became very probable for the first timein China silk as Fahnenstoff assigned, their tradition in the silk production probably to 3000 v. Chr.goes back. This brought two changes with itself, which one finds this very day in flags: The lateral attachment of the cloth and the increase of the meaningthe cloth opposite the flag bar. The silk flag very probably still spread in before-Islamic time (early 7. Century) into the Near East out. A new identification of the flag due to the silk trade is considered as improbable. The prohibition that dominant in the IslamRepresentation of alive ones promoted the development to the abstract symbolism. With the crusades the flags introduction held into the western world. Other sources see the beginning of the use of flags than registration numbers began with the Wikingern.Beowulf mentioned in recordingsusing war banners. (Lit.: Davis, 1975, introduction)
the medieval heraldry to Europe justified its origin in the practical use to recognize Krieger on the battleground. The heraldischen rules, color on color, used with it, and metal on metalto avoid, had for flags only limited validity, and plays today no more role (e.g.Federal flag). The color verpönte in coats of arms green was gladly used for example on flags in the high Middle Ages. (Lit.: Neubecker, 1977, S. 86 f.)
thoseSymbolism was at first, decoration active except for few exceptions, plentifully and appeared arbitrarily selected. No flag knows by its use on the leader of a battle. This changed for fundamental by the crusades. As visible, zuordenbares indication became flags, sign, helmets,Equipped with the heraldischen symbolism and the rights and privileges of the flag-prominent underlined clothes.
The development of the symbols to country accompanied with fundamental changes on lake. In late 12. Century appeared first in the Mediterranean; In the middle of 13. Century in thatNorth Sea the first flags on ships. At this time rules for flags were already set up, which still apply today. 1270 a closed contract between England and the counts of Flanders demanded for example that lead correct marking flags - a driving underwrong flag was verpönt. Starting from late 13. Century were cross flags the controlling motive, which replaced the representation of holy ones, outweighing up to then. These early flags were not national flags in the today's sense, them ashore were used and did not representrather the state as their citizen. The medieval society arranged into conditions used more guild or church flags, whereby it often over artful, partially with embroideries applizierten themselves, unique pieces acted. In this time the Dannebrog developed, as the oldestcontinuously used flag applies.
During in 14. Century simple motives the heraldischen flags controlled, spread in 15. and 16. Century particularly with military flags parallel illustrations with complicated, partially allegorischen scenes. Like were also coat of arms representations on white cloth.There this for the practical recognition is unsuitable arose in 17. Century a clear separation in two flag types: a simple flag and one with complicated coat of arms representation. This fragmentation has today still validity and can in various national and service flagsare observed.
Starting from that 18. Century flags were to sea sketched and used as signal codes. Besides it came to numerous standardisations in the flag nature. The most important development represented however the establishment of the national flag, which represents the citizens of a people. Thata first representative of this new type was surely the flag of the USA. The development to the national flag was naturally introduced by the emergence of the modern civil national state, whose child room the American and the French revolution were.
flags asnational symbol
all states have a state flag as national symbol. Often the appearance of such flags is constitutionally fixed in the respective state.
For the head of state frequently its own flag exists, with more localPresence is go-eaten. For the German Federal President it is a black federal eagle on golden reason with red edge.
Depending upon use the flags are divided as follows:
- The service flag is reserved the special form of a national flag those the authorities of a countryare. Usually it differentiates by a caused state coat of arms
- the war flag also service flag of the armed forces mentioned, comes out themselves historically from the tail flag of warships. Some nations differentiate between a war flag ashore (army flag) and a war flag to sea (naval war flag). OneWar flag does not mean under any circumstances that a state of war must prevail and will for example shown with maneuvers likewise.
- The commercial flag is the flag, which is led with a trading vessel at the tail. In many nations the commercial flag is identical to the national flag
- the national flagcame out once from flags of the ships, with which the nationality could be recognized. Today the flag is meant, which may be led by each citizen. It is called in this connection also civil flag or citizen flag.
In thatmodern flag customer the use is indicated of flags by lattice symbols.
flags in the Signalwesen
flags also on large distance are visible there, give it signal flags for the transmission of messages.
For this the flag alphabet or the Winkeralphabet is used.
This application takes place up to the today's day mostly on lake.
Further signal flags within many other ranges are used:
- Railway nature, where signal flags e.g. when ranking to be used
- at guarded bath beaches, where a flag at the rescue float tower indicates that this is occupied.In addition there are e.g. signals. the bath enterprise because of bad conditions forbid.
flags in the sport
within the sporty range have flags 2 application possibilities. On the one hand they become from the spectatorsand fans used, in order to state the sympathy for the own crew or the sportsman.
On the other hand the set of rules of many kinds of sport defines the use of signal flags. With the football the Linienrichter of flags use, with the Segelsport an adapted flag alphabet are used, inthe Leichtathletik e.g. show arbitrators. the validity of an attempt with flags at and with the automobile haven the drivers with flags determined information become, like e.g. Last round or disqualification indicated.
Other flags are used than delimitation of the playing field, however commonly thanFlags designates, e.g.Eckfahne.
see also: Flags of the formula 1
party flags
many political movements like e.g. Political parties have party flags, those at public and internal opportunities as indications of the affiliation to a political groupor idea to be shown. They possess exactly the same as national ones of flags colors and symbols with certain statements. E.G. traditionally the red of a party flag stands usually for a labour party. Frequently in place of a symbol simply the letter contractions of the political movement are used.
flags of international organizations
many civilian, military, national or private international organizations lead own flags.
To important international flags belong the flags of the United Nations, to NATO, the organization of the Islamic conference, those European flag and the olympic rings.
The most important and probably first international flags are the flags of the international red cross and red half moon movement, there them in the modern martial law since long time recognition are not attacked and with this flags marked placeswill may.
form and organization of flags
a flag are rectangular üblichweise, with easily different aspect ratios; exeptionally squarely ( Swiss flag and the flag of the holy chair). An important characteristic are the proportions of the flags,since the use is defined of some flags of nations only by their aspect ratio, as for example with the flag of Belgium. Wimpel the conversion in triangular form is called, how it is used very frequently in the navigation.Is frequent the use of flags as emblem. Besides above all Trikoloren are used also for volumes and as ornaments of official letters.
Flags are go-eaten, set up banners against it. In mourning hours banners may be set and excluding flags on half-mast,House flags are provided however with one or two Trauerfloren. In unawareness of the Beflaggungsregeln often also banners and house flags are falsely set on half-mast. If a head of state visits another country, then it to honours the national flag of its country (guest flag) is pointed.Likewise with international matches the winners are honoured in such a way. On ships the place of the own national flag is either at the tail or - especially on warships - only in the port at the tail and on lake in the Gaffel signal of the mast.
The science of the flag and flag nature is called Vexillologie.
components of a flag
around a flag clearly to describe, are clearly defined the individual parts of the cloth. Flags possess a front and a back. (Averse and Reverse) With most flags are front and back identically. (Exception examples: Flag of the Soviet Union, flag of Paraguay).
It is common, except with some Arab flags, that the flag mast left is, if the viewer sees the front.
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work on] frequent symbols and colors
of national flags to national flags geographical , historical , cultural , religious , ethnical or ideological statements, which are partly nationalspreading, gives it also symbols and colors in many flags at the same timeemerge and thus thing in common of the countries concerned illustrate.
geographical representations
in many flags are symbolized geographical characteristics or forms of a country. Usually there is topographically correct or representative representations of the situation or form of a country.
equator
your geographical location at the equator is represented by Gabon and Nauru in its national flags.
The flag of Nauru is also in principle a representative map, by the situation of the island (star) in the Pacific ocean (blue reason),southern the equator (yellow strip) one represents.
map
in the flag of Cyprus is topographically exactly represented the form of the island.
Also the flag Bangladeschs showed the outlines of the country to 1972 in the same way in thatred disk. The map was however again removed, probably, in order to receive a more simplified representation of the national flag.
representative map
other states a simplified uses and/or. stylized form of the representation of a map on its national flag.
The starsin the flag Tuvalus represent the geographically correct situation of the Hauptinseln, however this representation is only genordet if the flag is upright go-eaten. In the flag Vanuatus is to show yellow Y the form of the Inselgruppe, is also herethe representation only with an upright gehissten flag genordet.
Grosskolumbi colors (yellow blue-red)
the three South American countries Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela use the Grosskolumbi colors yellow, blue and red. These go back on those 1806 of Francisco de Miranda gehisste for the first time flag of the movement of independence against Spain.
Yellow blue stood for the Atlantic ocean, which separates these from the Spanish terror, for which the red stands for the new world.
It was of 1813 to 1830 the flag of large Colombia. Therefore their colors are called also bolivarische colors (Simón Bolívar). The original flag is called also Miranda flag.
The individual flags under: Grosskolumbi flags
Islamic green
Many Islamic states use the color green in their flags. The color of the Fatimiden was green and is considered as favourite color of the prophet Mohammed.
The color green is a basic symbol Islam.
The flag of Libya uses this Islamic symbol asonly statement and is in-colored green without coats of arms. Further examples are the flags Saudi Arabia, the Comoros and Pakistan. Also the flag of the organization of the Islamic conference uses green as basic colour.
communist symbols
hammerand Sichel and red star stand together with the color red for communism. They symbolize the workers and farmers, as well as a classless society. The most well-known and oldest flag with this symbolism was the flag of the Soviet Union, of themfirst version on the year 1923 back goes.
After the establishment of socialist systems of government in other states in some cases the Soviet flag than model was taken and it developed for modifications in different versions. In other cases the past becameNational flags only with socialist symbols changes, e.g. Replace the state coat of arms as in Hungary or addition of the Mongolian Sojombos with a red star.
Also communist party flags use frequently these symbols.
further flags under: Communist and socialist flags
cross
The Christian cross represents the religion of the Christianity. Many of the today's European nations developed in the outgoing Middle Ages. In this time the Christianity state screen end a basis was. For this reason the cross in its variants forms the basis of manyFlags and coats of arms in Europe.
National flags with cross symbols: National flags with Christian crosses
St Andrews cross
the diagonally running St Andrews cross refers to the Apostel Andreas and comes among other things in flags of Scotland, Jamaica and the Basque country forwards. Also those Russian naval warfare flag uses a St Andrews cross.
Byzantine or orthodox cross
the Byzantine or orthodox Doppelkreuz is the symbol of the orthodox church. In traditionally orthodox countries of Eastern Europe and on the Balkan Peninsula the Doppelkreuz is frequently used. Also those Slowakei uses such a cross in its national flag.
George cross
the red George cross holy George is a component of different flags and coats of arms. For example the flag of England and basis union of the Jack as well as mehrer flags on it are therefore based,like among other things the coat of arms of Fiji.
swastika
the Swastika (swastika) does not have a Christian origin. It is substantially older the sun wheel and. It was the central symbol of the party flag of the NSDAP and between 1933 and 1945 Basis of the flag of Germany. Also they used the Finnish and Polish military. Nowadays it is to be only found in south and East Asian range and no basis of a current national flag.
Geneva disk
Geneva disk is the symbol of the Malteserorden. In national flags it does not occur today, although the symbol on Malta is still frequently used. The flag of Queensland contains a Geneva disk.
Scandinavian cross
the asymmetrical Scandinavian cross goes on the Dannebrog, the oldest continuously used flag back. The Scandinavian cross is the basis of all Scandinavian flags including the Finnish flag.
further flags under: Scandinavian flags
paw cross
the paw cross was the coat of arms of the Templerordens. Also that a similar symbol used German medals. The black paw cross is nowadays the national emblem of the German Federal Armed Forces.
union Jack
of the union Jack resulted from the combination of Scotland and England. Later the flag of Ireland was added. It is an overlay from the English George cross, the Scottish St Andrews cross and the inclined/slanted Irish Patrick cross. Many national and service flags of former British colonies are based on union the Jack and/or. its modifications, the Blue, talking and White Ensign.
furtherFlags under:On British flags based flags of other states and their members
in most cases
Mondsichel Turkey the Mondsichel (Halbmond) the religion Islam. Over centuries the Halbmond was the symbol of the Osmani realm. Today the symbol becomes among other things in the Turkish flag, which flag of Pakistan and the flag uses Tunesiens.
In some flags are used Mondsicheln without an Islamic purchase. In the flag of Singapore the Halbmond symbolizes a young, risingNation. In the Sojombo of the flag that Mongolia symbolizes it together with the sun the eternal life of the nation. In the flag of Nepal it is located together with the star for the king family.
further flags under: Flags with the Mondsichel as symbol
Panafrikani colors (green yellow red)
the Panafrikani colors decrease/go back to the black founder of the bake ton Africa - movement Marcus Garvey . Its colors were red, black and green. Later black was replaced by yellow, there the only traditionally independent Black AfricanCountry before the Dekolonialisierung of Africa Ethiopia was and the flag of Ethiopia a horizontal green yellow-red Trikolore is. The panafrikanischen colors were used first 1957 by Ghana. Usually the colors have additionally a further symbolism. In the flag Chadand in the flag of the Central African republic the colors with those are mixed the French Trikolore.
further flags under: Flags, those the panafrikanischen colors use
pan-Arab colors (black-and-white green red)
in modern flags dipped the pan-Arab colors for the first timeBeginning 20. Century in the Unbhängigkeitskampf of the Arabs against the Osmani realm up.
Black and white are the colors of the prophet, green its favourite color and also the color of its fatimidischen descendants. The color of the Hashemite descendants is red. In addition applyBlack and white as the colors of the Abbasiden and Umayyaden.
After the revolution in Egypt in the year 1952 and the joggle of the king under Weglassung of the Grüns the colour combination was selected red-white-black as basis of the flag of Egypt. Some ArabCountries with republican system of government like e.g. Yemen, Syria and Iraq took over, as indications of the Panarabismus these colors. Monarchies like e.g. Jordanian ones and Kuwait maintained usually the old colors including the Grüns.
further flags under: Flags after modelthe Arab revolution flag and pan-Arab Farben#Flaggen after model of the Arab release flag
Panslawi colors (blue white red)
the Panslawi color those decrease/go back on the flag of the Netherlands into that to the flag of Russia created by Peter the large one,Colors of the Principality of Moscow is based.
Some slawische countries use likewise these colors as indications of their solidarity for the Panslawismus.
further flags under: Panslawi flags
plants and animals
plants and animal belong to that common figures of the heraldry.
Frequent coat of arms animals are lions, bears, leopards, eagles, Kraniche, dolphins, Widder or bulls, in addition, fabulous creatures as seize, the Einhorn, the Drache, the double eagle and the Lindwurm.In South American flags and coats of arms emerges the Kondor , be-ends early revolution flags of the USA frequently the rattling queue show. The animals sense-figurative mostly them awarded values such as bravery, perseverance or strength, whereby necessarily animals are not shown, those in the respective countryoccur, like e.g. the English lion. Others decrease/go back to material occurring animals, which stood for the family of a ruling family or an individual ruler, like e.g. the citizen of Berlin bar.
In addition, animals are partly represented, the straight in the countryseem to the flag and therefore the nature of the country or the region describe, like e.g. in the flag of Papua New Guinea the bird of paradise. It admits also representations of domestic animals, which are shown, around its meaning for the local economyunderline, like the sheep in the flag of the Falklandinseln.
Also plants are frequently national symbols. Examples are the Lebanese Zeder, the fir of the Norfolkinsel, the oak, the palm, the May tree, the rose, those Lilies of the French kings (Fleur de reading), the Canadian maple sheet or the Bauhinia bloom in the flag of Hong Kong.
sign and weapons
describe and weapons are frequent symbols in coats of arms and flags. The European coats of arms leadand/or. led predominantly sign as reference to the feudalen balance of power of the late Middle Ages and represent a purchase to the Rittertum . A traditional European coat of arms nearly always shows in and/or. several sign, which calls the heraldry coat of arms sign.
That sign stoodoriginally for the protection, which the national gentleman with its sign gives to the country.
The representation of weapons such as Speer, bayonet, Pike, sword, rifle or cannon symbol light the militaryful character of a state or also the martial background,to the establishment of state led.
The only defending sign points not necessarily on a martial statement, but is rather a coat of arms symbol at least traditional in Europe that meanwhile no contentwise statement has more, except that it a traditional European ChristianSymbol is.
sign and Speere
in the national flags of the African States of Kenya, Lesotho and Swaziland are describe with weapons represented.
With a describing and weapons (usually Speere) it concerns traditional articles of the respectivePopulation. They symbolize all the Wehrhaftigkeit and the defense will of the people.
sword
the sword was the first consciously invented weapon, those not for the purpose of the hunt separates simply that of the war, thus killing humans one devised. The representation of the sword points often clearly on a martial background of the establishment of state.
In Islamic countries the sword means: The sword of the prophet (Mohammed), a symbol of the honestyin addition, Wehrhaftigkeit and hard justice Islam and/or. the Scharia. The coat of arms of Oman which in the national flag is represented represents a Dolch and two crossed swords. They are however the symbol of the Said dynasty dominant since 1746.
cannons and rifles
in newer flags emerge also more modern weapons. E.G. in the flag of Haiti cannons and rifles are represented from the time of the independence fight of the island state. In flags 20. Century dip alsomore concrete representations of weapons, like e.g. the Kalaschnikow up. The Kalaschnikow becomes in flags of former colonies in Africa like e.g. Mozambique used and symbol light the fight of the usually Marxist liberations movement.
sun
a frequently occurring symbolin national flags is the sun. Their meaning is however as various as their frequent occurrence on national flags. It is in most cases shown as sun symbol as in the flag of Argentina. In some cases it becomes also only througha yellow color surface as represented in the flag of Guinea.
In many cases it symbolizes as in the flag of Namibia the heat or warmth from it goes out. Sometimes it is as in the flag of Antigua and Barbuda as coming upSun also the incipient crack of a new era or epoch represent. The sun in the flag of Rwanda again stands for hoped for illuminating of the people. A great historical importance has the Gestirn in Japan, the country of the coming up sun,der에 있는 거푸집 spiegelt sich 오슈는 Nationalflagge wieder를 japanischen.
to show
Brazil in some national flags constellations represented over thereby their geographical location. E.G. Alaska becomes the polar star and in that the flag of the US Federal Statethe constellation of the large Bärens represented.
cross of the south
the constellation of the southern cross is used in national and province flags of several states of the Southern Hemisphere as symbol of the geographical situation.
To these states and areas belong: Australia, Samoa, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea as well as the Australian Federal States Victoria, Australian Capital Territory, Northern Territory. Also the unofficial flag of the Weihnachtsinsel shows the cross of the south.
The constellation is symbol pregnant in the flag of Brazil. Herethe sky is pointed over Rio de Janeiro to the time of the proclamation of the republic. The illustration is like that, as if the viewer would be in the universe and looks by the stars on Brazil.
further flags under: Flags with the crossthe south
stars and strip
star and Stripes of the US flag came out from the American movement of independence . 거푸집 Sterne는 거푸집 50 Bundesstaaten 의 거푸집 Streifen 거푸집 13 Gründungsstaaten를 symbolisieren.
The US flag served as collecting main forNational flags of other states. In the symbolism the flag of Malaysia ( the strips stand here for the Malaysian Federal States) is similar and Uruguay (here the strips stand for independence for the nine Departementos at present).
Due to historical deep connections to the USAthe US flag served also flags of Cuba, Liberia and Puerto the Ricos as model, stars and strip has here however different meanings.
further flags under: List of the US-American flags
traditional sample
in three succession states of the former Soviet Union traditional samples of the country are led liekseitig in the national flags.
In the turkmenischen flag five traditional carpet samples, so-called Guls are shown.
In the flag of Kazakhstan a Webmuster is represented, which is to refer to the people art.
The flag of white Russia showslikewise a traditional ornamentation.
full moon
beside the Halbmond is used also the full moon frequently used particularly in Islamic countries in national flags.
In the flag of Laos it seems explained as white disk over the Mekong.
In the flag Palaus it symbolizes a rising of the nation, besides it plays an important role in the tradition of the country.
Yin and Yang
the symbol of the Yin and Yang stand in Chinese philosophyand in particular in the Daoismus for the opposite principles sky (Yang) and earth (Yin).
Both the flags of the democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea use this symbol.
centralAmerican colors (blue white blue)
1823 developed in the resistanceagainst Spain the centralAmerican Konföderation, whose flag consisted of three horizontal strips and which had color sequence blue-white-blue, which are called also centralAmerican colors. This was sketched following the Argentine flag.
After the collapse of the Konföderation 1838the 5 now independent States of Costa Rica, El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras and Nicaragua continued to use the colors and partly also parts of the coat of arms in their national flags.
The further centralAmerican states has a deviating historical background and selectedother flag samples.
The individual flags under: Flags with centralAmerican colors
identical and similar national flags
the national flags of some states are identical or have a large similarity. In some cases a common historical connection exists as with Australia and New Zealand or it is only coincidence as with Romania and Chad.
Romania and Chad
the flag of Romania and those the flag Chad are completely identical, without possibly a cultural or historical purchase exists to each other.While the Romanian colors follow from those of the regions Moldau (blue and red) and Walachei (blue and yellow), symbolize those Chad landscapes of the country and poured blood.
Since Romania 1989 its socialist state coat of arms from the flag removed has bothSignal same aspect ratio (2: 3) and the same arrangement of the colors.
Indonesia and Monaco
nearly identically are not also the flag of Indonesia and the flag of Monaco, exist also here cultural or historical connection. The colors thatSignal Monaco come of the coat of arms the ruling family of the Grimaldi, the current form 1881 one specified. The colors of the Indonesian flag have likewise a historical background and for the first time again by nationalists during the Netherlands colonial age were used. The flag becamewith independence 1945 imported.
Different aspect ratios represent the only difference of the two flags (Indonesia 2:3, Monaco 4:5).
Luxembourg and the Netherlands
in arrangement and colors resemble themselves also the flag of Luxembourg and the flag that The Netherlands. Despite the geographical proximity the similarity is pure coincidence, both flags has different historical background. The today's form of the flag of the Netherlands was specified officially 1937, those to the flag of Luxembourg 1972.
The differences exist on the one hand inbrighter blue of the of Luxembourg flag, on the other hand in different aspect ratios (Luxembourg 1:2 or 3:5, the Netherlands 2:3).
see also
| Wiktionary: Flag - word origin, synonyms and translations |
literature
- W. Smith, O. Neubecker: The indications of humans and peoples: Our world in flags and flags.
Richly publishing house Luzern, 1975, ISBN 3-7243-0115-4 - Brian Leigh Davis: Flag & standard OF the Third realm, Macdonald & Jane´s,London 1975, ISBN 0356048799
- Ottfried Neubecker: Heraldry. Wolfgang Krüger publishing house, Frankfurt/Main, 1977, ISBN of 3-8105-1306-7
Web on the left of
- flags all nations, Lands of the Federal Republic and - states
- national, head of state and historical flags
- flag OF The World information to the nationalFlag laws in English language
| Commons: Flag - pictures, videos and/or audio files |
