Football
| This article concerns itself with the definition and the term football. Current football events, dates, competitions, football players and unites, see . |
Football is a ball haven, with which two crews with eleven each begin against each other players (one goal keeper and ten field players). A goal is it, that in the opposing . Football predominantly becomes with that easily, however the field players may do also different parts of the body, excluded their hands and arms, use, however those may Field player, after the ball into the so-called Sidefrom rolled, the ball with one Einwurf again in the play carry. That Goal keeper the only player of the respective crew is, that the ball within the own for the defense with the hand to play may.
Football is most popular and furthest common world-wide. In particular in , and in the European media, is football is by far less present also with women in most countries in the world the most popular kind of sport. Woman football is most well-known in America, where also the German Weltfussballerin in the meantime their money earned. According to data of the world football federation FIFA played in the year 2001 over 240 million humans in over 200 countries in all parts of the world football. 207 countries and autonomous regions are members that FIFA. The simple rules and the small equipment make the play, which has world-wide the same rules, so popular and promoted its propagation.
Football is played on the one hand on professional level in the whole world, on the other hand goes million to humans regularly into . Football is not only pursued of humans as a spectator, but football plays a large number also within the amateur range. Alone in Germany are six million humans in over 27.000 soccer associations actively.
By the increasing popularity of this kind of sport also the number of football injuries rose. About 40 to 60 per cent of the sport injuries and 3.5 to ten per cent of the stays in the hospital is to be due in Europe to the football. However the frequency of the injuries lies clearly behind the kinds of sport , , or .
Table of contents |
Introduction
Football becomes from two with ever eleven players on a rectangular easily. A goal of the play is as often as possible it, the ball into the opposing , without taking thereby arms or hands to assistance. At the same time one tries to prevent that the opposing crew obtains gates. Football is both the name for a crew kind of sport and for that .
The gates are in the center of the two short sides of the playing field. They are guarded by a special player of the respective crew, that the ball also with the hands to play may do. In addition the torwart usually carries special clothes and equipment (goalkeeper's gloves), which differentiate it optically from the other players. The other ten players of each crew are called field players and are divided into defense -, centre zone and storm players.
Winner is the crew, which could obtain most gates. With resembling and the play ends undecided. Plays in so mentioned form an exception : Since in this case a winner must be determined, the play is involved after end the official play time into the extension, stands it thereafter also still undecided, becomes the winner by in Penalty shootout determined. This mode is used with world and European championships, international cup final plays and in some countries, for example Germany, also in the national cup competition. Tournament orders can make deviating regulations. So take place immediately a penalty shootout can do also without an extension and, or it becomes the extension only up to "
The play on free field is subject to the generally following rules: One plays on a rectangular free . In the professional football serves as floor mat, becomes rarer increasingly on a hard place (barn-floor area), however up easily.
The length of the short sides (gate from line) are between 45 and 90 meters, which the long sides (side from line) between 90 and 120 meters amounted to (is usual 68 to 105 meters). International matches the field must be in the length between 100 and 110 meters, in the width between 64 and 75 meters. The playing field becomes by white lines (usually Lime) limits. All lines may be wide at the most twelve centimeters. In addition these mark the center line, the impact circle, the strafraum and the torraum.
In the center of the short sides is ever Gate. It consists of two "posts", which should be 2.44 meters high. They are above by the 7.32 meters for a long time "transverse slat" connected. The gates are provided with nets, in order to catch the ball and indicate a gate success. That should be round and from a suitable material as for example exist.
Player equipment of the field players and the torwarts are , Connecting piece, Schienbeinschuetzer, Football shoe and . The ball may with the whole to be played, except also and . From it that is excluded . It is characterized as such by clothes, which differ clearly from the leotards of the field players and the arbitrator. It may only affect as during the current play the ball also with hands and arms, however only within the own and only, if the ball not intentionally from the own fellow player with the foot or the knee to it one rewound (Back passport rule). Outside of this zone it behaves like a normal field player. In each crew a player transfers the role of the torwarts, whose task consists normally of preventing as last preventive measure opposing gates. A play may not be whistled for the start, if no player is characterized as a torwart. Also field players may play exeptionally the ball with the hands, with the einwurf, in order to bring the football again into the portion, after it crossed the side from line. Every other intentional affecting of the ball with the hand is forbidden. As "intentionally" a hand play is to be rated whenever the player a movement with the hand or the arm to the ball implements. If a hand in natural attitude becomes angeschossen, no intentional hand play is present.
With amounts to within the adult range 90 minutes, divided in two play halves of 45 minutes each of duration with a half-time break of maximally 15 minutes. The actual spieldauer is however usually longer around two to four minutes, since the arbitrator can extend the spieldauer due to interruptions by an appropriate "sequel time".
A crew consists of ten field players and a torwart. By place references (" on the playing field supervises. It becomes with hoeherklassigen plays of two Arbitrator assistant (, , , . The play is interrupted, and the crew, to which this player does not belong, receives one . Due to the distance from the goal line to the point of punishing impact (eleven meters) one calls the strafstoss in the linguistic usage also eleven-meters. If the play interruption would interrupt a game situation favourable for the damaged crew, it is in the discretion of the arbitrator on "advantage" to recognize and the play keep running to let. Up or strafstoss decides the arbitrator, if the play were interrupted because of an intentional hand play or because of a fouls (with body contact). In all other cases the arbitrator decides up . From a direct freistoss directly a gate can be obtained. After an indirect freistoss the ball is only in the play if a second player (all the same which crew) affected the ball. Thus only one gate can be obtained, if a player of the own or the opposing crew affects the ball on the way in the gate.
In addition that can a caution against the foulenden player express. It shows this by " must be played with a red, well visible ball, with eight auxiliary flags must the strafraeume be marked. The flags at the edge of playing field to that Eckfahnen are mandatory. a play is called off, if the opposing gate is not no more seen by the opposite goal line.
If crews are also excluding women, under 16-jaehrigen players or over 35-jaehrige with a soccer game or takes part handicapped players, the rules can be modified. The size of the playing field, the size, the weight and material of the ball, size of the gates, the duration of the play and number of replacing can be adapted.
Changes of rule become by that advise and decided.
Tactics
See major items
With the football it depends particularly on four points. The basis is the physical Fitness and condition, on the other hand the spielerischen abilities, the ball talent and the technology and fourth those . To play tactics belong planned cooperating of the different crew parts, a certain organization and list of the positions on the playing field in addition come changing switching of Defense to the attack and in reverse. Tactics depends on different points, on the one hand of the strength of the opponent, of the play process, on the spielstand and on possible injury-conditioned replacing or on a place reference. The football players of an association take different functions and positions at the place. The defense can itself from the positions (Vorstopper), that as well as right and left . Partly in modern systems with a defense protection from mostly four defense players (Viererkette) without Libero one plays completely. Depending upon situation in the play the Libero behind the defense remains, whereby it can also the play forward develop and into the offensive switch itself on. The interior defender is predominantly a pure defense player, who shoots the opposing aggressor, in particular the Mittelstuermer to gates prevents.
History
See major items History of the football
There are different excessive quantities over the beginnings of the soccer game. Already approximately in the second millenium v. Chr. became in China a football-similar play, named Ts'uh kueh, delivered. From the football rules at that time of this play nothing is well-known. However it is considered as safe that this play was accomplished as military training programme, for the training of the soldiers. In the run that the sport play spread also in out and one tries to prevent force and roughness with stricter rules. The ball was together-sewn and with feathers/springs and tierhaaren stuffed from pieces of leather. The soccer game became in that up to ever more popularly. Between the year 220 to 680 an air-filled ball was invented and held football rules (gates, goal keepers and play leaders). About 100 years later the play came again completely into oblivion.
In the early Middle Ages became in football easily, as two villages tried to carry a ball into opposing town-gate. Everything was permitted, bad injuries occurred frequently. The "playing field" always lay between two villages, even if these several kilometers lay apart. Even if England is considered as the motherland of the football, it already gave in France and Italy with the driving ball play used combat plays. Since that becomes in the Calcio Storico practices, a kind soccer game, with which it can happen quite ruede.
1846 wrote students of the University of Cambridge the first football rules. Danach bestand eine Mannschaft aus 15 bis 20 Spielern. Im Jahre 1857 gründeten Cricketspieler mit dem Sheffield F.C. den ersten offiziellen Fußballverein der Welt. England gilt vor allem heute als Mutterland des Fußballs, weil 1863 in London die Football Association(COMPANIES) and above all the extensive set of rules the development of the entire football was created promoted. 1866 became those Offside rule introduced: A player was apart only if he has less than three opponents before itself with the taking of the ball. In Sheffield code the rules were extended by the hitting a corner ball and freistoss.
1870 limited the COMPANY the number of the players on eleven. One year later forbade the English football federation to all field players the hand play, only the torwart was allowed still the ball in the own half with the hand to play; had it however after two steps again to release. Thus for the first time the soccer game from at that time the wide-spread became football defined.
With these definitions and the conversion the fame is entitled to the Englishmen the today's soccer game to have invented. 1872 were specified a uniform ball size of the English Association and the first official international match in Glasgow between Scotland and England was delivered (final conditions 0:0). Two years later that became invented, which led the play as impartial.
1878 found the first play electrical lighting imported. Since 1897 can be extended a deciding match with an undecided. Later the English federation in England permitted two years the paid association change, for the time being to a maximum amount of ten . In Germany the football still was at this time in the child shoes. The football had to struggle England in Germany much longer than in the motherland for its social acknowledgment, because in 20 the century German body training and leibeserziehung were equivalent to since the establishment of realm in the year 1871 doing gymnastics embodied firmly in school and military. The football imported from England was in a new form of the physical culture. The sportsmen and sport functionaries pursued no political goals with the practice of their kinds of sport meanwhile, but she presented herself to them as leisure activities. The football haven was predominantly preferred by the good-earning. Workers had hardly the financial means for the high initial costs of the equipment. On the other hand employees were open for new and besides were 30 to 40 per cent of them ready to spend a large part of their income on leisure activities. The football gets by the establishment of the (DFB) 1900 a superordinate federation. In the same year football becomes .
Starting from 1908 also the military discovered the football as educational measure, in order to weld soldiers together. Military crews made of infantry, sailor u developed. A.
To 21. May 1904 became a world union, those (FIFA) based in Paris, which should organize international matches and set up the international football rules. Those FIFA defines the term dangerous play, and waives the regulation introduces the direct freistoss, according to which the trousers of the players must cover the knees. Further new rules of the world football federation asked the torwart to leave with the strafstoss the goal line it were allowed however to move, in order to irritate the contactors. Furthermore metal inserts in the football shoes are forbidden, the ball must made of leather be and the arbitrators are held to make play minutes. 1907 the offside in the own play half was waived. Two years later were specified regulations to the place reference. 1913 the FIFA led the in such a way specified being entitled distance (10 yards into approximately 9.15 meters) between contactors and opponents with the freistoss. 1920 offside was waived with the einwurf. Since the hitting a corner ball may be transformed directly into a gate.
Austria was with the introduction of a professional league in the year 1925 the first continental-European country with one for professional football players. Later that initiates two years with that Mitropacup the first important international competition for association crews in Europe. The Mitropacup is considered as a forerunner of the today's Soccer European Cup.
In the year those became of the FIFA first FIFA world championship in Uruguay (world champion: Uruguay) aligned. 13 crews participated to the WM, the German crew did without however from cost reasons on the journey to South America. The European football federation became in in that based. The UEFA arranged already out and arranges since the competition European Cup of the nations out, the eight years later in one renamed.
The soccer game became in the coming years ever more popular. The mass media and the development of the increased the world-wide interest in the football. For those 197 countries were national teams in that WM qualification started.
To a court decision shakes usual replacement practice in the football. That decided on complaint of those plans FIFA a revolutionary technical novelty, the introduction one Microchip in (develops of Fraunhofer-Institut in time near a signal receives, if the ball the goal line is crossed. A fourth arbitrator or a lengthy play interruption is not necessary. The goal line technology becomes of the FIFA with that FIFA U-17-Weltmeisterschaft in tested. The radio chip can also for the recognition of Apart and sidefrom to be used. In order to recognize an offside, a microchip would have to be likewise inserted of the same type into the Schienbeinschonern of all players.
Social meaning
The soccer game has both and kind of high-performance sport with stock exchange operational readiness level as well as kind of spreading haven great importance. In associations and schools, in addition, by road crews and with freer rule interpretation on football pitches and arbitrary open spaces are played. Particularly in poorer countries such as z.B. is to be become the dream, a football star, one of the few possibilities of escaping the arm quarter.
Why the football has a so high social meaning, can be fastened at different points. Football can be operated nearly everywhere at minimum expenditure. Besides the same recognized rules apply in the entire world. Above all the football owes its popularity to this fact. Alone in this relatively simple kind of sport of 27 becomes.000 and therein far over six million humans exercised. The 306 plays that has on the football field and in the reporting more particularly Football jargon Introduction held. That becomes particularly of Football players, , and/or. interested and in television and broadcast shown. The football jargon is as colloquial language a special language, which serves (frequently simplified) communication below the football-taken part. Also by it a demarcation takes place outward as well as an identity formation among themselves. Terms as for example "the scythe drive out", "pins", "over the ball swords", "a player surround", "football center" or "a passport blindly play" are typical terms of the football vocabulary. In addition of the involved ones again and again well-known football sayings like "the ball is round", "the next play is always the heaviest", "attack is the best defense" and "football is used the most beautiful secondary matter of the world".
Socially one differentiates between and wonderful-end to force become , and Subbuteo as miniature variants of millions of players easily. In the meantime one plays also People kicker as combination between football and table football. There are also increasingly more substantially becoming competitions in .
Economic meaning
The fact that the football has meanwhile also economically a great importance leaves itself to that . The hosts expect by the adjustment after that second largest the world important overall economic impulses.
To the world championships stages and infrastructure are renewed in each case. Current example is those in spent on nine WM stages 242 million German Marks (thus about 121 million euro).
The soccer world championships are financed to the largest part by sponsors. Alone the international main sponsors of the world union FIFA pay money with 360 million euro (on average about 26 million euro) nearly doubly as much to the federation, as is taken by the map sales. The world championship becomes in all Continents the world transfer. For the WM 2006 the licenser for the coverage right, to Infront AG, took in the meantime TV organizations from 156 countries under contract, should up to beginning of the WM it 205 countries be. Presumably cumulates more than 30 billion humans world-wide the 64 plays at the television sets to pursue. That is called each humans of the earth sees statistically four plays of the world championship on the television seen. In Germany for example that had record ratingses with sport transmissions: The market share of the live-uebertragung was with 88 per cent.
The European professional soccer associations make most money by the television funds, which is refinanced by advertisement on the television. Alone those receives by the transmission of the plays in Pay TV and in summaries 300 millions. Euro annually by the television stations. Further incomes receive the professional soccer associations by the spectator incomes in the stages and by sponsors. The different incomes from television and sponsor funds let one develop ever more largely becoming financial and sporty gap between the individual crews of the leagues. Football was marketed ever more like a commodity: Above all the television funds, that and the marketing incomes brought in few years multiplied.
Since more incomes were present, likewise transfer fees for players and coaches as well as the salaries of the involved ones rose to two digit amounts of millions. The publicly legal TV organizations had for the transmission that in the year 1987/88 still 18 million (converted nine million Sat 1 ten years later already 180 million DM. The marketing had however also parallel growth of the average spectator numbers to the consequence, in the Hinrunde the season 2004/05 visited on the average 34.720 spectators the plays. Just like in Germany an increase of the television funds and spectator numbers is exactly the same in Europe in , , , Italy to feel in the same measure.
Starting from the end 20. Century became some economically strong associations how Manchester United, or in converted. The only German association, that the step to those , were 2000 dared . Since high additional incomes are won, however also the economic risk of one rises - with being missing success. In the year 2005 Borussia Dortmund had to receive the license after sporty driving downhill and high debt conditions of problems.
However the soccer associations of the best leagues in Europe have high expenditures by the financing of their crew. Professional football players in Europe earn frequently several hundredthousand euro in the year. Few internationally well-known football players, so mentioned of football star, earn up to seven million euro in the year. Player how , , or are world-wide admits and arise in advertising spots.
Doping
Reports on extensive and systematic in the football became from Italy admits. The Spanish football professional Josep Guardiola 2005 were condemned as first players in Italy because of Dopings to a detention. Against that Juventus turin Manager Antonio Giraudo, the club physician Ricardo Agricola and the pharmazeuten Giovanni Rossato a process runs because of Dopings in the 90's. In the 70's it is to have come because of Dopings with Iuventis to substantial health damage with the players.
However Doping is compared with pure perseverance kinds of sport such as z.B. Running and wheel driving relatively rarely.
Championships
The largest football event is the every four years taking place as winners one determines. After two years the continuing qualification rounds are divided 32 qualified crews on eight groups for the Vorrunde. Of it 16 in the final round plays around that FIFA World Cup. The host country for the Vorrundenspiele is automatically qualified. The world championship becomes since 1930, with twice interruption in consequence of the . Further large championships are those (South America), , Asia championship, (north and Central America) and that (Ozeanien). The championships become from the six continental federations: (Asia), (Africa), CONMEBOL (South America), CONCACAF (north -, Central America, Karibik), (Australia, Ozeanien) and (Europe) organizes. 1992 und 1995 spielten die Sieger der kontinentalen Meisterschaften außerdem um den König-Fahd-Pokal und seit 1997 um den vom Weltfußballverband organisierten Konföderationen-Pokal. Der Gewinner des Konföderationen-Pokals 2005 in Deutschland ist Brasilien.
In den einzelnen Ländern gibt es je nach Ländergröße in Europa meist eine Liga mit Berufsfußballspielern und darunter ein League system. Under the first league are then the semiprofessionellen leagues and the amateur and Leisure leagues. Ascent and descent within the league system are only in principle regulated and from season to season are redefined. A certain number of associations ascends into the higher league and/or. into the next of low league off.
In Germany that exists up to the two highest classes, first and second . In the first German federal league the German master is determined. There are national tournaments at the same time like that and the German Supercup. Below the first and second league is the third league, those (relay North and South), among them the nine . The variant of the football taking place in sport resounding differs to the field football by the clearly smaller spielflaeche and the gang delimitation. Thus the play becomes clearly faster and more torreicher. Resounding football is played for the 1970er years particularly in the youth and amateur range in Germany. Also in the school sport resounding football is frequent a range in the instruction subject sport. Later also the associations first and second discovered the resounding football as ideal possibility of bridging the winter break. When in the eighties the resounding football was to be seen boomte ever more frequent and also on the television, that decided delivered. Common Futsal is particularly in South America, south Europe and Eastern Europe. Thus there is its own professional league with 16 crews in Spain. In the German-language countries however the kind of sport is to a large extent unknown. In the k-League in South Korea German professional arbitrators are used as Futsal arbitrators.
A further variant of the football is that . Even if there is an official federation and a world championship, the football tennis is to a large extent unknown. Over a net is played, the field is substantially smaller than with the football and only two, four or six players begins against each other.
That Shrovetide soccer game, officially Royal Shrovetide football mentioned, is annually on Fastnacht taking place soccer game in Ashbourne, Derbyshire in Great Britain. It finds 12 since approximately that. Century instead of. The playing field is probably with a length of three miles the longest football field of the world. As gates two water wheels serve.
High ball is a further football variant, which is played particularly by young people on football pitches. A goal of the play is it to obtain gates by direct acceptance (Volleyschuesse or kopfbaelle). There are however no official competitions.
A further football variant is that . Robot football is the conversion of the well-known crew play football for mobile intelligent robots. Important ones international matches are international the Robocup as well as world championship aligned of the Federation OF Robot Soccer Association (FIRA). The RoboCup is the original initiative. FIRA is a splintering developed from it. RoboCup has as a long-term goal of striking in the year 2050 the human world champion in a usual soccer game. This goal, whose date appears surely somewhat arbitrary, predominantly serves thereby for the adjustment of current main points of research.
Different footballComputer games places behind with animated football players the kind of sport, the world-wide largest football computer game is for example "FIFA 06" of I/O of sport. Further also the play is "pro evolution Soccer 5" of admits. The football simulation plays place football scene virtually to .
See also
Literature
- Wesson, John: Football - science with Kick. Of the physics of flying balls and the statistics of the play exit. Spectrum academic publishing house 2005, 244 S. (ISBN 3-8274-1665-5)
- Alcock: Football. London (: The next play is always the heaviest, collected Fussballprosa, Frankfurt publishing house 1994, reproduction Fischer 1996.
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