Garden architecture
Under Garden architecture or garden design understands one the artistic and landscape-architectural Organization of limited free spaces through Plants, , Wasserspiele and . The following article describes the development of the garden architecture of the time of the antiquity into the modern times.
Table of contents
|
History of the garden architecture
Garden architecture in the antiquity
The garden architecture in the old person Egypt
Due to the extensive archaeological excavations, grave inscriptions and Wandmalereien the development is that Garden architecture in the old person Egypt well documents. For example the small garden model in the grave of the Meketre remained preserved, for a chancellor of the Mentuhotep II. (2061-2010 v. Chr.). Therefore we know today that the pyramids, which are located today in bald desert were surrounded by extensive garden plants once. The religious cult planned flowers -, feeding and beverage victim in honours of the dead ones and the Gods, so that promptly around the temples and graves garden plants were built approximately. From the time of Ramses III. cannot less than 513 temple gardens be proven. Ponds artificially put on had central meaning in these gardens, which were toilsomely wrung out the desert. Wine summerhouses, tree avenues, vegetable and flower patches surrounded these in strictly symmetrical form.
The old-Egyptian horticulture art reached the high point during the time of the new realm between 1550 and 1080 v. Chr., a phase, in the so famous rulers how , , and governed.
The gardens that Assyrer and Babylonier
Differently than for Egypt there are itself already 4000 the years before Christi birth in the two-current country for the horticulture of the advanced culture, between and unfolded, few vouchers. Here the cradle of modern humans is appropriate, for that in this region the first steps too and did; about the organization of the gardens we know however few. On king inscriptions some former rulers left however to referring to their gardens. Thus praises itself Tiglat pileser I. (1115-1077 v. Chr.) sumptuous gardens; in Nimrud, the Biblical Kalach was a Steinstele, those the royal garden of the Assurnasirpal II. (883-859 v. Chr.) describes; a cuneiform script board, in British museum, one keeps, counts the plants in the garden of the Babylonian king Mardukapaliddina, the Biblical Merodachbaladan (721-710 v. Chr) up, and a likewise in the British museum present Relief the last important king of the Assyrer, Assurbanipal (668-627 v. Chr.) obtain at least a volatile impression, as a assyrischer desire garden was arranged.
The important note to a rich garden culture however history supplies with to that Hanging gardens of Babylon too, those possibly the assyrischen queen Schamuramat (809-782 v. Chr) to equate is, probably became it at least after the excessive quantity however of (605-562) put on.
Those famous Hanging gardens of the Semiramis could not be located however until today. Professor Dock Broderson therefore the assumption sets up that they exist only in the Fantasie of humans. After its assumption an originally inaccessible palace garden, Nebukadnezar for itself let which establish, in the conception world of the later descendants took ever more marvelous forms, until from it one of the seven world miracles became even.
The Persian king gardens
Also for those gardens are very meager archaeological certifications. Few that we know about these gardens - also their influence by the garden architecture of the Assyrer and Babylonier - know we by the excessive quantity of Greek historians.
Dareios (521-485) let shady parka situations with zoos, where also the travelers put on with the Karawansereien of the royal post office road the herrlichsten paradiese, after cumbersome hearing a cool accomodation and a fresh water were ordered. Juengern the Kyros (gest. 401) two of such paradiese are attributed, shady Avenues and Haine of Plane trees, Zypressen and Palms, between those the breitblaetterige Aloe, wonderful rose bushes and manifold fruit trees flowers in the article
The garden architecture in the old person Rome
In Italy those had the use (Gemuese and fruit -) gardens separately from the desire garden. The latter, quite regularly arranged, if it followed the mansion, were with numerous schlingpflanzen to the Veranda, delicate flower patches and artificially too a great deal figures cut trees provided. The parka situations had an interpreting expansion, were equivalent timely zoos, from walls u. dgl. enclosed, also in stone seized fischteichen, a poultry yard and marble basin, in their proximity of seats and garden little houses for regarding the decoration birds, and had often an architecturally put on Basin surround with hydraulic architectures, usually by a saeulenhalle. Those was most famous Mansion Hadriana the emperor Hadrian in Tibur at the Sabinergebirge. The plants had 12 Roman miles to the extent, contained mountains and valleys, wasserfaelle, grotten, forests, hippodrom, theatre and many andre splendourful buildings. Here became with use of some remnants in 16. Century those Mansion d'Este put on. Through Tacitus we know still andre emperor gardens of Rome, also the park at the golden house of the Nero. They had artificial seas and forests, thus to some extent resembled our modern park. Also in the Italy of the Roman realm the irrigation plants were perfect.
Byzantine gardens
Many palace plants were provided with extensive gardens, like that Mangana in . Besides there were also very intimately arranged private gardens. Ponds and flowing water played, similarly as later into that plants, an important role. Of emperor Konstantin IX. it is reported that he let attained full growth trees shift, in order to finish the palace garden as fast as possible.
The development of the garden architecture in Asia
Garden architecture in China
The development that Garden architecture in China leaves itself to 3000 v. Chr. retrace. Chinese gardens are full works of art from indications, metaphors and symbols. Differently than those Garden plants in the old person Egypt and in Front Orient developed, here not the plant stood in the foreground. Chinese gardens are rather conceived as image of an ideal universe, whose substantial components were seas and hills artificially put on, unusually formed vegetation and stones. No people of the earth cultivated the garden in such a way like the Chinese; in him rulers and realms developed a luxury, that because of consumption of country, water and workers those endangered and repeatedly in the fate of the country intervened. The current imperial garden 80 km have extent and are in the imitation of nature a Nonplusultra of all garden architecture. Landscapes of all kinds, from the loveliest to the greatest, change in the same; the plant stature of all zones is in it in the most magnificent development, brooks, rivers, lakes, villages and locks animates the picture. But the inhabitants of the villages are a kind actor; they place Fischer, Matrosen, Arbeiter, Handelsleute, Bauern, Soldaten etc. for the emperor, depending upon the arrangements of the yard marshal, in neat clothes. forwards and lead the ruler, to who the strictest of all labels forbids the appearance before the real people, a refined mirror image of the same forwards. The hobby of the Chinese for dwarf trees lets the arrangements appear nevertheless usually very kleinlich also in the largest gardens.
The garden architecture in Japan
- see major items Zengarten
Reaction to the European garden plant
Had already the Chinese gardens described, which so completely deviated from the European, but its descriptions were too vague, than that they could have large influence on the garden design in Europe. This changed, as that Matteo Ripa of its journey in China numerous with brought, which could obtain a picture of the Chinese garden design. With its attendance in England it met with numerous representatives of the English high aristocracy, those in the organization of their Landscape gardens these ideas readily took up. Within the framework that ChinoiserieMode 18. Century Chinese motives in completely Europe were taken up. Imitations of Chinese gardens and pagoden belonged to the exotic equipment of , , Schoenbrunn or lock .
The garden architecture in the after-Roman time
One differentiated between gardens with predominantly symbolic value (hortus conclusus - of the world final garden, equipped with Christian symbolism in plant and form) and hortus amoenus - the beautiful, lovely garden of the senses.
The most important work of the to the garden architecture comes from : it describes, like the ideal Desire garden to look has. Further important works for the organization of a garden are Hypnerotomachia Poliphili of Francesco Colonna and Leon Battista Albertis De RH edificatoria.
became , the sea route to east India discovered and by the again erbluehten trade a large luxury imported, which expressed itself also in the garden and which created actual Italian garden style. Italy gave laws for mainly regular garden plants. High, close, evergreen hedge walls and planting, which shade granted at the same time, standing and jumping water, grotten, which served in the winter also for the keeping of the orange trees, had to cool the glow of the southern sky; richly occupied flower patches, in their form of the architecture of the house accordingly, pleased by its colors and forms; Birds and vogelnester maintained the Spaziergaenger in other way. Excavations of numerous statues u. A. from old time opportunity, these art treasures showed, often perhaps present, to use, the easy clarity because of, as symmetrically as possible. The mansions, which were characterised by good taste and the art value of their gardens, were in 16. Century very numerously and find partially today still received, many extended by plants in the natural style.
From private gardens neuern date, completely in this landschaftlichen style held, earn mention: that of the Chevalier Forti in Chiara with Brescia, the garden Casa Ramboldi with Vicenza, Strozzi with Florenz, that of the prince Stigliano Colonna in Neapel, Olivuzza and the mansion Tasca with Palermo. Of France horticulture only the purely useful knows, rises only slowly for the attention of the flowers and reaches only very late the aesthetically beautiful in the beginning of fine history; each pleasant and useful product of the land and building of gardens comes from the foreigner, from the Phoenikern, Greeks, Karthagern, and .
Garden architecture of the modern times in Europe
France
Under that king (1589-1610) the luxury increased more and more. The desire gardens existed at the beginning of the only from more or less square Kompartimenten, which were put on in a regular raster, rasenplaetzen, few trees and flowers unite, unite water plants. They all were generally imitations that Italian gardens, took over however the often outer Middle Ages traditional French traditions. The plants verwilderten due to their neglect zussehends. With the general development of a French style separating from the Italian model and the overcoming of the Renaissance in France also the garden architecture in France got a new picture. For the development of the French garden was determining it put in the order Ludwig XIV. the garden of on, whereby in the principle the Italian forms became related however much more disciplined and with a taut symmetry. The plant was from great simplicity, especially took over the Frenchmen not the Terrassierung of the Italian plants, but developed the garden in the level. Prevailing the formschnitt of the Planzen, which brought not only high-decorative Buchsbaum Broderieparterres, but also the crowns out of the cultivated trees, was absolute. The equipment with hydraulic architectures, sculptures and small buildings followed strict rules given by the representation function and their mythologischen program. The French style made its cyclic testing fast by the civilized world and kept to end of the .
Important examples are: The gardens of and Vaux le Vicomte, for the early still strongly Italian gardens Chenonceau at the Cher and Brecy in normandy. However took over the newer French plants some demands of the English horticulture and so partly gave up the formschnitt and other elements of the classical French garden. Examples of this neuern French style are among other things: the park of Monceau, the urban plants of Paris, the Boulogner and the Vincenner wood, the bizarre wonderwork of the Buttes Chaumont, Ferrieres, possession of the boss of the house Rothschild, the garden Gustav v. Rothschilds in the proximity of the palace d'Elysée.
Iberi peninsula
In the garden flowered at present the Mauren and achieved its highest gloss around the year 1000 under Ha IL; with oranges, bloom bushes, flowers, cascades and other hydraulic architectures in strict regularity, the character of the building accordingly, affected yards of the palaces were charmful beautiful; but the Arabs were backpushed toward the Christians northern Spain gradually, last completely driven out. Under Philipp III. took place the classification of all descendants of the Mauren, and Spain was transformed by the loss of its most industrious workers almost into a Wuestenei.
had in the environment of Cintra likewise beautiful old gardens, those Lord Byron in its Childe Harold as "glorious eden", a wonderful paradies designated; but only in recent time an art-intimate and finely feeling German prince, the king Ferdinand (of Coburg) let gardens, with which hardly another garden of Europe can measure put on, there.
The Netherlands
Those gardens resembled a chessboard in the organization; the Grottenwerk u. A. the Italian and French gardens ward here to the kindischen plaything, everything ward kleinlich or greatly boringly. The curved, geschnoerkelte line of the house ornamentations, even the giebel, returned in the gardens at the hedges, and the figures of the schmuckstuecks (.Parterre) repeated the same forms. This peculiar fashion of the Dutch gardens spread the faster in Europe, the more tasteless it was, and the more arbitrariness thereby waltete. The lively connection of Holland with England was a cause that the landschaftliche garden style entrance found also here; Plants of greater importance were however not created, and old Dutch style yet, proved the gardens of the mansion village Broek did not expire to that, where one regains all Spielereien, in particular in the tree figures.
England
Baroque
In the English garden resembles its French model still as far as possible. Geometrische Achsen, Boskette mit Buchsbaumornamenten und eine strenge Ausrichtung auf den Herrscher hin sind seine Kennzeichen. Oft findet man Labyrinthe und lange Alleen aus beschnittenen Bäumen. Ein Beispiel ist Hampton Court. Da England über eine weitreichende Seehandelsflotte verfügte, wurden immer wieder Pflanzen aus fernen Gefilden importiert und im Botanischen Garten von Kewakklimatisiert and investigated. Thus the Zitrusgewaechse came to England, which just like roses and tulips was cultivated as rare pieces.
The landscape park
Starting from approximately 1720 a new garden style developed, for that in England English landscape garden (or also English landscape park). As important forerunners is considered the garden of Chiswick House, of William Kent put on, early examples are in Rousham and Stowe received. As most important influences are considered as naturally felt gardens of the antiquity as well as those Gardens of China and Miltons Verse pos "Paradise draws". Characteristics of the English landscape garden are the naturally left planting, the swung guidance, the flowing transition to the surrounding landscape and the absence of decorative flower discounts. As ideal became accessible landscape painting aimed at, that particularly of landscape painters how Gaspard Poussin and Claude Lorrain was affected. Likewise the paintings come of the Gartenstaffagen, Follies called, in form of small temples or ruins, those usually as eyecatcher into that View axles are arranged.
In the late phase dominated Lancelot "Capability" Brown with its meager far garden areas, which drove the style on the point, by wanting to arrange more natural than nature.
Important gardens: Chiswick, Rousham, Twickenham, Stowe, Stourhead, Blenheim Castle.
Important Vordenker, gardners and theoreticians: Charles Bridgeman, Joseph Addison, journalist, Alexander Pope, poets, William Kent, painters, Lancelot "Capability" Brown, Humphrey Repton (1752-1817), William Chambers and its Jardin Anglo Chinois.
Germany
In became the first English park of baron Otto of in Schwoebber A. D. Weser put on; then Hinuebers English garden followed in Marienwerder with Hanover, both the exceeding park too Harbke became on behalf of the anglophilen prince of notion Dessau to today with the utmost care maintained of Schoch and Neumann in Chinese-English manners put on. In it garden buildings also an artificial volcano beside the first European iron bridge and the first outside neo-gothical built by England, which could be brought by means of fire works to the outbreak, are.
For the development of the natural garden style in Germany has in the second half of the last century a large influence exercised. (the USA), numerous property goods (z.B.:Old person stone). Wonderful gardens are also Glienicke, of the prince Karl of Prussia (gest. 1883) put on and in always same gloss, those receive Rhine plants of the empress Augusta in (1613-1700)
Literature
- Garden, in: Meyers encyclopedia, 4. Aufl. 1888. Bd. 6. S. 917
- Marianne Beuchert: The gardens of China, in: Hans Sarkowicz (Hrsg.): The history of the gardens and park, Frankfurt/Main 2001
- Dock Broderson: The hanging gardens of Babylon, in: Hans Sarkowicz (Hrsg.): The history of the gardens and park, Frankfurt/Main 2001
- Karin Dzionara: The garden in old Egypt, in: Hans Sarkowicz (Hrsg.): The history of the gardens and park, Frankfurt/Main 2001
- Michaela Kalusok: High-speed course garden architecture. Cologne 2003
- Christa Hasselhorst: Master of the garden architecture. The large gardens of Europe and their creators, Berlin 2004, ISBN: 3894791381
- Garden architecture Germany, Hg. of the combination of the national monument conservators in Germany and the office for national monument Berlin, Berlin 2002
- Ronald Clark: Garden travel guide. 1350 gardens and parks in Germany, Munich, ISBN 3766716441
- Federation homeland and environment in Germany (BHU)(Hrsg.): Collection of the historical gardens and parks in the Federal Republic of Germany (CD-ROM), Bonn, 4. Edition 2001
- Federation homeland and environment in Germany (BHU)(Hrsg.): Collection of the historical cemeteries in the Federal Republic of Germany (CD-ROM), Bonn 1998
- Federation homeland and environment in Germany (BHU)(Hrsg.): White Paper of the historical gardens and parks in the new Lands of the Federal Republic, Bonn
- EH Berger: Historical gardens of Austria, 3 Bde., Vienna 2002-2004
- Hans Rudolf Heyer: Historical gardens of Switzerland, Berne 1980, ISBN 3-7165-0341-X
- Combination of the national monument conservators in the Federal Republic of Germany and Landesdenkmalamt Berlin (Hrsg.): Historical gardens. A locating. Berlin 2003, ISBN 3895411612
- Michael Rohde u. Rainer Schomann (Hrsg.): Historical gardens today, 2. Aufl., Leipzig 2004, ISBN 3-361-00567-1
Web on the left of
| - pictures, videos or audio files |
- Book list garden culture
- Garden architecture museum lock Fantaisie
- Museum for European garden architecture lock Benrath
- Garden culture paths - a project of the German horticulture company
