Geodesy

geodesy (Greek γη = earth, δαιζω = I divide). According to the classical definition of F.R. Helmet ore is geodesy the “science of measuring and illustration of the earth's surface “. This covers the determination of the geometrical figure of the earth,their gravity field and the orientation of the earth in space (earth rotation).

Geodesy disintegrates into higher geodesy (earth measurement and land surveying) and low geodesy (land register measurement) (see below).

In scientific systematics geodesy places on the one handthe link between astronomy and geophysics , on the other hand one are to be assigned many of their procedures to the engineering sciences. In the English linguistic area by a distinction between Geodesy and Surveying calculation is carried. In mathematics one uses the term “geodetically “forlocally shortest connections between points on curved surfaces, see geo DATE.

Table of contents

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short history of geodesy

your origin has geodesy in the necessity to divide country to define property borders and document national borders. Historygeodesy goes back into old Egypt .

The degree measurement of the Eratosthenes between Alexandria and Syene ( today's Aswan) was remarkable around 240 v. Chr.. It resulted in the earth extent to 252,000 stages, which the true value despite the uncertainDistance on approximately 10 per cent approximated. He estimated the earth extent around 240 v. Chr. from the position of the sun different around 7,2°. Important boundary stones of early geodesy were the development of measuring instruments in the Arabia of the 11. Century and in Nuremberg,as well as the invention of the trigonometric functions (India, Peuerbach), the measuring table and the triangulation (Snellius around 1615).

Starting from approximately 1700 the maps improved by accurate computing methods and the spacious earth measurement beginning, the 1740 with the determination of the ellipsoidischen Erdradien by the Frenchmen Bouguer and Maupertuis a first high point experienced. In order to be able to combine the results of different projects and land surveyings better, Roger Joseph Boscovich, Carl Friedrich Gauss et al. developed. gradually the compensation calculation, also precise reference systemsand the measurement of space benefitted.

For the geodesy 19. and 20. Century were the most important stations:

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bases and subsections

geodesy supplies with its measurement results (e.g. from land register - and land surveying, engineer geodesy, photogrammetry and remote sensing) the bases for numerous other fields of activity and activities:

In such a way specified Higher geodesy (mathematical geodesy, earth measurement and physical geodesy) concerns itself among other things with the mathematical earth figure, precise reference systems and the regulation of Geoid and Earth's gravity field. For the Geoidbestimmung different measuring procedures are used: Gravimetry, geometrical and dynamicMethods of satellite geodesy and astrogeodesy. The knowledge of weight is necessary, in order to establish an exact elevator system - e.g. concerning Normalnull of the North Sea (NN, Amsterdamer level) or the Adria. The most important elevator system in Germany is thatMain leveling net DHHN.

The Geoid (and/or. its gradient, the Lotabweichung) serves also for the definition and reduction of local measurements and coordinates on the earth's surface. To the Triangulierung and for longer connecting lines one brings the sea level closer on by a reference ellipsoid and computesit by means of “geodetic lines, also in mathematics (Differentialgeometrie), and when stretching more easily Gewölbe application find navigation to which. Furthermore the Geoid and gravity field are important for applied geophysics and for the computation of satellite orbits.

Likewise that range of the land surveying is to be assigned to higher geodesy, with which it concerns regional measurements and their reference systems. These tasks in former times terrestrial solved, now however increasingly with the government inspection department and other satellite methods.
An interesting use of geodesyis also the geodetic dome, with which one divides the Kugeloberfläche into triangles, in order to build thereby efficient and sturdy architekturale domes.

The low one in such a way specified or general geodesy dedicates themselves above all to the admission of layout plans and digitallyModels for technical projects. In addition belong also building design and documentation, the admission of the area, the land register measurement and ranges of the Facility management.

If in the course of the time the ownership structures of properties complicated themselves (by division with the purchaseand sales or transmission), then a so-called becomes.Soil order necessarily. Their most important instrument is mentioned the consolidation of farmland, in Austria amelioration.

Engineering survey one names the technical, not official measurement (e.g. Building mappings, engineer leveling, mechanism of large machines etc.)

with thatFulfilment of geodetic tasks in the Untertage - and also one speaks over day mining industry of Mark sheath natures or mountain measurement.

Among the special fields of geodesy also the sea-measurement and hydraulicgraphic profiles of rivers rank, the ozeanografische Altimetrie with satellites as well as co-operation within the rangenavigation.

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important geo data

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important geo data after approximately 1900

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geo data in the literature

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geodetic references system

  • DHDN (German main triangle net)
  • DHHN (German main leveling net)
  • DHSN (German main weight net)
  • MGI Österr.Net of first order (see also Hermannskogel)
  • weight basic net of Austria, Switzerland and. A.
  • WGS84 (World Geodetic system) ellipsoid (1984 defined)
  • ETRS89(European Terrestial Reference system 1989)
  • IERS Terrestrial Reference system (international Terrestrial Reference system)
  • RD83 (Rauenbergdatum 1983)
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measuring and computing methods of geodesy

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measuring procedures in the detail (alphabetical)

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computing procedures and devices for calculation of geodesy

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measuring instruments

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the most important

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special and auxiliary devices

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of results of geodetic work

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organizations for the official measurement

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Literature

  • astronomical and physical geodesy. Volume 5 “manual of the science of surveying”, Karl Ledersteger, publishing house J.B.Metzler, Stuttgart 1969
  • geodesy/Geodesy, Wolfgang Torge, DeGruyter, Berlin 1975 u.~1990
  • science of surveying and bases of the statistics for the building industry, Bertold of jokes and. Stroke ore Schmidt, ISBN 3-87907-418-6, yielding man 5.Aufl., Heidelberg 1989/2004
  • text book measurement - basic knowledge, Bettina contactor, Andreas Engler, Harald weber, ISBN 3-936203-00-8
  • evaluation of geodetic monitoring measurements, roll ago Welsch, Otto hay corner and. Heiner cooling man. In manual engineer geodesy (Hsg.M.Möser, G.Müller, H.Schlemmer & H.Werner, ISBN 3-87907-295-7, yielding man Heidelberg 2000
  • haven-guess/advise the earth, history of cartography. Vitalis Pantenburg, Stuttgart 1970.
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Web on the left of

Wikibooks: Several books to geodetic topics - learning and teaching materials


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geodetic institutes in the German-speaking countries:

laboratory for instrument customer and calibration of the university new Brandenburg: http://www.hs-nb.de/vermessung/slabore/IK/index.html link text

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of institutes forMark sheath nature (geodesy in the mining industry) in the German-speaking countries:

 

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