History of South America
Table of contents |
Pre and early history
While a majority of the archaeologists those Clovis culture before approximately 13.to 000 years as the oldest human culture on the American continent regards, of some researchers in question one places. Thus dates Tom Dillehay the pieces of find of the Chilean excavation place Monte Verde on an age of at least 14.000 years. He assumes an immigration over the sea route to South America. This could of out over that North Pacific after or through Polynesian Sailor over that Pacific Ocean after happened its. Also immigrants out in some theories are considered. All these theses are not proven. The immigration probably took place in different waves.
Into South America the first secured traces of a population dip around approximately 8.000 v. Chr. up. A block factory witness and blade can be arranged in this period. Cave painting in the area around the city Ayacucho in and into that LauricochaCaves at the source of the Río Marañón originate likewise from this period. First cultivated cultivation of and and breeding of Lama becomes on approximately 4.000 v. Chr. dated.
Praekolumbi time
The oldest one found in in Guayas basin. They become that ValdíviaCulture assigned and on that 4. Millenium v. Chr. dates. This oldest American culture brought itself out already an urban organization with cults, rites and opfergaben, at a time in on the other side the world those the historical recordings began.
The city Caral became discovered and is the oldest well-known city on the American continent. The stufenpyramide became on the year 2627 v. Chr. dated. Houses for at least 3000 humans, Amphitheater and temple plants were found. Artificial irrigation systems provided for fertility in the midst of the desert area. Further finds prove that the population carried on trade with the coastal and Amazon areas.
Starting from that 2. Millenium v. Chr. cultures developed individual local in completely South America. At the coast of Ecuador developed over 1600 v. Chr. those MachalillaCulture. They still introduced the wide-spread ceramic(s) containers with handle to the Anden, with that Chavín, and Chimú to find are.
The following ChorreraCulture placed at the time of 1200 to 500 v. Chr. Ceramic(s) in human being and animal shape ago. Their houses were grouped around a large place and built on artificial fills. With the Chavín they drove one move trade.
Between 1000 v. Chr. and 500 v. Chr. those moved Arawaken that Orinoco along, to it itself to Delta established. They knew no ceramic(s), had kanus and lived on fishing, the hunt and on the cultivation of , Pepper, , and . After the discovery by the Spaniards they fell within one century Epidemics to the victim.
The earliest, today still recognizable advanced culture, was those that Chavín, those about 800 v. Chr. to existed. The motives to OlmekenCulture, Robbery cat, Bird and . Into the same time framework those falls ParacasCulture in the area around the Peruvian capital . Until today nobody knows whether an own culture existed or the dead ones were near-created because of dry, preserving air from far on.
In those existed HerreraCulture in the high country of and those CalimaCulture at the west side of the Anden. Their period becomes for instance between that 4. Century v. Chr. to 2. Century n. Chr. estimated.
Starting from that 4. Century extensive grave plants of that became San Agustín culture put on and up to 7. Century area deformations, probably to ritual reasons, accomplished. The root of the culture reach up to 7. Millenium v. Chr. back. Trade became both with the coastal and that led.
Around that Titicacasee developed starting from that 1. Century v. Chr. to approximately n. Chr. those TiahuanacoCulture. Whether it actually gave a Tiahuanaco realm, is not clarified. The traces of this culture are however in Peru, and the north . In the close relationship those might Wari culture stand, which existed many later around the city Ayacucho.
Between and n. Chr. those falls Nazca culture, which scharrten mysterious lines into the coastal soil and already knew irrigation canals. This culture was designated after the nearby city Nazca, about 500 km south of Lima.
Starting from that 1. Century those existed in the north and became also processes. The Mochica had several Principalities of, the culture disappeared however in 7. Century to with the capital Chan Chan in the area over Trujillo in Peru. Their abilities in arts and crafts were less pronounced than with the Mochica. They put more value on mass production and utilizable articles.
At the east edge of the Anden lived of to those . From them only very few are well-known. The martial people had high-grown, lightmembranously and blond. The leftovers of their culture are completely atypical for South American and peoples. The rock graves, which left it at high steep cliffs, are famous. In they were exterminated by brought in diseases.
Off about to those prevailed over large parts of South America and created enormous realm. A sudden end was set by the arrival of the Spanish conquerers.
The colonial age
Conquest
Already South America became in Contract of Tordesillas of Pope Alexander VI. between and divided. The eastern part, large parts of the today's and the remainder of the continent fell at Spain. Spanish conquest took place from and from that in the today's . Propelled by the rich sources of gold in from Panama those Pacific coast South America for the Spanish crown, on the search for wealth. It arrived in the year in today's Ecuador and Peru. In the two years / he understood it confusions of the brother war between the Inka Huáscar and Atahualpa to use and the enormous subjected . To assistance it thereby the diseases bring along by the immigrants, which had devastating consequences on the original population, came.
Particularly in that the population was nearly completely extinguished within shortest time. Also with other conquests, v. A. Peru, it came to excessive massacres. Around the question of the treatment of the Indians relax a comprehensive ideological conflict with the exponents Bartolomé de read Casas as "general defenders of the Indios" and Juán Ginés de Sepúlveda, the Indios as a kind Untermen regarded. This controversy led to the decree "new laws" from 1542, which partly protected the Indios back, were often however ineffective and were partly taken. Also later beginnings of the Spanish crown to develop a legislation for the protection of the Indians failed because of conversion will lacking and the reality of the colonial society in view of the Profitabilitaet of the exploitation. Attained sad celebrity thereby the silberminen of Potosí, in which in the course of the colonial age innumerable Indios under intolerable conditions worked and went well over one million on it at the basis. Also the hard labour within the framework that Encomienda led to desolate conditions for the indigene population, in addition the social disorder came by the destruction of the indigenen culture in the name of the religion and civilization. In addition the Indios assumed lowest and weakest rank in the colonial box company. The pursuit of the Indios was particularly radical in those areas, in 19. Century were wrung out by the Europeans, in the famous Indian Wars in addition, with conquest Patagoniens. Here it came to the purposeful extinction of whole trunks, so that one here of a conscious Genozid to speak must.
Administration
To approximately was highest Authority in the new world. Only with the stabilization of the enormous realm and the establishment of the Viceroy realm new Spain (Mexico and Venezuela) and of the Viceroy realm Peru (Spanish part of South America and Panama) in the year as capital, there were two representatives of the king on the continent. The viceroy of Peru applied because of the silver occurrences in Potosi as higher. The realm was divided for that in provinces, in each case with administrative and judicial powers managed.
In own institutions for the administration of the overseas areas were furnished. They sketched laws and took over political tasks. In Cedulario Indiano, the then most important reference over the laws in the new areas, stand for about 3.500 laws.
An important means to the Kolonialisierung was the establishment of cities. They served strengthening of claims to power. First only in relation to the indianischen population meant, they served later also in relation to the requirements of other European powers. Each establishment was controlled exactly. They were administered by an town councillor, who consisted of two city judges and advice men. Beyond that the Spanish king used in each case a person, who was directly subordinated to him and who had task to manufacture order and royal authority.
separated Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela from the viceroy realm Peru and formed that Viceroy realm Neugranada. Bolivia, Chile, Argentina and Paraguay followed this example and the new created Viceroy realm of the Río de la Plata.
Population change
Only the Inka, with its tautly organized infrastructure, had made it possible for the Spaniards to bring within short time the enormous realm under its rule and to transform conditions after their interests. Smaller cultures, whose forms were based on relationship rules, like it it for instance in the southern and in Argentina gave, could be never brought due to missing centralistic political organization under control of the colonial regime. In response it came however to the appropriation of Agrarian techniques, cultivation plants and above all of the with the indianischen trunks.
With the many different peoples in the contact limited itself also because of the thin settlement rather on handels and . Into that and Savannahs Paraguay, north Argentina and in the eastern part of Bolivia nomadische hunters and collecting tank in groups with hardly more than 100 persons lived. The Kolonialisierung faced here more the displacement and extermination by diseases.
After Spanish conquest the decrease in population of the Indians was dramatically high. The reasons for it were to the wartime situations, the deaths because of the brought in diseases, by those the Indios and at the conversion of the nourishing habits. By the wide cultivation of no place for the original products remained. The cultivated areas decreased by the imported pasture animals and at the same time increased thereby those Soil erosion. The lack of worker led to the import of black Slaves out .
By the mixture of the different races finally a kind class company, in their highest place the Spanish immigrants, formed followed from its descendants, that used alone for his Tunis campaign scarcely 3 billion Dukaten, which had to apply the new world. The successors followed his example. Starting from that the money supplies from the new world constantly decreased, which accompanied with the fall of Spain as in Europe.
The Kolonialisierung South America went to costs of the there population under loss of humans and cultures, while in Europe the great power politics of Spain would have been possible never without the means from the new world.
Entkolonialisierung
Lively by those and those Independence the British colonies in North America revolting against the Spanish motherland developed. The demand for independence became in Quito and in articulates, but from Spain rejected. Following rebellions were bloodily struck down. Aufstaendi triumphed in under the leader .
In the south fought for already the army of the united provinces under the leader José de San Martín the independence of Argentina. José de San Martín allied itself with the Chilean freedom fighter Bernardo O'Higgins. By numerous battles in the years / they reached the independence of Chile. the army under Simón Bolívar defeated the Spaniards in that Battle of Boyaca and thereby Colombia released. The independence of Ecuador became in that Battle at the Pichincha interspersed. The armies of San Martín and Simón Bolívar united and won the last large Decisive battle with Ayacucho in Peru to 9. December . With this battle the retreat of the Spaniards of the South American continent was sealed.
After the detachment of the motherland Spain tried Simón Bolívar one Large Colombia to create. The alliance covered the States of Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. Briefly Peru and Bolivia the alliance followed. But already the Konfoederation disintegrated finally and it formed the today's national states.
History of the national states
- History of Brazil
- History of French Guyana
- History of Guyana
- History of Colombia
- History of Paraguay
- History of Peru
- History of Surinam
- Geschichte Uruguays
- Geschichte Venezuelas
Weblinks
Siehe auch: Südamerika, Portal:Südamerika
