Bell

of these articles is concerned with the sounding bell. Further see: Bell (term clarifying)
Glockenform schematisch
Bell form schematically
Glocke von 1694
bell of 1694
bell casters, representation of 1568
finished bell form before entrenching
Gußstahlglocke vor dem Bochumer Rathaus
casting steel bell before the Bochumer city hall

with bell one designates usually a sounding music instrument (exact Aufschlagidiophon) with characteristic hood form (downward open hemisphere, which is convex curved downward extended first concave and then). A bell is usually a body of revolution, i.e., it possesses rotational symmetry around its axle center.

Table of contents

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occurrences

among other things is far common it in the form of church-bells.

Are connected, then one speaks several bells to an instrument of a bell play.

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history

the term was taken to the oldIrish:clocc, as much as „clip “, „bell “, there Irish monks in 5. and 6. Century n. Chr. thoseBells, first rather handcuffs, in Europe spread.

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production of bells

bells are usually manufactured by pouring into a form. One differentiates between the loam form, sandform and cement copying method. The used cast material is called bell food and is usually a tin bronzefrom 76-80% copper and 20-24% tin. First a bell stump is bricked, which is coated with loam. The loam layer is taken off with a rotary scraper. On the loam layer a layer of wax is applied, which represents the Fom of the bell. All ornamentsand writings are applied from wax. On the layer of wax several layers loam come in different refinement. The wax is out-melted and the form is dried. After entrenching the casting can be implemented. As date for this traditionally the symbol-pregnant Friday afternoon becomes- the hour of death Christi - selected.

In Bochum of the Bochumer association in the industriellen frameworks bells from casting steel were poured from 1851 to 1970. Until in the middle of the fifties became over 20.000 bells manufactured and into all world exported, among them soexposed copies like the peace bells of Hiroshima. This number dropped until the end of the sixties so far that the owner at that time Krupp let production adjust. Before the Bochumer city hall reminds still another 15,000 kg heavy casting steel bell alsoa ring diameter of 3,13m to this time. It was already poured 1867 for those Paris world exhibition.

Steel bells were acquired mostly as replacement for bronze bells seized in the world wars for war purposes. Under its shorter life span (corrosion) and the substantially higherWeight, which loads bell chair and tower strongly, many of these steel bells were replaced in the past years again by bronze bells.

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sound behavior

the sound behavior of bells exhibits some characteristics.

An art characteristic of the bell pouring consists of it, the pitchto specify before the casting by the shaping and the alloy in such a way that a trimming is not necessary by subsequent sharpening.

The characteristic alive ring effect results from the acoustic Doppler effect, there by swinging the bell a relative motion between acoustic sourceand ear exists. Fastening the bell takes place via the Klöppel attached freely swinging at a leather at the bell helmet.

The bell hangs traditionally in a bell chair from oakwood, which must take up the forces arising when swinging. There it is to its crown with Eisenbändern to the yoke so mentioned (wooden carrying axle) fastens. The load of the bell chair leaves itself by the so-called. Bend reduce. Here the bell swings not around its crown, but around a deep-convenient axle more near at their emphasis.Thus however the Doppler effect is reduced strongly and a ringing works less alive.

Being certain bells, which are brought by a kind hammer blow to sounding, are called impact bells and possess a more sterile sound.

Characteristically of the sound behavior of bells, tubes, gong, etc.it is that apart from the harmonious overtones also further overtone stranger frequencies arise. This therefore agitates that in contrast to (linear) a string or an organ pipe standing waves on the two-dimensional surface form, which frequency-modulate themselves mutually.

The pitch of a church-bellby the impact clay/tone (nominal) one characterizes, e.g. c' + 7 . The supplementing indication of number refers to sechzehntel half-tone steps (thus ever 6.25 cent) over or under the nominal clay/tone, which is referred to a being correct “A” with 435 cycles per second.The pitch is thus with e + 8 the same as with f - 8. The impact clay/tone is often in the frequency spectrum of the bell missing. It arises as a result of the acoustic perception in the case of fastening the bell over the residue hearing,as from the overtones the associated basic clay/tone derives becomes.

The frequencies outgoing from the bell are divided into three groups: Untertöne underneath the impact clay/tone, with a Moll Oktav rib exactly one Oktave more deeply, in the first Oktave above the impact clay/tone Prime, Mollterz,Quinte and mixture tones Oktave, Dezime, Undezime, Duodezime etc. for still higher frequencies.

The frequency spectrum of the bell becomes by the bell rib - which form, and the thickness of the bell - determines. Here the gothical triad rib in such a way specified until today is unsurpassed.Earlier rib treads were the straw hive and the Zuckerhut. Beside the gothical triad rib also the later French rib found a large spreading.

Ringing out the bell by fast following each other hammer blows becomes Beierncalled.

Important is also the reverberation time of a bell.With the Gloriosa amounts to it after the last repair in the year 2004 over 6 minutes.

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bell foundries

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famous bells

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] for bells in mythology and

customs Mythologisch bells for communication with übersinnlichen natures (divinities or spirit).

Out pre-Christianand/or. sculptures are received to before-Islamic time from God inside in bell form.

In 2. Book Mose is ordered to the priests of the Jahwe to decorate itself with bells. In the book Jesaja is forbidden to the Mrs. the same.

Bell in Myoshin ji

in the Tibetan Buddhismus becometo the symbolization of the transition between the worlds, in addition, completely laily for indicating the prayer times, holy bells (ghanta) rung. Japanese temple bells hang frequently in own dwellings and by an accordingly large piece wood (trunk) are from the outside fastened.

Also in the Christianity the bell ring indicates the time to the prayer. The moreover one they are to announce the arrival of the holy spirit. The ring of church-bells is besides Dämonen to frighten and to fleeing bring, like Durandus in 14. Century wrote. Outthis reason decorated themselves also humans in Europe - in particular the children - with Glöckchen: in order to repel bad spirit and the bad view.

To the same origins many customs in the alpine region decrease/go back, as for example the Ausläuten of the old andRing in the new yearly.

European customs, with which bells play an important role:

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see also

Wiktionary: Bell - word origin, synonyms and translations
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literature

  • bells. In: Meyers encyclopedia, 4. Aufl. 1888/89, Bd. 7, S. 437
  • Margarete Schilling: Bells and bell plays. Rudolstadt, 1985
  • Klaus Ellerhorst: Manual the bell customer (list of famous bells)
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