Helmut Kohl

Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (* 3. April 1930 in Ludwigshafen on the Rhine) is in German CDU-Politician. It was of 1969 to 1976 Prime Minister the country Rhineland-Palatinate and of 1982 to 1998 Federal Chancellor that Federal Republic of Germany. It becomes often, particularly in the conservative spectrum as well as abroad, as Statesman designated. It is disputed due to its violations of the law in connection with that CDU Spendenaffaere.

Personal record

Helmut Kohl became 1930 as a third child out Greussenheim coming financial officials Hans Kohl (1887-1975) and its Mrs. Caecilie geb. Cord (1890-1979) in Ludwigshafen born. Of Kohl family was civil-conservatively, Roman-catholic coined/shaped. The older brother fell in The Second World War. Kohl became toward end of the war as an aid into those Armed forces drawn in, however no more needed to fight.

Kohl grew in the Ludwigshafener quarter Friesenheim in the high tariff seriousness race up. It visited those Primary school Ruprechtschule and afterwards that Max Planck-High School, both in Friesenheim in Ludwigshafen. 1950 it began a study that Jurisprudence in Frankfurt/Main. 1951 it changed to those University of Heidelberg with the specialities history and political sciences.

After Kohl its study 1956 had terminated, began he a place as scientific coworkers at Alfred-Weber-Institut of the university Heidelberg. 1958 became it due to a work the topic The political development in the Pfalz and the repurchasing of the parties after 1945 to the Dr. phil. attained a doctorate. Subsequently, he became a direktionsassistent with an iron foundry in Ludwigshafen and 1959 Adviser of the "trade association chemistry" in Ludwigshafen. In the year after Helmut Kohl married the woman interpreter Hannelore racer (1933-2001), which it could do since 1948. From this Before two sons came out.

To 5. July 2001 took itself his Mrs. Hannelore at the age of 68 years the life. She suffered for years under one Light allergy.

To 4. March 2004, Helmut Kohl placed the first part of its to well five one half year after end its chancellor shank Memoirs under the title "memories, 1930 - 1982" forwards. They contain life memories and cover the years 1930 up to the beginning its first chancellor shank 1982. The second part appeared to 3. November 2005 and the first half of of Kohl treats chancellor shank (1982-1990).

Kohl lives with its 1964 born life companion Dr. Maike judges (Volkswirtin and government directress in the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs) in Berlin and in Ludwigshafen (quarter Oggersheim).

Political career

Already as pupils Kohl of the CDU stepped with (1946) and joint founder that was following Recent union in its hometown Ludwigshafen (1947). He pursued its political activities also during his study. 1953 became it member of the acting executive committee of the CDU in Rhineland-Palatinate, 1954 deputy regional chairmen of the boys union Rhineland-Palatinate, 1955 member of the regional-level party council of the CDU Rhineland-Palatinate. 1959 he became a chairman of the CDU Kreisverbandes Ludwigshafen, 1960-69 was he parliamentary group leader of the town councillor parliamentary group Ludwigshafen, starting from 1963 of leaders of the parliamentary group in the federal state parliament of Rhineland-Palatinate, from 1966 to 1973 was he regional chairman of the CDU von Rheinland-Pfalz, 1966 member of the Federal Administration of the CDU, 1969 deputy Federal leaders.

Prime Minister

When Kohl was selected 1966 to regional chairmen of the CDU Rhineland-Palatinate, he was also to the successor Peter Altmeiers in the office of the Prime Minister determines. After the following election of the federal parliament again old Meier became an Prime Minister, but to 19. May 1969 replaced Kohl it. Important decisions in of Kohl term of office were the regional reorganization and the establishment of the University of Trier Kaiserslautern. 1971 stood as a candidate Kohl unsuccessfully for the federal presidency of the CDU and was subject Rainer Barzel. 1973, one year after Rainer Barzels failed vote of no confidence against the acting Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt, Kohl could replace it as Federal leaders of the CDU and kept this party function 25 years up to 7. November 1998.

Opposition leader

With that Election to the Bundestag 1976 it began for the first time as a candidate for the chancellorship of its party. The CDU/CSU missed those absolute majority with 48,6 % of the voices only scarcely. That was to there secondarybest election result of the CDU/CSU at all. Kohl withdrew after the choice as an Prime Minister and became leader of the parliamentary group of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group in German Bundestag in Bonn. Its successor as an Prime Minister became to 2. December 1976 Bernhard Vogel. After the lost choice the CSU seized that Kreuther separation resolution for the abolition of the parliamentary group community with the CDU, Kohl could however against the CSU chairman Franz Josef bunch the continuation implement. With that Election to the Bundestag 1980 it had to leave for it the precedence to bunch with the chancellor candidacy. Since bunch remained however after the lost choice Prime Minister in Bavaria, Kohl was further opposition leader.

Kohl was of 1976 until 2002 Member of the German federal daily.

Chancellor

After the break of the social liberals coalition of Federal Chancellor Helmut Schmidt to 17. September 1982 - it existed serious diversities of opinion over the future economic policy in Germany (cause was u.A. a strategy paper of the FDP, of Petrol count Lambsdorff prepared was and neoliberale Positions to Reform of the Job market contained) - took FDP and CDU/CSU to 20. September 1982 coalition talks up.

Kohl was nominated for the office of the Federal Chancellor and to 1. October 1982 in the context of the first successful constructional vote of no confidence in the history of the federal daily against the acting Federal Chancellor Helmut Schmidt to sixth Federal Chancellor selected. Federal Minister of Foreign Affairs became, like also in the social liberal coalition, Hans Dietrich Genscher. The coalition change was very disputed within the FDP. Since the FDP with a declaration of a coalition had gone in favor of the SPD into the election campaign 1980, one partly spoke of authentication lacking. In addition it came that of Kohl had not come out chancellor shank from normal elections to the Bundestag. In order to erase this fault, Kohl accomplished an extremely disputed procedure: Under the pretext of a disorder of the coalition partners over evenly that Federal Budget, which had been by agreement decided only few weeks before, Kohl placed those Question of confidence. With the decision to 17. December 1982 as agreed the delegates contained of the government coalition of the voice, so that the parliament in the final result malfunctioned the confidence to the government. Federal President Karl Carstens dissolved after longer hesitating in January 1983 on request Kohl the Bundestag, it became for the 6. March 1983 preferred new elections set. Against this proceeding some delegates before the Federal Constitutional Court complained. This decided however that the dissolution condition in accordance with federal daily had taken place.

With that Election to the Bundestag 1983 the coalition from CDU/CSU and FDP with voice gains for the CDU/CSU (48.8 %, +4.3 %) and clear voice losses for the FDP (7.0% -3.6 %) was red-elect. Candidate for the chancellorship of the Social Democrats was the former Federal Minister of Justice and Munich mayor Hans yokes bird.

In the first years of its term of office Kohl set still under the government the Schmidt calm NATO NATO resolutioncNato resolution against the resistance that Peace movement through.

To 22. September 1984 Kohl and the French president met François Mitterrand at the place that Battle around Verdun, in order to think of the dead ones of the two world wars together. The photo of their handshake lasting several minutes became admits as symbol of the French-German reconciliation. Kohl and Mitterrand in the following years a particularly close bond of trust was after-said. They brought common projects like that Euro corps and the television station arte on the way. Also progress of the European agreement like that Contract of Maastricht and later the introduction of the Euro substantially were attributed to a close French-German co-operation.

In the course that Repairing affair around illegal payments of the repairing company to German politicians Kohl became through wg. KohlEntries in the guaranteed cash book loads. In the committee of inquiry of the Bundestag and the Mainzer of federal state parliament Kohl said the untruth regarding its knowledge of the purpose to that Civic combination as donation procurement plant and escaped after an announcement of Petrol Schily only scarcely a criminal procedure because of more uneidlicher Wrong statement. Of Kohl party friend Heiner Geissler defended it with famous the comment become, it a "Blackout" later probably had.

Opposite the Israelis it coined/shaped to 24. January 1984, as first Federal Chancellors from the postwar generation before that Knesset speaking, of Guenter of gau coming sentence of the "grace of the late birth". Source:[ 1 ]

To 5. May 1985 Kohl put together with US president Ronald Reagan in Bit castle a wreath/ring on the there soldier cemetery down. This was violently criticized in the German and American public, because there also member that Weapon S are buried.

With that Election to the Bundestag 1987 Kohl in the office was confirmed. Rival candidate of the SPD was a North-Rhine/Westphalian Prime Minister Johannes Rau.

After itself the collapse that GDR and those drew Berlin wall to 9. November 1989 pleases was, put Helmut Kohl without previous arrangement with the coalition partner to 28. November 1989 in the German Bundestag a "ten points program for the overcoming of the division of Germany and Europe" forwards. Already to 18. May 1990 became the convention over the currencies -, economics and social union with the GDR sign. Against the resistance of the President of the Federal Bank Karl petrol Poehl Kohl had therein a conversion course of ostmark in D-mark of 1:1 interspersed. This proved later than strong load for the enterprises of the new Lands of the Federal Republic. Together with minister of foreign affairs Hans Dietrich Genscher reached Kohl in discussions with winner powers of the Second World War their agreement to Reunification of Germany and its integration into those NATO. The German unit affected extremely positively the later career Kohl than Federal Chancellor, who would not have so for a long time lasted without this possibly.

To 17. January 1991 Kohl was again selected for the third time, after it itself with that Election to the Bundestag 1990 against the Saarland Prime Minister and SPD candidate for the chancellorship at that time Oskar Lafontaine had interspersed. Thus it became the first chancellor of reunited Germany.

In that Election to the Bundestag 1994 Kohl was selected for the fourth time to the Federal Chancellor; this time it sat down against the Rhineland-Palatinian Prime Minister Rudolf Scharping of the SPD through. The following years were rather coined/shaped by successes with regard to foreign policy (Frankfurt/Main as seat for the again created EZB, EuroIntroduction). Relating to domestic affairs a certain stagnation appeared, into those also because of the SPD dominated Upper House of Parliament and the capacity to act of the Federal Government limited thereby Defeat at the polls 1998 flowed.

The choice won those SPD, those with the Prime Minister of Lower Saxony at that time Gerhard Schroeder as a candidate for the chancellorship had begun. Consequently the Christian liberal coalition government was replaced from a red-green coalition, and Kohl became to 26. October by Federal President Novel duke dismisses from the office.

With that Election to the Bundestag 2002 Kohl did not apply any longer for a Bundestag mandate.

Important chancellor words

• "must always go out of German soil in the future peace." - Speech before the woman Mrs., Dresden, 19. December 1989
• "a successful industrial nation, i.e. a nation with future, can be organized not as collective recreational park." - in a governmental declaration over work and vacation periods in Germany in March 1993

Party PEND affair and its after time the chancellor shank

In that CDU Spendenaffaere after the lost election to the Bundestag 1998 Kohl concealed the origin of an amount at a value of one and a half to two million DM, although it in accordance with that Party law, which it had signed as a Federal Chancellor, and which in it embodied Publication obligation was obligated to the information. Until today it does not take a position to this topic. His argumentation, it has the money received from donors, who it promised with word of honour to conceal their names stands in contrast to the valid legal situation and the constitutionally fixed independence of the parties and encountered at that time violent public criticism. For those the CDU by the following blockage that Election campaign reimbursement of costs developed financial losses arose Kohl with funds from a private donation action.

That Committee of inquiry the federal daily was concerned from December 1999 to June 2002 with that CDU Spendenaffaere. The work of the committee was accompanied by violent party-political arguments. To 18. January 2000 had to do to Kohl because of its role in the CDU Finanzaffaere without the honorary chairmanship the CDU. Because of the suspicion that Unfaithful one for the disadvantage of its party the Bonn ones opened Public prosecutor's office 2000 a preliminary investigation against Kohl, that 2001 against payment of a fine at a value of 300.000 DM because of small debt in accordance with § 153 A StPO one adjusted.

In the context from presseveroeffentlichungen to Insolvency procedure of KirchMedia starting from 2002 admits that Kohl ranked among the politicians, those became Leo Kirch by disputed advisor contracts to his enterprise had bound. Kohl had 600 after its chancellor shank three years long in each case.000 DM receive. Critic like the corruption expert Hans Herbert of Arnim it pointed out that Kirchs Medienimperium had profited during the chancellor shank Kohl from particularly Kirch friendly media guidelines. Concrete suspicious factors could be however never confirmed.

Honours

1988 Kohl for its earnings/services common around the French-German friendship and for the future of Europe kept the Aachener with François Mitterrand Karl price. It received at the beginning of of 1996 from the world largest Jewish organization, B'nai B'rith, a medal for humanitarian earnings/services. The European union appointed Kohl to 11 December 1998 to Honour citizen of Europe, a title, that before only Jean Monnet lent was. In January 2004 became it that International Adalbert price in Warsaw of the Polish president presents. It is beside Konrad Adenauer the second carrier of the Large cross in special execution the earnings/service medal of the Federal Republic of Germany.

In addition Helmut Kohl is Honour citizen the cities Frankfurt/Main and Berlin. To 2. September 2005 he became honour citizen of its hometown Ludwigshafen. Those Laudatio held Luxembourg Prime minister Jean Claude Juncker. Those Kohl received from different Universities abroad the in and.

In September 2005 it received that Franz Josef bunch price that Hanns Seidel donation. The Laudatio held the former CSU chairman Theodor Waigel, that in the cabinet by Helmut Kohl Federal Minister of Finance was.

At the 3. October 2005 became a politician with that Quadriga distinguished, with that the association Workshop Germany outstanding Europeans of postwar history honours. The old chancellor was appreciated of the European unit thereby not only because of its earnings/services around the unit of Germany but also around his effort. The Laudatio held the former Soviet president Mikhail Gorbatschow.

See also

• Cabinet Kohl I - Cabinet Kohl II - Cabinet Kohl III - Cabinet Kohl IV - Cabinet Kohl V
• List of the German Federal Governments
• "Federal delete days"

Publications

• The political development in the Pfalz and the repurchasing of the parties after 1945. Thesis, University of Heidelberg 1958
• Between ideology and Pragmatismus. Aspects and opinions to basic questions of the policy. Publishing house Bonn current, Stuttgart 1973, ISBN 3-87959-014-1
• Konrad Adenauer 1876/1976. Belser, Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-763-01163-3
• Speeches and Reports of the Federal Government. Pressing and office for information of the Federal Government, Bonn (numerous single publications)
• The German unit. Speeches and discussions. Luebbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1992, ISBN 3-7857-0665-0
• The course of the CDU. Speeches and contributions of the Federal leader 1973-1993. Hrsg. von Peter Hintze und Gerd Langguth. DVA, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-421-06659-0
• Ich wollte Deutschlands Einheit. Bearbeitet von Kai Diekmann und Ralf Georg Reuth. Ullstein, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-548-33241-2
• Mein Tagebuch 1998-2000. Droemer Knaur, München 2000, ISBN 3-426-27241-5
• Erinnerungen. 1930-1982. Droemer Knaur, München 2004, ISBN 3-426-27218-0
• Erinnerungen. 1982-1990. Droemer Knaur, München 2005, ISBN 3-426-27320-9

Als Herausgeber:

• New realism - foreign policy to Iran and Afghanistan. Duesseldorf, 1980 ISBN 3-884-58017-5

Literature

• Tungsten Bickerich: Helmut Kohl. Chancellor of the unit. (New edition of the book The grandchild). Econ paperback, Duesseldorf 1996 ISBN 3-612-26363-3
• Juergen shrubs: Helmut Kohl. Anatomy of a success. Berlin publishing house, Berlin 1998 ISBN 3-8270-0282-6
• Patricia Clough: Helmut Kohl. Haven-guesses/advises power. Munich, dtv 1998 ISBN 3-423-24122-5
• Klaus turner: Helmut Kohl. Life with power. DVA, Stuttgart 1998 ISBN 3-421-05122-4
• Klaus turner: Kohl and the accounts. A black financial history. DVA, Stuttgart 2002 ISBN 3-421-05441-X
• Bernt angel man: Black book Helmut Kohl or: As everything began. Steidl, Goettingen 2000 ISBN 3-88243-728-6
• Werner Filmer, Heribert swan: Helmut Kohl. 4. Edition. Econ, Duesseldorf u. A. 1990 ISBN 3-430-12746-7
• Alexander gau country: Helmut Kohl. A principle. Rowohlt, Berlin 1994 ISBN 3-87134-206-8
• Hitting a corner hard Henscheid: Helmut Kohl. Biography of a youth. Haffmans, Zurich 1985 ISBN 3-251-00061-6 (satirische biography)
• Klaus Hofmann: Helmut Kohl. A political biography. (supplemented new edition of Helmut Kohl. Chancellor of the confidence). MVG, Stuttgart u.A. 1991 ISBN 3-87959-443-0
• Hans's small: It began in the Caucasus. The crucial step into the unit of Germany. 2. Edition. Ullstein, Berlin and Frankfurt/Main 1991 ISBN 3-550-07806-4
• Peter Knorr, Hans Traxler: Pear. The book to the chancellor. A booklet for the young vegetable and the clean Fruechtchen in this our country. Two thousand-unity, Frankfurt/Main 1983 (satire)
• Christian count von Krockow: Portraets of famous German men - by Martin Luther up to the present, Munich 2001 (cunning publishing house), S. 427-478 (ISBN 3-548-60447-1)
• Juergen line man: Helmut Kohl. A man remains himself faithfully. (extended new edition of Helmut Kohl. The production of a career). Structure, Berlin 2001 ISBN 3-7466-7038-1
• Werner maser: Helmut Kohl. The German chancellor. Extended new edition. Ullstein, Frankfurt/Main and Berlin 1993 ISBN 3-548-35275-8 (biography)
• Konrad R. Mueller (photo): Helmut Kohl. Luebbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1991 ISBN 3-404-61215-9 (book of pictures with an essay of Peter Scholl Scholl-Latour)
• Klaus Rathje, Juergen Sacht: The small Helmut Kohl encyclopedia. The universe Helmut Kohl. Political friends and enemies, childhood and youth, asparagus meal and sow stomach, the mechanisms of power, the system of the black cashes. Encyclopedia, Berlin 2002 ISBN 3-89602-293-8
• Bernhard Vogel (Hrsg.): The phenomenon. Helmut Kohl in the judgement of the press 1960-1990. DVA, Stuttgart 1990 ISBN 3-421-06567-5 (international press comments)

Web on the left of

• Helmut Kohl - biography with LeMO
• The era Kohl - an InterNet publication that Konrad Adenauer donation
• HTTP://www.Federal Chancellor.de/Navigation/Amt-und-Verfassung/Bundeskanzler-1949-1998/helmut-kohl.HTML
• HTTP://www.Bundestag.de/mdb14/bio/K/kohl_he0.HTML

Federal Chancellor that Federal Republic of Germany

| Ludwig Erhard | Kurt George Kiesinger | Willy Brandt | Helmut Schmidt | Helmut Kohl | Gerhard Schroeder | Angela Merkel

Chairman of the party that CDU

| Ludwig Erhard | Kurt George Kiesinger | Rainer Barzel | Helmut Kohl | Wolfgang Schaeuble | Angela Merkel

Chairman that CDU/CSU-Bundestag faction

| Heinrich of Brentano | Heinrich crown | Heinrich of Brentano | Rainer Barzel | Karl Carstens | Helmut Kohl | Alfred Dregger | Wolfgang Schaeuble | Friedrich Merz | Angela Merkel | Volker Kauder

Prime Minister the country Rhineland-Palatinate

William soil | Peter Altmeier | Helmut Kohl | Bernhard Vogel | Carl Ludwig wagner | Rudolf Scharping | Kurt Beck