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phonetic alphabet of references to formatting of phonetic transcription in Wikipedia articles under Wikipedia: Phonetic transcription.

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The international phonetic alphabet (IPA) is a phonetic alphabet, i.e. a collection of indications, with whose assistance the sounds of all human languages described exactlyand to be noted can. By that internationally phonetics Association and is the oldest, today most common phonetic transcription system was developed.

Table of contents 1 indication allocations of the sounds and phonogram extensions of 1,1 vowels 1,2 consonants 1.2.1 Pulmonale consonant 1.2.2 not pulmonale consonants 1,3 other symbols To 1,4 Suprasegmentalia of 1,5 tones and Intonation 1,6 Diakritika 2 alternative notations 2,1 older notations 2,2 newer notations 2.2.1 SAMPA, X-SAMPA and cherry tree 2.2.2 „hexadecimal phonetic alphabet “ 3 see also 4 literature 5 Web on the left of

indication allocations of the sounds andAmong other things

letter of latin and Greek alphabet uses phonogram extensions the IPA token table, partly in modified form. Each indication designation thereby a sound or describes one already indicated sound more near, that in a language of the world a word of oneothers differentiates between.

The international phonetic alphabet is speak-spreading; this leads to the fact that the allocation of an indication to a sound is not inevitably identical in a certain language with the sound allocation of the same indication in the IPA. Thus for example the indication stands [ç] in the IPA for the discussion of the letter sequence CH in the German word „I “, although it is strange the German Orthographie; for the high reading of the French, whose Orthografie knows „ç “ as be correctless „s “, one does not need the indication against it.

The special characters of the alphabet were taken up to university code within the range of U+0250 to U+02AF.

vowels

	in front		nearly in front		central		nearly in the back		in the back
	ung.	more ger.	ung.	more ger.	ung.	more ger.	ung.	more ger.	ung.	more ger.
closed	i	y			ɨ	ʉ			ɯ	u
nearly closed			ɪ	ʏ				ʊ
halfclosed	e	ø			ɘ	ɵ			ɤ	o
means					ə
half-open	ɛ	œ			ɜ	ɞ			ʌ	ɔ
nearly openly	æ				ɐ
openly	A	ɶ							ɑ	ɒ

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consonants

with the consonants are to be differentiated different air flow mechanisms.

The pulmonalen consonants become with leaking out breathing air (D. h. Air from the lung) produces (pulmonal - egressiv). Among this group rankthe very most consonants. With the Ejektiven and Implosiven the air flow is produced against it by movements of the larynx. With the Ejektiven the larynx moves upward, so that air leaks out (glottal egressiv); with the Implosiven it moves downward, so that airflows in (glottal ingressiv). Snapping sounds (sometimes also as „Avulsive “or called in English “clicks”) result from the fact that tongue and palate gel form an final cavity, which is increased by a back and a downward movement of the tongue. When opening the cavity a pressure balance findsinstead of (air flows inside, therefore velar ingressiv), so that a sound is produced.

Pulmonale consonant

	bilabial		lab IO dental		dental		alveolar		post office alveolar		retroflex		palatal		velar		uvular		pha ryngal		glottal
	stl.	sth.	stl.	sth.	stl.	sth.	stl.	sth.	stl.	sth.	stl.	sth.	stl.	sth.	stl.	sth.	stl.	sth.	stl.	sth.	stl.	sth.
Plosive	p	b					t	D			ʈ	ɖ	C	ɟ	k	g	q	ɢ			ʔ
Nasale		m		ɱ				n				ɳ		ɲ		ŋ		ɴ
Vibranten		ʙ						r										ʀ
Taps/Flaps								ɾ				ɽ
Frikative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ	ð	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
lateral Frikative							ɬ	ɮ
Approximanten				ʋ				ɹ				ɻ		j		ɰ
lateral Approximanten								l				ɭ		ʎ		ʟ

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The abbreviation” stl. “stands here for” be correctless “and” sth. “for” be correctful “.

Darkly deposited fields mark physiologically impossible articulations.For example a glottaler Nasal is impossible, because with a catch of the being correct lips no air can leak out by the nose etc.

not pulmonale consonants

Klicks indication university code University of meaning ʘ U+0298 more bilabialer click ǀ to U+01C0 more dentaler click ǃ to U+01C3 (post office) of alveolar click ǂ to U+01C2 more palatoalveolarer click ǁ to U+01C1 of lateral alveolar click

to Implosive indication university code University of meaning ɓ U+0253 be correctful bilabialer Implosiv ɗ U+0257 more be correctful more dentaler/alveolar Implosiv ʄ U+0284 be correctful palataler Implosiv ɠ U+0260 be correctful velarer Implosiv ʛ U+029B be correctful uvularer Implosiv

Ejektive indication university code University of meaning ' U+2019 Diakritikum, examples: p' U+0070 (p), U+2019 of bilabialer Ejektiv t' U+0074 (t), U+2019 more dentaler/alveolar Ejektiv k' U+006B (k), U+2019 of velarer Ejektiv s' U+0073 (s), U+2019 alveolar ejektiver Frikativ

other symbols

Indication	university code University of	meaning
ʍ	U+028D	be correctless labiovelarer Frikativ
w	U+0077 (w)	be correctful labiovelarer Approximant
ɥ	U+0265	be correctful labiopalataler Approximant
ʜ	U+029C	be correctless epiglottaler Frikativ
ʢ	U+02A2	be correctful epiglottaler Frikativ
ʡ	U+02A1	be correctless epiglottaler Plosiv
ɕ, ʑ	U+0255, U+0291	be correctless and be correctful alveolopalataler Frikativ
ɺ	U+027A	lateral alveolar Flap
ɧ	U+0267	be correctless velopalataler Frikativ ([ʃ] and [x] at the same time)

Suprasegmentalia

of the Suprasegmentalen indications stand the stress marks before the syllable,to it, the length characters refer thereafter.

Indication	university code University of	meaning	of examples
ˈ (no apostrophe)	U+02C8	main stress	A pril /A ˈ prɪl/, Ba cke/ˈ bakə/
ˌ (no comma)	U+02CC	Nebenbetonung	water pfeife/ˈvasər ˌ pfaɪfə/, Ringel blu ME/ˈrɪŋəl ˌ bluːmə/
ː (no colon)	U+02D0	long	lacquer [lak], was appropriate [la ː k]
ˑ	for U+02D1	halflong	eˑ
˘	U+0306	specially briefly	ĕ
.	U+002E (.)	Syllable border	Bo - width unit [ˈboː.tə], Mu - SE - over [mu.ˈzeː.ʊm]
|	U+007C (|)	subordinated Intonationsgruppe (speaking act border)	you does not admit luck? [ziː habən ↓glʏk | nɪçt ↑vaːr]
‖	U+2016	superordinate Intonationsgruppe
‿	U+203F	sound connection (Liaison)	les enfants [lez ‿ ɑ̃ˈfɑ̃] (frz. “the children”)

of tones and Intonation

indication	university code University of	meaning	of examples
̋ (double acute) or ˥	U+030B or U+02E5	particularly highly	[e̋]
́ (acute) or ˦	U+0301 or U+02E6	highly	[é]
̄ (Makron) or ˧	U+0304 or U+02E7	means	[ē]
̀ (grave) or ˨	U+0300 or U+02E8	low	[è]
̏ (double grave) or ˩	U+030F or U+02E9	particularly low	[ȅ]
̌ (Hatschek)	U+030C	rising	[ě]
̂ (circumflex)	U+0302	falling	[ê]
↓	U+2193	Downstep
↑	U+2191	Upstep
↗	U+2197	global giant
↘	U+2198	global case

remark:

• University code does not have own indications of most outline tones. Instead consequences from indications of register tones are used and the exact representation to the respective character font will leave,usually by open type rules: [é̄ ḕ̄] or [e˥˧ e˧˩˨] (represented in many Browsern not correctly). Because only very few character fonts permit combining of register clay/tone characters, the old system of the clay/tone marking often becomes by highranking numbers of “1”until “uses 5”, for example [e ⁵³ e ³¹²]. Their use depends however on local linguistics traditions; with asiatic languages „5 “for the highest clay/tone and turned around „1 “is used for the deepest, with the African languages. Occasional is stillto find an old IPA tradition, after which the outline tones are designated by placed underneath Diakritika: [e̖ e̗] for low-falling and/or. low-paste-end.
• The Diakritika for Upstep and Downstep would not actually be over-written arrows, but places university code to time own indications of itfor the order.

Diakritika

indication	university code University of	meaning	of examples
Phonation (see also note at the end of the table)
stored: ̥	U+0325	be correctless, and/or. entstimmt Being correct lot speaking one normally tune cling sound, z. B. because it of two be correctless enclosedis.	S ee [z̥eː] (southern German)
over-posed:	<center> U+030A		g ut [g̊uːt] (southern German)
stored: ̬	<center> U+032C	be correctful Stimmhaftes speaking one normally tune loose sound.	[s̬], [t̬]
over-posed: ̌	<center> U+030C		[ǧ]
over-placed: ʰ	<center> U+02B0	aspiriert	T would eat [ˈtʰasə], [dʰ]
specification of the articulation of a vowel
stored: ̹	<center> U+0339	more strongly rounded	[ɔ̹]
over-posed: ͗	<center> U+0357
stored: ̜	<center> U+031C	less rounded	[ɔ̜]
over-posed: ͑	<center> U+0351
̟	<center> U+031F	of far in front	[u̟]
̠	<centers> U+0320	farther back	[i̠]
̈	<center> U+0308	centralized	[ë]
̽	<center> U+033D	to the center centralizes	[e̽]
̝	<center> U+031D	raised	[e̝] [ɹ̝] = being correct adhesive of alveolarFrikativ
̞	<center> U+031E	lowered	[e̞] [β̞] = being correct adhesive of bilabialer Approximant
̘	<center> U+0318	before-shifted Zungenwurzel	[e̘]
̙	<center> U+0319	back-shifted Zungenwurzel	[e̙]
˞ combined indication: ɚ (U+025A), ɝ (U+025D)	<center> U+02DE	rhotisch	[ɚ]
Specification of the articulating organ with consonants
stored: ̪	<center> U+032A	dental	[t̪], [d̪]
over-posed: ͆	<center> U+0346
̼	<center> U+033C	linguolabial	[t̼], [d̼]
̺	<center> U+033A	apically	[t̺], [d̺]
̻	<center> U+033B	laminal	[t̻], [d̻]
̃	<center> U+0303	nasaliert	CH to ce [ʃɑ̃ːsə]
additional tightness formation
ʷ	<center> U+02B7	labialisiert	Gl ück [gʷlʷʏkʰ]
ʲ	<center> U+02B2	palatalisiert	[tʲ], [dʲ]
ˠ	<center> U+02E0	velarisiert	[tˠ], [dˠ]
ˁ	<center> U+02C1	pharyngalisiert	[tˁ], [dˁ]
̴ combined indication: ɫ (U+026B)	<center> U+0334	velarisiert or pharyngalisiert	[ɫ]
ˀ	<center> U+02C0	glottalisiert
kind of the catch solution for Plosive
ⁿ	<center> U+207F	nasale catch solution	RH DNit [ˈreːdⁿnər]
ˡ	<center> U+02E1	lateral catch solution	Han DL ung [ˈhandˡlʊŋ]
̚	<center> U+031A	no audible catch solution	sti mm t [ˈʃtim̚t]
Silbizität
stored: ̩	<center> U+0329	syllabically	talk EN [ˈreːdn̩]
over-posed: ̍	<center> U+030D		move EN [ˈreːgŋ̍]
stored: ̯	<center> U+032F	not-syllabically	Ste i n [ʃtaɪ̯n]
over-posed: ̑	<center> U+0311
being correct quality
stored: ̤	<center> U+0324	behaucht	[b̤], [a̤]
over-posed: ̈	<center> U+0308
stored: ̰	<center> U+0330	knarrig	[b̰], [a̰]
over-placed: ̃	<center> U+0303

note: Whether with Diakritika provided indications are equivalents in each case to that different indications of the kind of articulation and the articulation place was not completely specified, of the IPA. In „the manual that internationally phonetics Association “is called it in addition: „It is contentiously, whether [k̬] and [g] phonetically identical sounds designate, and the same applies to [s] and [z̥]. Possibly become with the distinction between [k̬] and [g] or [s] and [z̥] different dimensions included, which are independent of the vocal cord vibration, as for instance strainedness opposite relaxedness in the articulation, so that the possibility becomes important of designating Stimmhaftigkeit separately. It can be favourable however in each case, ifone in a the position is to maintain the lexical form of a word […]. “

Indications with short length can be distinguished by a Diakritikum over-posed. According to standard should be distinguished however with stored Diakritika, if both possibilities exist.

alternative notations

older notations

the IPA are the only system for the notation of language sounds. In the course of the time it gave some attempts to arrange the organization of the sounds more accurate. An example represents the ikonische notation , like those Visible Speech of Alexander Melville Bell, with individual characteristics of the sound (z. B. the roundness of the lips and such a thing) in the indication to be illustrated. Other attempts toward a analphabetischen notation became of the linguists Otto Jespersen (1889) or Kenneth L. Pike (1943) undertaken. Because in these systems the individual positions of the speech tools can be indicated independently, can be many more finely coded sound nuances.

newer notations

SAMPA, X-SAMPA and cherry tree

With the notations SAMPA, X-SAMPA and cherry tree alphabets to be developed, by means of those phonetic transcription in the ASCII - code be written could. These systems were derived from the IPA, but there university code - character sets for the representation of the IPA ever broader use to find,the meaning of these systems steps ever more into the background.

„hexadecimal phonetic alphabet “

another way goes some years ago alphabet “ hexadecimal in connection with the hexadecimal time and the hexadecimal system of units the suggested „.

Here it does not goonce urgently around the replacement - within the linguistic range very well its task of fulfilling - proven of the IPA alphabet recognized far away. Although „the hexadecimal alphabet is “without a doubt a phonetic alphabet, its principal purpose lies first primarily in the representation of unambiguous hexadecimal Numbers.

The odd hexadecimal numbers are always represented by be correctful consonants, zero and the straight numbers always by be correctless consonants. The three letters N, L and R are not used as numbers. The H can in special usesixteen mean, however as value - number are not needed. The five vowels, as well as the letter M (like mega, here directly 1024 × 1024) enter hexadecimal units - in the form of prefixes of the basic units - as multiplication factors .

Only four „phonetic letters “differ in „the hexadecimal alphabet “and in the IPA alphabet. As ideal phoneme of the letter Q - in hexadecimals the number zero importantly - the crack sound is regarded. Both in classical latin not existing phonemes [ʒ] are shown and [ʃ] simply by J and C.
„Hexadecimal alphabet “:	Q	B	P	V	F	Z	S	D	T	J	C	G	K
hexadecimal numerical value:	0x 0	0x1	0x2	0x3	0x 4	0x5	0x6	0x7	0x8	0x9	0xA	0xB	0x C
phonetic ideal value:	[ʔ]	[b]	[p]	[v]	[f]	[z]	[s]	[D]	[t]	[ʒ]	[ʃ]	[g]	[k]
after the defined zero (Q) and the first twelve numbers (B - K) - the main consonants - follow the two half vowels Y and W, between them X.
„Hexadecimal alphabet “:	Y	X	W	H	I	E	A	O	U	M	N	L	R
hexadecimal numerical value:	0xD	0xE	0xF	0x 10	16 0	16 1	16 2	16 3	16 4	16 5	-	-	-
phonetic ideal value:	[j]	[x]	[w]	[h]	[i]	[e]	[A]	[o]	[u]	[m]	[n]	[l]	[r]
X is both I - and oh - sound.Then H, the arranged five vowels: [i], [e] - [ɛ], [A] - [ɑ], [ɔ] - [o] and [u], afterwards M and N, as well as finally L and [r] - [ʀ].

Exactly this order is recommended also as so-called „ poetic lexikografische order “. Short term orthografische reforms are however not aimed at.

Example: 2,000,000 ₁₀ = 1 E8480 ₁₆ = B XTFTQ That means:2 decimal megaunits equal B.xtftqMega+ i units.

see also

• IPA in university University of
• phonetic transcription
• SAMPA
• X-SAMPA
• cherry tree

to literature

• M. Duckworth, G. Everything, W. Hardcastle, M. J. Ball: Extensions ton the internationally phonetics alphabet for the transcription OF atypical speech. In: ClinicalLinguistics and Phonetics. Taylor & Francis, London 4,1990, S. 273–280. ISSN 0269-9206

Web on the left of

• Website that internationally phonetics Association
• guidelines for transliterating the German standard reading (pdf)
• IPA typewriter to the use with the Internet Explorer
• IPA writing and speech machine, optionalText edition as bit-map
• generally comprehensible overview of the discussion