Karst (geology)

Karst one calls a landscape form, which was formed by erosion procedures at lime, gypsum and salt rock. Typical characteristics of a Karstlandschaft are fissured rock, Einsturztrichter and caves. In tropical regions is the cone or Turmkarst with its steeply risingSpreads dome-shaped mountain tops (z. B. in southeast China).

Karstquelle der Loue
Karstquelle of the Loue

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emergence and characteristics

Karrenfeld in den Dolomiten
truck field in the dolomites

Karstgebiete draw by an underground from gypsumor limestone out. This rock is loosened by carbonic acid, which forms by solution of carbon dioxide in water (carbonic acid decomposition; that means that the emergence of karst formation - theoretically seen - is a purely chemical procedure, and no more mechanicallyand/or physical procedure). The surface of the rock is washed and cleared away slowly. At slopes furrows and gutters, in which the water flows off, form the trucks in such a way specified. In the porous rock the water seeps and eats courses and largerCavities inside, so that caves form. Falls, so that a trichterförmige lowers itself results in, then one speaks such cavities of a Doline. Larger lowering of some square kilometers surface area Polje are called. They result from a washing of fine-grained sediments,those the soil of the Polje seal and against the further decomposition protect. Flowing off water often disappears at the edges of the Polje in a sip hole (Ponor), to flow on over underground and in another place to a Karstquelle tooTo step days.

For the Karst of the humid Tropics other forms are characteristic - crests, cones and towers coin/shape the picture. They are the result of the far more intensive corrosion in the Tropics. The active evolution of the Karstreliefs is from temperature,Lithologie, vegetation and availability dependent on water. Thus a morphogenetische elevator spreading of the Karstformen depends. The education is however above all precipitation dependent.

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concepts

Endemische Karstfauna im Orjen
endemic Karstfauna in the Orjen

geomorphologic and hydrologic ‚phenomena' made the DIN-arid the classical investigation areathe Karstes. Karstforschung controlled, also economically justified, scientific-geographical contents particularly in Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro. The pioneer work of the Karstforschung after Roglić: „smell in general ideas and poor in material analysis “developed Jovan Cvijić (1893, 1924, 1961)from the views of the forms which it in the DIN-arid and whose terminology it found expanded on world-wide Phänomäne of the Karstes (e.g. in China, Cuba, Viet Nam, the Philippines etc.)

Jovan Cvijićs idea of a geological-morphologically determined classification in Mero and Holokarst ledsubsequent to klimatypologischer differentiation. The dates supplement the pair of terms „more covered “and „naked “Karst equivalent of the vegetationskundlich physiognomischen aspect. Typlokalität of the Holokarstes are Herzegowina and west Montenegro. To it the Orjen with the bay of Kotor belongs.

The expression Holokarst is based on thatAre missing fluvialer forms, are geological powerful mass limes a condition. The pair of terms Holokarst Merokarst (fluvialer Karst) put also a foundation for climatic variation of the Karstphänomene. The English Karstforscherin Sweeting criticizes thereby:

„This concept had A great effect on karst thinking in Europe,which which extent ton some December belt valley. The idea OF holokarst which that OF A karst into which fluvial influences were RK A minimum, if emergency absence, and that at AREA could emergency A true “karst “if it contained look forfluvial influences. ”

Around regional connections of the Karstevolution to clarify the southChinese (Guilin) and the montenegrinische Karst (Orjen, bay of Kotor) were placed against each other as extreme tropical and mediterrane types of Sweeting (1995):

„There is inMontenegro A great deal OF doline development and emergency as much surface run off as in China, even though the slopes of acres steep. Low cone like residuals occur between the closely set depression, but they acres emergency as wave developed as thefengcong (Turmkarst). Relief like the fengcong probably NO more longer form in Montenegro today, though there May evidence OF its formation into the past when the climate in Montenegro which possibly more tropical. The of differences might, more however, due tonsA more weaker lithology in Montenegro and A more thicker soil or terra rossa more cover, or tons of A much more recent uplift in this part OF the Adriatic”.

Thus fundamental differences are in the development of the extreme Karstformen Hyperkarst (Montenegro) and Turmkarst(South China) by differences in the tectonics, power and age of the carbonate platforms, as well as climatic and edaphischen reasons described. All this gives the explanation of the different Karstevolution extremely difficult.

Jama (pit) in the Orjen

Glaziokarst in the Orjen

layer stairs

Glaziokarst Orjen

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Term origin

the name Karst comes from the landscape “Kras” in Slovenia (see to Karst (geography)). Thereby an expanded Karstgebiet acts with typical appearance around. “Kras” means Slovenian and “Krš” on Croatian “thin soil”.

The German name Karstfor this region as general name for such landscape forms was internationally established. For the special characteristics of the Karst however the Slovenian and Croatian designations became generally accepted (dolina, polje, ponor).

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Karstlandschaften

God field plateau(Allgäuer alps) - view of the summit of the high Ifen
Einsturzkrater- Karstlandschaft in der Lika
Einsturzkrater Karstlandschaft in the Lika
  • Slovenia
  • Montenegro
  • Griechneland
    • Ioni islands (Zakynthos, Kefalonia)
    • north Euböa
    • Östl. Peloponnes
  • Ukraine
    • Podolien (Gipskarst)
    • Bukowina (Gipskarst)
    • Krim
  • Russia
    • Urals mountains
    • Baikal region
    • Balkhan mountains
    • Alaya region
    • Caucasus
  • Georgien
    • Caucasus
  • Turkey
    • Taurus mountains
  • Iran
    • Zagros mountains
  • Morocco
    • Atlas mountains
  • Jamaica (cockpit Karst)
  • Cuba
  • Puerto Rico
  • Guatemala
  • Mexico
    • Yukatan
    • Chiapas
  • Papua New Guinea
  • Borneo Sarawak
  • Indonesia
  • China
    • Guilin (left river) (Turmkarst, Fengkong and Fengling)
    • Shilin stone forest
  • Japan
    • Akiyoshi plateau (Honshu)
  • the USA
    • PecosValley Guadalupe Mts. (New Mexico) with Carl bath Caverns and Lechuguilla Cave)
    • Kaibab plateau (Grand Canyon)
    • Ozark Mts.
    • Indiana
    • Kentucky
    • Atlantic coastal plain
    • Florida
    • Black Hills (Dakota)
    • Appalachen
    • Colorado plateau
    • north Texas
    • northwest Texas
  • Canada
    • Rocky Mts.
  • Of the Bahamas
  • Venezuela
  • Peru
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