Luxembourg
| This article is concerned with the State of Luxembourg, further meanings under |
| (Detail) | ||
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Wahlspruch: Me weelle bleiwe wade to me sense | ||
| , and , Legislativsprache is French (according to law of 24. February 1984) | ||
| Head of state | Grand Duke Henri | |
| Prime minister | ||
| 2.586 km² (166.) | ||
| 462.690 (conditions 04/2005) (162.) | ||
| 181 inhabitants per km² (45.) | ||
| - total (nominal) - total (PPP) - BIP/Einw. (Nom.) - BIP/Einw. (PPP) | 2005 (estimated) $35,62 billion (61.) $30,674 billion (94.) $77.595 (1.) $66.821 (1.) | |
| Establishment of state | Sovereignty: Independence Neutrality | |
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| InterNet | .lu | |
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That Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is in in means. It borders and as well as to those Lands of the Federal Republic Rhineland-Palatinate and .
Table of contents |
Geography
The north of the country is a part that Ardennen and becomes Oesling called. It is on on the average 400 to 500 meters over that . The landscape in the Oesling is coined/shaped by wooded mountains and hills and deep river valleys, like for example of the sour. With 558.35 meters the "castle place" places in Huldange (German: Huldingen) the highest collection of the country. In the south the fruitful property country lies, to Lotharingian stage countries heard. This area points a higher population and as the Oesling up. The lowest point of the country, Sparrow called (129 meters ue.M.) is, at the confluence of Sourly and in Water-cheaply.
Since the climate of the country is affected by Atlantic west hoist, the temperatures and precipitation values are generally moderate.
Important rivers of Luxembourg are those , those forms Sourly, those Our and those Alzette.
See also: Rivers in Luxembourg
Population
Luxembourg has about 462.500 inhabitants. National language is ("Leetzebuergesch"), a moselfraenkischer dialect of the high German. According to estimations admit themselves about 90 per cent of the population to faith. Luxembourg possesses a high foreigner portion of 39,0 per cent (2005). 14.1 per cent of the total population are Portuguese, 4.8 per cent of Frenchmen, 4.2 per cent of Italians, 3.5 per cent of Belgians, 2.3 per cent German and 1.0 per cent of the British (2004). 7.500 foreigners work at the European institutions settled in Luxembourg. The foreign population in the municipality Hoscheid - on their 418 inhabitants 12.2 per cent of foreigners comes - has the lowest portion the highest has rock (franz. Larochette) with 61,5 per cent. In the capital it lies with about 53.7 per cent. The Patriotismus and the solidarity with the homeland into Luxembourg awarded despite everything a very high value, among other things in (from the time of the Okkupation taken over) the slogan "roude Léiw huel SE" or in addition, "me weelle lead whom wade to me sin" (we want to remain which we are).
The moreover one work in Luxembourg scarcely over 113000 border commuters from the surrounding neighbour regions (2005). 52.3 per cent of the commuters come from the French the people of Luxembourg with that became the city excellently. Hereby it was recognized that Luxemburger rank among convinced Europeans of the first hour and important contributions carried of Luxembourg politicians out for European agreement. The text, on Jean (Johann) Grand Duke of Luxembourg representatively of its people presented medal reads: Karl price of the city Aachen 1986. The people of Luxembourg, model of persistence on the way to the unit of Europe.
History
Major item:
The first settlement traces in the area today's Luxembourg come from that and also Luxembourg belonged in such a way to Imperium Romanum. In 5. Century n. Chr. displaced those . 698 already the monastery became Genuine after of the anglo-saxon Missionar Willibrord based.
the city became Luxembourg and the county Luxembourg of Count Siegfried based. It acquired the small support rock in Alzettetal by a bartering with that St.Maximin monastery in to rise should ( (1308), (1346, second choice 1347; Emperor since 1355), (choice to the Roman-German king still took place during lifetimes of Karl 1376), Jobst of Maehren ( ( and again selected)).
In the year 1354 Luxembourg under the rule became Wenzels I. of emperor to raised.
Under Karl IV. Luxembourg belonged and parts of Belgium to Holy Roman realm of German nation. it fell to those , at their Spanish line, those in Pyrenees peace the south of Diedenhofen to Montmédy at France transfer had (1. Luxemburger division). to the country was due to the Reunionen Ludwig XIV. in French possession. After that Luxembourg falls to those The Austrian Netherlands, / to it belonged to France.
On that that becomes Grand Duchy into that and at the same time in Personnel union with the Kingdom of that connected (2. Division). However it becomes sovereign a Grand Duchy. 1830 followed it the Belgian revolution; the wallonische west half was surrendered 1839 to Belgium. This 3. Division becomes all thing only as the beginning of the actual seen. Also after the dissolution of the German federation (1866) Luxembourg remained further in (1843-1919). The so-called Luxembourg crisis, with that Napoleon's III. had tried Luxembourg to buy flowed into that second Londoner contract of 1867, that Luxembourg for neutral explains. After becoming extinct the man trunk of the Netherlands king house arrived the former dukes of Nassau in Luxembourg to the government. Thus Luxembourg has its own the sixth branch of this dynasty governs Grand Duke .
In The First World War (1914-1918) neutral Luxembourg was occupied by the troops of the German empire.
it closed with Belgium "Union Économique Belgo Luxembourgeoise"off. Herein u became. A. the parity between Belgian and luxemburger Franconia decided, which became redundant by the introduction of the euro.
In (1939-1945) the still neutral country was occupied by the German armed forces, starting from 1942 even of Third realm annektiert, and had to suffer particularly badly from the Nazi dictatorship. Thus the Besatzer, Luxembourg tried "germanisieren". This contained that French pre and surname were verdeutscht (not always in a general manner). The use of the French language as well as French expressions in " (EGKS), also Coal and Steel Community mentioned.
Among the cabinets Dupong (1945-1953) and Bech (1953-1958) became Luxembourg member
- that (1945),
- of the (EEC) and
- that (EURATOM).
Luxembourg is initial member that and today seat of the European Union Council of Ministers, the European Court of Justice, is the European Union commission, the European Investmentbank and the European audit office. At the 1. January 2002 became also in Luxembourg that as official in Bargeldverkehr introduced.
Politics
Luxembourg is one in form of a parliamentary democracy. According to the condition of the head of state is that . Those is task of the a chamber parliament, which is selected every five years (whenever European elections are).
Those by the Grand Duke and the government one exercises. The current government is since that in the office and sits down together from that and by the Council of State one appoints. Who is registered into the of Luxembourg waehlerverzeichnis once, one has .
- See also: List of the prime ministers of Luxembourg, List of the large dukes of Luxembourg, List of the parties in Luxembourg
Law
In the Grand Duchy there are three friedensgerichte (in Esch sur Alzette, Luxembourg and Diekirch), two district court (in Luxembourg and Diekirch) and an upper Court of Justice (Luxembourg), which covers the industrial tribunal yard and the Kassationshof.
The moreover one there is an Administrative Court (in Luxembourg) and an administrative court (Luxembourg) as well as a constitutional court yard (Luxembourg).
Education
Since 2001 the government planned to develop its own university. In the ranges medicine, natural sciences, technology, right, economics as well as social and educating sciences are trained in the meantime in altogether 5 faculties students. However the courses of studies are to be occupied not completely in Luxembourg, so that further mehrsemestrige study stays remain necessary abroad. Particularly Belgian, French and German universities play an important host role; in particular also, because in Luxembourg all courses of studies are consciously not offered. The state of research place Luxembourg is to be strengthened and the economic situation Luxembourg to be strengthened by the structure of the university. In addition increase foreign students are to Luxembourg to be lured.
Military
Luxembourg possesses a small, approx.. 1.000 strong armyarmy army. Besides there was one until 2001 about 600 men strong Gendarmerie, which is fused with the police meanwhile. The army is in in and two clearing-up companies arranged. With one of these two companies Luxembourg takes part to Euro corps.
Own one and Air forces Luxembourg does not possess however. For legal reasons however the reconnaissance planes are that (AWACS) registers in Luxembourg; it fly thus under of Luxembourg national emblem. Luxembourg takes part in close co-operation with Belgium in addition at the financing and in the enterprise of the future military transporters A400M.
Luxemburger soldiers are on EUFOR ( approximately 208 million euro or 0.8 per cent of the .
Administrative arrangement
The country subdivided into three districts (, , Luxembourg was a small isolated Agricultural country. Over of this isolation to break out Luxembourg steps the German Customs union . By the building of railway lines Luxembourg gets better traffic facilities too , and .
1886-1918
In the south of Luxembourg there are plentifully iron ore occurrences, which cannot be used however efficiently, to the Englishman Sidney Thomas that Thomas process developed, which permits it Iron ore to melt.
1886 mark the starting signal for the modern Iron industry in Luxembourg. German capital and German workers help to construct the industry. Thus slowly one becomes from an agrarian state Industrial nation.
1919-1945
80% of the industrial production were exported. As a member of the Customs union exported Luxembourg particularly to Germany. But after that The First World War Luxembourg for political reasons these had .
Luxembourg must itself thus 1919 look around for a new business partner. In that Referendum of 20. September 1919 to decide the Luxemburger among other things requested in addition for France or Belgium as a new business partner. 73% of the population express themselves for France. But it should come differently, on 10 May 1920 informs France the Luxemburger government that it does not have the intention one Economic union to be received with Luxembourg. Thus is to be negotiated Luxembourg in a forced manner with Belgium. After lengthy negotiations those becomes UEBL (union economique belgo luxembourgeoise) based. Sie trat offiziell 1922 in Kraft. Die UEBL führt unter anderem dazu, dass Luxemburg in eine Währungsunion mit Belgien eintritt, die bis zur Einführung des Euro im Jahre 1999 andauerte.
Die Luxemburger Eisenindustrie musste sich den neuen Gegebenheiten anpassen:
- Erstens wurde das Kapital der Firmen umstrukturiert. Deutsche Aktionäre stiegen aus und Belgische und Französische Aktionäre kamen hinzu.
- Zweitens musste sich die ganze Industrie von einem großen Binnenmarkt (der Markt der Zollunion) auf einen World market change over.
an important year was for Luxembourg, because on the one hand the Luxemburger stock exchange (Bourse de Luxembourg) one bases, on the other hand because that (Chambre of the Députés) a law over tax reductions for decided. This legislation offers the basis for the later Finanzplatz Luxembourg.
Those years are overshadowed by economic, social and political crises. based, mass strikes will become organized and the government try the communist party with that Law muzzling freedom of speech to forbid.
1946-1949
that ratifies that BENELUX Contract for establishment of the one between establishment memo member that EGKS (European community for coal and steel). , , Italy, those , and its coal and steel production agree Luxembourg under supranational To place control organ with seat in Luxembourg.
1975-2000
Culture
Library nature
The book and library nature developed due to the political situation only zoegerlich in Luxembourg. On the territory of the former duchy there were many important monastery libraries, like for example in Genuine after, Orval and in Luxembourg (city) the cathedral Muenster as well as the library of the dissolved Jesuitenordens. During that French revolution arrived a part of these books into the "Écoles Centrales" or also into a "Dépôt littéraire", many books however also than war booty in completely Europe are scattered later. Nevertheless develops in Luxembourg the first public library, from that itself about 50 years later the today's National library developed. This central library develops only, as the municipal library Luxembourg, the library of the Athenaeums and the library of the society for research and preservation of the historical monuments in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg to be folded up. The library could be removed in the course of the time to the most important central documentation place of the country. Today the national library is responsible for the receipt of the existence of of Luxembourg printing elements. She collects all publications shifted printed in Luxembourg and and acquires abroad shifted publications with purchase to Luxembourg or from Luxemburgern. The Luxemburgensia department covers 150.000 volumes as well as 3.000 magazine titles. The national library is the largest scientific library of Luxembourg. All science ranges are here represented. The general existence covers approximately 750.000 volumes and 3.500 international magazine titles of all disciplines. In the reading and looking up areas is approximately 30.000 volumes freely accessible. Per year the general existence becomes around approximately 10.000 volumes extends.
Not only the library nature, but also the book nature actually developed relatively late in Luxembourg. The first block letters appeared only toward end 16. Jh., the first completely book in the year 1600, printed in of Luxembourg language. Except to school books and religious handwriting there was no demand at books. Only the first of Luxembourg newspaper in French language ("La Clef you Cabinet of the Princes") appeared, the first newspaper in German language ("Luxemburger weekly paper").
In addition the of Luxembourg language situation requires a cost-intensive acquisition of literature in at least three languages, D. h. each book concerning a certain topic must in at least two languages (dt. & frz.) to be purchased. The secondarymost important library is only in the context of the lock inspection public Yard library with nevertheless 30000 volumes and important collections. It is only to 10 % opened and still to a large extent unknown.
Important scientific libraries are beside that Bibliothèque national one, that Centre Universitaire, some specialized libraries (Centre national de la littérature, Bibliothèque you Grand Seminaire etc..), the libraries of the foreign institutes for culture and the libraries of European institutions: those and those European investitionsbank etc..
Film
Of Luxembourg film scene is small. Films on of Luxembourg are only turned every few years. However these arrive good at the public quite. Foreign productions, which appreciate Luxembourg because of the landschaflichen variety and the favorable conditions, are more important. Among these films also "Girl ranks with A Pearl Earring" (2003) with Scarlett Johansson for three Oscars one nominated.
Internationally well-known of Luxembourg actors are u. A. Thierry van Werveke (as Henk in "Knockin ' on Heaven's Door") or André young from the magazine Theatre today twice (1981 & 2002 one selected) to the best actor.
The probably most original director of Luxembourg is Daniel Wiroth, which connects material film in its films with stop motion animation and thus creates worlds of full poetry.
But the young of luxemburger film scene is at creative bubbling. As example of it one knows the initiatives of Filmreakter and Pyramid Pictures see.
Music
The music scene in Luxembourg gains ever more significance. Few volume beyond the national borders, but develops each year a quantity of talentierter pupil is well-known such as student volume. The scene umfast nearly all styles, the broadest are however Metal how Skirt Groups, which arise particularly with smaller meetings. In addition nearly each municipality has its own village chapel, which arise to all possible celebrations. Well and into de Regel hochkaraetig occupied gives it visited concerts in the summer in the context of the action "buzzer into the town center". One of the high points is the "Blues'n'Jazz Rallye" in the old part of town and a concert Reigen on the market place.
To the most well-known Luxemburger of volume and artists belong: Fluyd, Cool Feet, Defdump, Fausti, guest Waltzing, Gollo, Jimmy Martin, Mercury, Monika, park Café, T42, The Gentles, disappointed, Inborn, ILL?, Inbetween...
The classical music has likewise a high value in the of Luxembourg culture life. To the well-known sizes belong that Orchestre Philharmonique you Luxembourg (ehem. Symphony orchestra of RTL) as well as the orchestra of the armed forces. In addition Luxembourg brought a number out of outstanding soloists, approximately with that Solistes Européens arise under the direction of Jack Martin dealer.
Theatre
Theatre has a long tradition in Luxembourg. In many municipalities there are groups of theatres, and those appearances are well visited. The most important theatres are the state and the Kapuzinertheater in Luxembourg (city).
Sport
The broadest kind of sport in Luxembourg is Football. Internationally those is however perfectly insignificant national one shank (Fifa Ranking: 155).
The Luxemburger is more successful . Thus four times a Luxemburger already triumphed with that . This were:
- François Faber 1909
- Nicolas Frantz 1927, 1928
- 1958
The Luxemburger athlete Josy Barthel won with the XV. Olympic summer games 1952 in over 1500m as the first and only Luxemburger olympic gold.
However kinds of ball haven become ever more popular how over the years or . Also the interest in combat haven and kinds of combat art is at constant growing, as it shows the success of the numerous judo and carat associations.
Further topics
- List of the cities in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
- List of the municipalities in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
- Portal:Benelux
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