Mandarin

• Sinotibetanisch

  Chinese

  Mandarin

Mandarin becomes of over 880 million humans (on the mainland and up Taiwan) spoken and thereby the usually-spoken is . This is to a large part the result of efforts both that government on the mainland and that government in Taiwan to implement Mandarin as standardsprache of the Chinese one.

Apart from Mandarin there are still many different Chinese languages, which are called often falsely "dialects". The predominant majority of the inhabitants of China is able to understand Mandarin at least. With persons, who do not understand Mandarin, foreign ones can communicate then only, by them Chinese characters write down - these are independently of the "dialect" always (more or less) identical.

Name

The name Mandarin comes of word mandarim (from that Malaii menteri [ 1 ][ 2 ] and that . Instead designates Hàny? all Chinese . Thus stress HakkaSpeaker that their dialect as Hàny? to be designated is, there those that Hakka language classical Chinese texts is next.

The designations Peking-Chinese (??? and/or. ??? B?ij?ng huà or???? B?ij?ng f?ngyán) or also Peking accent are likewise inaccurate. They become under others in Taiwan when devaluing term of those uses, which endorse independence Taiwans and which is opinion that those taiwan(es)ische language the national language Taiwans to be should.

The standardized forms Mandarin, P?t?nghuà and Guóy?, use as basis the discussion of the and in a broad volume of that in the northeast of China into the southwest (Yúnnán) live, have different dialects Mandarin as native language. The supremacy Mandarin in north China is to be due to the large levels of this region. In the south however the mountain country fissured of rivers promoted the linguistic diversity. The fact that in the hilly Sìchu?n Mandarin is spoken is because of a large plague epidemic disease in the inhabitants of south China Mandarin did not speak. The officials and citizen spoke many different Chinese languages. Peking Mandarin became however during that Q?ng dynasty to dominant factors the dialect, although in the Q?ng realm officially those mandschurische language as office language one spoke. Since that 17. Century the Q?ng language academies had created, a whose goal was it to standardize the discussion and to take the Peking dialect as model. These efforts had however only little success.

This changed, when in the People's Republic China was introduced and to the Republic of China (Taiwan) a basic educational system, a whose goal was informing and interspersing Mandarin. In its consequence Mandarin is spoken today flowing from the majority of humans on the mainland and Taiwan. In Hong Kong and officially still is the education language Cantonese, whereby Mandarin at influence and popularity wins.

Mandarin and Peking dialect

It is a frequent misunderstanding that Mandarin and the Peking dialect are the same. It is correct that standard discussion and the instruction language Mandarin on the Peking dialect construct, however is that Standard Mandarin an artificial Idiom, similarly as the German writing language. In the enormous area of Manchuria in the northeast of China until Yúnnán in the southwest is the native language Mandarin in the broader sense, but these native languages yield of Standard Mandarin in discussion, vocabulary, and Grammar more or less strongly off.

Which the actual . In other regions of China that is not made, why Mandarin in Peking as?? éry?n one designates. Besides there is a large number of words, which are not used outside of Peking or are not understood perhaps not even. Beyond that there are more than a local accent in Peking, as also in German large cities.

With exception of these examples the Pekinger is discussion with that of the Standard Mandarin as far as possible identically. One can generally say that the difference in the discussion grows, the further one departs from Peking. So the inhabitants of the city have likewise a discussion, which corresponds to standard Mandarin.

In the northeast of China those become jAnlaute frequently too gAnlauten or kAnlauten; likewise the people speak those rAnlaute differently out.

In the southern parts of China the retroflexen Anlaute becomes of the Standard Mandarin not expressed. Thus becomes zh too z, CH too C, sh too s and r sounds more how z. That is very usual in the Mandarin of Taiwan. In other areas does not become between l and n differentiated, during in again different areas those ngAuslaute how nAuslaute to be spoken.

That Standard Mandarin knows the "easy and Kunming to understand for Putonghua native speakers with difficulty.

Nevertheless educated inhabitants of the southwest cities will be such as Guilin or Kunming able, apart from their native language an understandable P?t?nghuà will speak.

In north China, Sìchu?n and the other areas, where that North Mandarin , is common the different variations Mandarin is spoken as native language. The time, in which humans have the possibility for the mass formation, did not extinguish the earlier regional differences however. The inhabitants of south China mixed the language of the north with its traditional languages, and developed a Mandarin, which in punkto discussion and grammar does not agree with standard Mandarin. Thus Mandarin becomes, that in Taiwan of for example taiwan(es)ischen Native speakers is spoken, or Mandarin, of HakkaNative speakers spoken one speaks, with other grammar and other accent, than the Guóy? standard plans. Thus we have a version of Mandarin, which one Taiwan Mandarin to call can.

Although Mandarin is called standard dialect, it is not of advantage necessarily to speak Mandarin in the official accent. If one does not speak in the local Mandarin accent, one is regarded easily as an outsider. Therefore most Chinese do not make themselves the trouble to speak Mandarin with the official accent. This includes the political guidance also.

Transcription systems

Since travelers come and try from the west to China to learn Mandarin the need according to one existed transcription system (Romanisierungssystem, and other international organizations to take over P?ny?n. To the 1950er years, when the fight against illiteracy was led, there were even considerations to abolish the Chinese indications in favor of of P?ny?n. This was again rejected however for different reasons, like the high number of in the Chinese one and the fact that those Chinese writing for all "dialects" is practically alike, while an alphabet the large linguistic differences view and noticeable would possibly represent to make and a problem for the unit of the state.

In Taiwan a set of different transcription systems are used. The government of the Republic of China decided 2002 the use of Tongyong pinyin, however the local governments may use also different transcriptions. In schools the discussion becomes by Zhùy?n taught. Efforts to abolish Zhùy?n in favor of of P?ny?n prospered not very far, because one does not have agreeing opinions over it, which form of the P?ny?n one should use, and also because of the large expenditure of the conversion of the teaching material and the re-education for the teachers.

Less spread or became outdated transcription systems are:

• Pos valley system pinyin
• Yale Romanisierung
• Gwoyeu Romatzyh
• MPS II

Consonant one

The consonants, which standard Mandarin (both P?t?nghuà and Guóy?), are the following use:

Vocal one and tones

Mandarin is, like all other Chinese languages also, one tonal language. A syllable can have one of the four tones or also none. Another clay/tone usually means thereby another sense, but a word (cliche, sentence) can have only in each case one clay/tone, independently of the frame of mind of the speaker. The possibilities of the Intonation of a sentence are more limited thereby than in not tonal languages. The different tones are:

1. First clay/tone (high clay/tone):

   The pitch is constantly and highly, the clay/tone nearly sung instead of spoken.

2. Second clay/tone (rising clay/tone):

   The pitch rises from the lower to middle into the high clay/tone situation, similarly the Intonation of a question in German.

3. Third clay/tone (lower or if clay/tone):

   The pitch sinks from middle level downward and rises usually again into the middle level.

4. Fourth clay/tone (falling clay/tone):

   The pitch falls sharply downward and the syllable with more affect is expressed more briefly, comparably with the German stress of an instruction (z.b. Go!)

Other pitches, those sometimes Tones are called:

• More easily clay/tone, neutral clay/tone, zeroth clay/tone or fifth clay/tone (?? q?ng sh?ng, literally: ' more easily clay/tone '):

  Sounds short and easy and therefore frequently not as an own clay/tone one regards. In most variants Mandarin gives it mehrsilbige words, with which the second syllable is less strongly expressed than first; see above.

• Entrance clay/tone. Mandarin had once a fifth clay/tone, which is called "entrance clay/tone" and also in other Chinese languages occurred. In the Jin language it is still received. This entrance clay/tone sounds a little like an arrow, which hits into a holzbrett, which means that it is a clay/tone of very short duration and on consonants or crack sound ends. In old dictionaries this clay/tone with highranking five is designated. In standard Mandarin this clay/tone is however missing.

Most transcription systems as for example , MPS II and Tongyong pinyin use diacritical indications over the vowels, in order to represent the tones. Also Zhùy?n use diacritical indications. Calf Giles used for example a highranking number at the end of the syllable, in order to clarify the clay/tone. Auf die Darstellung der Töne wird in allen diesen Umschriftssystemen im Allgemeinen verzichtet, wenn es sich nicht um Lehrbücher handelt. In Gwoyeu Romatzyh werden die Töne nicht mit speziellen Symbolen, sondern mit Buchstaben des Alphabets dargestellt. Folglich gibt es in Gwoyeu Romatzyh eine sehr komplizierte Orthographie.

^{? / Lizenz}.

Die Aussprache der Töne ändert sich nach den Regeln des Tonsandhi. The most frequent occurrence of the Tonsandhi is that by two following each other syllables in the third clay/tone the first syllable in the second clay/tone is expressed. If three syllables in the third clay/tone sequence, then it is because of the regional habits and the personal preferences whether the first syllable gets a third or second clay/tone.

Discussion and grammar

The number on Syllables in the Chinese one is very small, and each syllable becomes after the sample more optionally Anlaut + + more optionally more nasaler Auslaut formed. Not each syllable, which could be formed after this sample, is really used. Therefore there are only a few hundred syllables (and therefore strongly minted Homophony). Thus there are none in Mandarin mAuslaut (probably however in other "dialects", z. B. in Hakka). If Chinese English speak and a strong Chinese accent maintained, then the English word becomes time frequently how tyne expressed.

See also Chinese grammar

in Mandarin

Due to the small number the available of syllables it is very difficult for Chinese to express words in which many consonants follow one another, how it is often in most European languages the case. In addition it comes that it only for those syllables Indication gives, which are also really used in the Chinese one. Although there is an official system, how foreign words will transfer into Chinese indications are, it is used only for names, because it leads frequently to confusing results.

Thus for example the word became Telephone into the 1920er years as daluefeng or déléif?ng ??? translated. Became later in diànhuà (??, electrical language, whereby "electrically" literally "lightning" means) changed. On the other hand one remained Microphone ???, màikèf?ng, whereby this purely phonetic transcription not at all of the competitive??, Language pipe, to be displaced likes.

Because of the close relationship between the Chinese Hànzì and the Japanese Kanji Mandarin has many words transferred, for its part to late 19. and early 20. Century from the European languages transferred to the Japanese were.

Because of the difficulties the transcription from foreign languages in Mandarin, specified above, it is more usual to invent new words in Mandarin to take over than the foreign word. These new words are usually mehrsilbig (D h. they consist of several indications). One of the syllables stands usually for the generic term of the new word, which is similar to the composition of many Chinese characters.

Thus it happened for many technical inventions - the word Course is called on Mandarin?? and/or. ?? (hu?ch?) - literally ' fire cars '. The many technical terms from that and into the Chinese.

Mandarin and other Chinese languages

To the displeasure of all Chinese, whose native language is not Mandarin, the prevailing role to the fact led Mandarin that outside of of China the Mandarin as only Chinese language one regards. Although both the People's Republic of China and Taiwan Mandarin explained it as the office language and for the country-wide spreading to use itself, give no interest to replace the local languages and dialects by Mandarin. Of it Mandarin is also far, because in the south of the People's Republic and in Taiwan still the there domestic languages in the daily life are particularly used. Those, which speak only Mandarin, are socially disadvantaged in these areas, because many humans speak there only very badly or no Mandarin; this applies particularly to old people.

In the regions of the People's Republic of China, where above all Han Chinese live, is generally problem-free the coexistence between Mandarin and the other languages and dialects. Mandarin promoted as common work and communication language, at the same time is careful the guidance of the People's Republic of China, which concerns the status of the other languages, and does not want their use to limit. Mandarin is learned and spoken therefore particularly for practical reasons, because it represents frequently the only possibility of the communication between people from different regions. Occasionally it finally even occurs that two Chinese languages from very near together convenient areas for the speakers are not in each case that different language understandable.

In that Republic of China (Taiwan) the relationship between Mandarin and the local languages is and dialects, particularly Taiwanesi (or Taiwani), importantly more complicated. Into the 1980er the government, the use tried years of the Taiwanesi to limit and an image of the more primitive one gave it. This changed into the 1990er year strongly, which itself u.A. in the increased use Taiwanesi in film, radio and television strikes down. Extreme proponents of independence Taiwans reject Mandarin in favor of the taiwanischen language, so that the use Taiwanesi is increasingly also a question of the political convicition. The degree of their use is regionally different, it is a clear north-south gap to constitute with the north (Taipeh) as Mandarin and the south (Kaohsiung) as Taiwanesisch center. Efforts to replace Mandarin as office language by Taiwanesisch or a multilingual standard showed so far however still no progress.

Literature

• Charles N. Left, Sandra A. Thompson: Mandarin Chinese. A functional Reference Grammar. University OF California press, Berkeley 1981, ISBN 0-520-04286-7

See also

Chinese dialects - Min dialect - Wu-dialect - Gan dialect - Xiang dialect - Cantonese - Hakka - Mandarin (title)

Web on the left of

• HTTP://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China west Exchange - free courses in Mandarin and panels
• Chinese tools.com: Free Mandarin courses, dictionary and various Tools (English)
• HTTP://www.chinesedc.com/4WenYi/Language/sino-tibetan1.htm - sources to the Chinese language, on which the above-mentioned map and graphics are based.
• HTTP://www.chinesepod.com/ ChinesePod.com - Chinese learn by Podcast

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