Marine

Marine 1/2 probe

Start of marine one 1 (NASA)

Marine 3/4 probe

The first close-up taken up by Mars, of marine one 4

Marine 5 probe

Marine 6/7 probe

Marine 8/9 probe

A Atlas Centaur starts those marine one 9 probe

The Noctis labyrinth US region, taken up of marine one 9

Marine 10 probe

Mosaic of the merkur, provides 10 from marine one

That MarineProgram that served the inside for the investigation of the , and . Altogether ten became between and started.

1 Missions
2 Results
3 Web on the left of

Missions

Up to marine ones 5 and 10 were all marine probes double probes, i.e., two identical probes were started in the same starting window. The space probes weighed between 200 (with marine ones 1 and 2) and 1.000 kilograms (with marine ones 8 and 9), marine ones 1, 2 and 5 did not have cameras on board. The probes of marine ones 1 to 5 flew on the booster rocket Atlas Agena in the universe, the probes of marine ones 6 to 10 on one Atlas Centaur, three of the probes suffered false starts.

Marine 1 and 2

Marine 1 and 2 was based on that RangerMondsonden and were developed relatively fast - in less than one year -, over before that a probe to the Venus. The instrumenting was by the small achievement of the booster rocket Atlas Agena B very modestly and covered detectors for lost, when the slow-acting rocket got off the course and had 290 seconds after the start to be blown up. Marine 2 started to 1962 and discovered already on the way to the Venus of Ludwig Biermann into that years postulated . Very soon there were problems with the probe: After a correction of course to 4. September the pressure in the nitrogen tank rose, and it escaped from fuel. A further correction of course was not possible any longer. At the end of October left the achievement one of the two after, which to 1962 failed completely. There the probe itself that approached, however the river of the second panel was enough, in order to operate the probe. Further defects followed, could be repaired however from the earth. As the probe the Venus to 1962 in 34.773 km without problems of passed and all measuring instruments data supplied, witzelte one at NASA, the abbreviation JPL would stand for "Just Plenty OF Luck". To 3. January marine one 2 failed finally.

The probe intended the temperature of the Venus for 425 prove and intended the upper height of the cloud layer for approximately 55-80 km.

Marine 3 and 4

Marine 3 and 4 had as a goal Mars. The something more efficient Atlas Agena D permitted it to bring 260.8 kg a heavy probe on the way. Of it were allotted 15.8 kg to the experiments. The span of the probes amounted to 6.88 m and the height of 2.89 m. Marine 3 and 4 used for the first time a TV camera, however their image quality was very modest. A picture covered only 200 lines with 200 points. The pictures were stored with the flyby on a Bandrekorder, which could take up 22 pictures. The transmission to the earth lasted per picture over 8 hours.

The experiments covered further a magnetometer and different detectors for dust, charged particles and high-energy jets. These were active also during the flight to Mars. Half of these experiments failed with marine one 4 however already on away to Mars.

Marine 3 started to 5. November . For the first time one suspended a new, easy-weighty pay load lining Fiber glass . This melted however by the friction heat with the ascent and remained to the probe sticking. Thus the solar panels could not be driven out and the probe had in groundorbit remain, since it was also too heavy, in order to arrive at Mars.

For Marine 4 the start was shifted and a new pay load lining made of metal was manufactured. Marine 4 started to 1964 and flew as the first terrestrial space probe at all to at Mars at a distance of 9.844 kilometers past. The probe took up 22 pictures, which were sent during the next days to the earth within 22 minutes. They showed very moon-similar Mars, took off however only 1 % of the surface. Further it was stated that Mars none or only a very weak Magnetic field possesses. The atmosphere points a ground pressure from maximally 30 up and exists to 80-100 % out Carbon dioxide and maximally 16 % or 8 % . Up to the probe could be addressed.

Marine 5

Marine 5 one of the two single missions was in the marine program. One started a reserve copy of marine ones 3 and 4 to the Venus. Changes in the probe resulted from the smaller sun distance of the Venus. Thus a shield at the soil of the probe was fastened and the solar panels was made smaller. A span of 5,48 m had the 245 kg heavy probe and was 2.89 m highly. The devices for experiments weighed 15.8 kg. They were to a large extent identically to those on board marine one 3 and 4, however an UV replacedPhotometer the camera, and an additional component permitted it, one Carrier wave with exactly more defined .

Main mission to started probe was it to disappear behind the Venus and to send a pure carrier wave, their frequency -, and on earth were determined. Thus one knew characteristics that Ionosphere, atmosphere and the internal composition of the Venus determine.

Marine 5 completed to 1967 a successful flyby at the planet Venus and supplied numerous scientific data. It was stated that the Venus exhibits a middle radius of 6051,8 km, is hardly flattened and the atmosphere must be very close. The ground pressure reached estimated 75-100 bar, the soil temperature 500 degrees Celsius.

Marine 6 and 7

Marine 6 and 7 were two further flyby probes. They should pass Mars and make more and better dissolved photographs than marine one 4. The availability of the Atlas Centaur booster rocket made it possible to start substantially heavier probes. Marine 6 and 7 in each case 412.8 kg were heavy, of it were allotted 57.6 kg to the experiments. For the first time there was also a program control on board. One did without the experiments for the investigation of the interplanetary area and gave to the probes two cameras, an UVSpectrometer and an infrared radiometer also on the way.

Marine 6 started to . It was sent on a very fast course and passed Mars to 1969. Thus was the flyby distance with 3.430 kilometers substantially smaller than with marine one 4. This and further improvements of transmitters and receivers made it possible to transfer a picture within fewer minutes. The probe took first from larger distance 50 photographs Mars, which showed the whole planet, then with the flyby further 25 photographs with the wide-angle camera, which became to transfer directly.

Marine 7 started to 1969. To 2. August 1969 made the probe 93 photographs during the approximation, which two full rotations of the planet covered. With the passage there were further 33 pictures. Both probes passed Mars in the Southern Hemisphere and mapped 20 per cent of the surface. The ground pressure and the temperatures could be determined more exactly. On photographs of marine one 7 could the size of in the control computer that CentaurUpper stage, was changed the program by marine one 9. Marine 9 started to 1971. To 1971 ignited the probe their engine for 915.6 seconds and moved into a 1.397 × 17.616 km orbit with one of 64,28 degrees. Marine 9 thereby the first terrestrial probe was at all, which swung into an orbit around another planet. At this time the largest staubsturm raved since on Mars showed. At the beginning of the yearly the atmosphere was cleared up, and marine one 9 began to map Mars. Surface temperatures and the composition of the atmosphere were determined.

The time between the observation of detail regions was expanded of 5 to 17 days. The probe made each day over 21 hours of photographs (max. 36 pieces) on the Bandrekorder and transferred these during the remaining three hours to the earth. The photographs were mostly taken near the Mars-next point. Already in July 1971 one noticed a leakage in the nitrogen tank, that with 176 bar pressure to Depth control served. Thus the mission duration was limited, because now the probe lost constantly nitrogen, and the pressure sank. After 349 days in the orbit was to 1972 the compressed gas exhausted and the probe were switched off. It had up to then 7.329 pictures to the earth conveys.

Marine 10

Marine 10, the last one of the marine series, was again a flyby probe. It should visit the sun-next planet merkur for the first time. As the first probe at all it used the Venus for in Swing By Maneuver, which passed the probe on to the merkur. Further were by the use of the X-volume the data substantially faster transferably. The probe was based on the bus of marine ones 8 and 9, had to be modified however for the close sun distance. The total takeoff weight amounted to 503 kg. Was built the probe of . The instruments weighed 78.2 kg and consisted of seven experiments, under it two cameras.

After the start to 3. November the probe happened to 5. February the Venus. It transferred 4.165 pictures of the Venus. Merkur became for the first time to 1974 at a distance of 705 km happen. This was the first meeting of a space probe with the planet. Merkur returned the probe into a 176-taegige sun orbit. Since merkur orbited the sun in 88 days, he was after 176 days again in the same place. Merkur turns however also in 59 days once around the axle and turned in such a way it after three days of marine ones 10 again the same side. With the first meeting 2 became.450 pictures conveys. The next meeting to 1974 found in a larger distance of approximately 50.000 km instead of, in order not to affect the course of the probe. The last meeting to advanced against it up to 375 km to the merkur, in order to be able to study the magnetic field better, since the supplies for the depth control fuel went to the end. To 1975 was exhausted the supplies of fuel and the probe was switched off.

Results

The marine program was considered as large technical success: There were only three false starts (success ratio 70 %), this was for the pioneer time that very few.
Those could before that USSR as first photographs of all internal planets supply.
The planet merkur was photographically seized by marine ones 10 to 45 % (approximately 9.000 frames)
The planet Venus was investigated 5 and 10 by marine one 2, even if the interest of the USA in this planet abated thereafter noticeably. The planet became later from that explores more exactly. Only one probe, marine one 10, made also pictures of the planet.
The planet Mars drew more attention on itself: Marine 4, marine one 6 and 7 about 20 % explored about 1 % of the surface. By the first Mars orbiter, marine one 9, succeeded the production of the first Mars map, although from bad quality. Lives as on earth, proved the Mariners, were not not possible on Mars.