Medici

the family Medici (correct: de' Medici) was in the Florenz 15. and 16. Century of one of the most influential factors in the fight for power, wealth and reputation. Through skillful TAC animals and a merciless climbing play rose it from an insignificant wealthyFamily to an Italian great power up.

family history

origin of theWealth of the Medici was the textile trade, which was operated by the Gilde Arte della Lana; Basis of their power became their relationship with the florentinischen people's party, the popular one. On this basis they justified a modern banking and dominated - also throughtheir relations with the papacy - the European financial world at that time. By the Mäzenatentum of the Medici and further northItalian buyers and banker developed Florenz, Venice, Milan, Genova and also Rome to the cultural and economical metropolises of at that timeadmitted world and coined/shaped (and/or made possible only) the age of the Renaissance.

The Medici originating from the Florentiner surrounding countryside leave themselves for the first time in the 2. Half 13. Century as office holders in the Gilde and the city prove. With Salvestrodi Alamanno (1331 - 1388), that the attack against the revolt of the Ciompi (to Wollkämmer, see Ciompi rebellion) led and dictator of Florenz became (it was banished 1382) to step it for the first time into the footlights. With his nephew Giovanni di Biccide Medici (1360-1429) began the ascent of the family: it became the banker of the Pope and the mediator or Taktierer between the city aristocracy (Albizzi) and the people.

the older branch of the family, the Medici di Cafaggiolo(royalmedici), controlled thereafter as city gentlemen Florenz until 1537 with two interruptions: 1494 - 1512 and 1527 - 1530), among them above all Cosimo de Medici, mentioned „IL Vecchio “, the old person, (1389 - 1464), the 1434 with thatTitle „gran maestro “as an unofficial head of state of the republic was recognized, and its grandchild Lorenzo de Medici, mentioned „IL Magnifico “, the magnificent one (1449 - 1492).

The ascent of the family became also by Lorenzos third son GiulianoII. de Medici clearly, who was the first noble one of the family as a duke of Nemours, above all however by his second son, Giovanni, as Leo X. the first Pope (1513 - 1521) from the family, that nearly directlywhereupon its cousin Giulio as Clemens VII. (1523 - 1534) followed, was however in the city long time disputed.

Lorenzos brother and Mitregent Giuliano I. de Medici fell 1478 of a conspiracy of the Pazzi to the victim. Its olderSon Piero II. de Medici was driven out 1494 with the establishment by Girolamo Savonarolas „God state “, and only 1512 succeeded to its son Lorenzo II. de Medici the return, which 1527 a renewed driving out followed. Only with the help of the Pope Clemens VII.and the emperor was it following the coronation/culmination emperor Karls V. 1530 in Bologna possible to cancel this second driving out from the Republic of Florenz (1527 - 1530), renewed briefly thereafter.

Girolamo Savonarola, portrait of Fra Bartolomeo, in order 1498

the transformation of the republic into a monarchy was not to be stopped however. Lorenzo II. 1516 of its uncle were, a Pope Leo X. appointed the duke by Urbino, its illegitimate son Alessandro de Medici (alsoa son of the Pope Clemens VII. to be) governed since 1523 up to its driving 1527 out the Republic of Florenz knows similarly a prince, after its re-instatement starting from 1531 openly as of the emperor more appointed „duke of the republic “. Its murder 1537 by Lorenzinoin addition, de Medici, relatives, is understood as last flickering of the republic, can have been simple the insulted vanity during a hereditary regulation of a neglect. Lorenzos daughter, Alessandros half sister, was Caterina de Medici, the 1533 the French king Heinrich II. married. Alessandro had married 1536 with Margarete of Parma an illegitimate daughter emperor Karls.

After death Alessandros sat down of this favored Cosimo I. from the recent line of the Medici through. Since 1537 as a dukein Florenz and since 1569 as a papal Grand Duke of the Toskana (the title 1575 the Grand Duke Francesco I. became. by his brother-in-law emperor Maximilian II. confirmed) it had introduced the heritability of the Medici rule. Its descendants, under those above all Cosimo II.(1590-1621) as Beschützer Galileo Galileis, and Maria de Medici, the daughter Francescos and wife of the French king Heinrich IV., governed the Toskana up to its becoming extinct stands out 1737.

After the death of the last Grand Duke its bequeathedsurvivor sister Anna Maria Louisa de Medici (1667 - 1743) the collected art treasures of the Medici of the city Florenz. The Grand Duchy ignored - according to an agreement between European powers - on Franz Stephan of Lorraine , the married man Maria Theresias and later emperor, who handed for it its duchy to France over.

network-analytic research to the Medici

an important network-analytic study of John Padgett and Christopher Ansell shows that a basis for the ascent of the Medici the specialStructure of their relations net between the years 1400 and 1434 after the Ciompi rebellion was. The network of the Medici shows a separation from Heirats and economic relations with the relations of the Medici in their party. Thus they acted with the ascendingWolltuchhändlern, married however mainly into noble families, which did not come from their quarter of San Giovanni. This led to the fact that her in their party, differently than the oily arks, thus the dominant elite around the Albizzi, a central and powerful positionheld and by other families were not extortable.

See also: History of Florenz

art, architecture and science

Palazzo Vecchio in Florenz

the largest achievements with the help of the money of the Medici were achieved in art and architecture. Giovannidi Bicci promoted Masaccio and assigned Filippo Brunelleschi 1419 the re-establishment of the Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze, who grave-put to the Medici became. The artists, whom Cosimo de Medici had around itself, were Donatello and Filippo Lippi. Their most important contribution was however the promotion me long lot, which for a set of family members worked, beginning with Lorenzo de Medici, with whom it divided the midday table. At his time such artist and scholar were promoted to Florenzlike Demetrios Chalkondylas, Angelo Poliziano, Christoforo Landino, Giovanni pico della Mirandola, Francesco Granacci, Sandro Botticelli and Leonardo da Vinci. Over the pure agency of artists outside the Medici was also successful collecting tanks, their acquisitionsform today the core of the Uffizien, the art museum of the city Florenz.

In architecture some important buildings decrease/go back in Florenz to the Medici, beside the Basilica di San Lorenzo

• the termination work at the cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore,the largest church of their time, which Cosimo de Medici Brunelleschi assigned, and which 1436 could be locked.
• the Palazzo Medici Riccardi, begun 1444, builds from Michelozzo.
• the Palazzo Pitti, the Eleonora de Toledo, Cosimos wife, 1550 from Buonaccorso Pitti acquired,
• the Uffizien, the Giorgio Vasari on behalf of Cosimo I. 1560 established,
• the 1562 created Accademia dell' Arte del Disegno (in that today the original of me long lot „David “stands)
• the Boboli garden behind the Palazzo Pitti,
• the Belvedere,
• investigations of the Medici graves at the end of

Italian scientists began

the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana [work on] to open the graves of altogether 49 members of the family. A goal is it, the exact causes of death, diseases as well as nourishing habitsto investigate the members. First different tombs in the Medici chapels as well as in the church San Lorenzo were opened. Equal to beginning of the investigations a sensational discovery was made: Under the Gruft of Gian gas clay/tone so far a not well-known becameCrypt discovers, in which eight corpses were found. The Italian scientists try to find out now, under which circumstances the dead ones - under those also children and young people are - died and why they were hidden bestattet. Itit is accepted that it likewise concerns thereby member of the Medici sex.

important family members

from the time as city gentlemen von Florenz

• Salvestro di Alamanno de Medici (1331-1388) led the attack against the revolt ciompi and became dictator of Florenz; it 1382 banishes
• Giovanni di Bicci de Medici, (1360-1428), FlorentinerDealer and banker
• Cosimo de Medici, IL Vecchio, the old person (1389-1464)
• Piero I. de Medici, IL Gottoso, the Gichtige (1416-1469)
• Lorenzo de Medici, IL Magnifico, the magnificent one (1449-1492)
• Giuliano I. de Medici (1453-1478)
• Piero II. de Medici, lo Sfortunato, the unfortunate one (1472-1503)
• Giovanni de Medici (1475-1521), starting from 1513 Pope Leo X.
• Giuliano II. de Medici (1479-1516), duke of Nemours
• Giulio de Medici (1478-1534), starting from 1523 Pope Clemens VII.
• Lorenzo II. de Medici (1492-1519)
• Alessandro de Medici (1511-1537)
• Caterina de Medici (1519-1589), queen of France

from the time of the Grand Dukes of the Toskana

• Cosimo I. (1519-1574)
• Francesco I. (1541-1587)
• Ferdinand I. (1549-1609)
• Maria de Medici (1573-1642), queen of France
• Cosimo II. (1590-1621)
• Claudia de Medici (1604-1648), ore duchess of Austria and national princess of Tirol
• Ferdinand II. (1610-1670)
• Leopoldo de Medici (1617-1675), cardinal
• Cosimo III. (1639-1723)
• Anna Maria Louisa de Medici (1667-1743), Grand Duchess of the Toskana, the last Medici, 1691 - 1716 cure princess in Duesseldorf (see Bilk)
• Gian gas clay/tone (1671-1737)

further Medici

• Theodorus I. de Medici (475-490), archbishop of Milan
• Valperto de Medici (953-970), archbishop of Milan
• Giovanni Angelo Medici (1499-1565), Pope Pius IV. (1559-1565) originated from Milan andwas not related to the Florentiner Medici.
• Emilio Garrastazú Médici (1906-1985), president of Brazil 1969-1974

family relations

see also:

• Family tree of the Medici (in the Excel format, last update: 8. February 2005, 64 kByte)
• family tree of the Medici (png format, conditions: 2. August2005)

the beginnings of the family Medici

1. Medico di Potrone (1046? - 1102)
   1. Bono di Potrone (1069? - 1123)
      1. Bernardo di Potrone (1099? - 1147)
         1. Giambono (Giambuono) de Medici (1131-1192)
            1. Chiarissimo de Medici (1167-1210), 1201 member in the town councillor von Florenz
               1. Filippo de Medici
                  1. Chiarissimode Medici
                     1. Filippo de Medici († 1290)
                        1. Arrigo de Medici
                        2. Alamanno de Medici, 1314 knight impact for earnings/services to the Republic of Florenz
                           1. Salvestro di Alamanno de Medici (1331-1388), starting from 1360 in the office, 1370 and 1377/78 Gonfalogniere of Florenz, entangles into that Ciompi rebellion, 1382 banishing
                           2. Andrea di Alamanno de Medici
                           3. Bartolommeo di Alamanno
                        3. Giovanni de Medici († 1343), starting from 1340 public office in Florenz
                        4. Cambio de Medici
                           1. Vieri de Medici († 1395), knight impact after Ciompi rebellion
                           2. Giovanni de Medici
                     2. Giambuono de Medici
                  2. Averardo de Medici
                     1. Alamanno de Medici
                        1. Averardo I de Medici, 1309 Prior, 1299 and 1314 Gonfaloniere of Florenz, ∞ Mandina Argucci, is considered as a founder of the fortune of the Medici
                           1. Jacopo de Medici
                           2. Giovenco de Medici
                           3. Francesco de Medici
                           4. Salvestro di Averardode Medici (descendants see among “the city gentlemen von Florenz”)
                           5. Talento de Medici
                              1. Mario de Medici, ∞ 1)? Bardi, ∞ 2)? Strozzi
                           6. Conte di Averardo de Medici, 1318 and 1324 Prior of Florenz
                              1. Giovanni di Conte deMedici, Condottiere, 1349 Gonfaloniere of Florenz
                                 1. Filigno de Medici
            2. Bonagiunta de Medici
               1. Ugo de Medici
                  1. Galganus de Medici
                     1. Arrigo de Medici
                     2. Bonagiunta de Medici
                        1. Ardingho de Medici († 1316), ∞ Gemma de' Bardi, 1291 and around 1300 Prior, 1296and again late Gonfaloniere of Florenz
                           1. Francesco di Ardingho de Medici, ∞ Contessina Adimari, 1343 one of seven popolani the new government after walter von Brienne
                        2. Guccio de Medici (1298-1315)

the city gentlemen von Florenz

1. Salvestro di Averardo de Medici, ∞ Lisa Donati, 1336 Ambassadors inVenice (ancestors see above)
   1. Talento de Medici
   2. Averardo de Medici, ∞ 1) Giovanna de' Bonaguisi, ∞ 2) Giacoma di Francesco Spini
      1. Francesco de Medici
         1. Malatesta de Medici
         2. Diamante de Medici
         3. Dianora de Medici
         4. Averardo de Medici († 1434)
            1. Mariotto de Medici
            2. Selvaggia de Medici
            3. Giuliano de Medici
               1. Francesco de Medici
            4. Matteo de Medici
            5. Caterina de Medici, ∞ Alamanno Schiatta
         5. Caterina de Medici
      2. Antonia de Medici, ∞ Angiolo Ardinghelli
      3. Giovanni di Bicci de Medici, (1360-1428), actually Giovanni thoseAverardo de Medici, Florentiner Händler und Bankier, 1402, 1408 und 1411 Prior von Florenz
         1. Cosimo de Medici, il Vecchio, der Alte (1389-1464), ∞ Contessina de’ Bardi, Stadtherr von Florenz
            1. Piero I. de Medici (1416-1469), ∞ Lucrezia Tornabuoni, city gentleman ofFlorenz 1464
               1. Maria de Medici, illegitimately, ∞ Leopetto de' Rossi
               2. Bianca de Medici (1445-1488), ∞ Guglielmo de' Pazzi
               3. Lucrezia de Medici (1447-1482), ∞ Bernardo Rucellai
               4. Lorenzo de Medici, IL Magnifico, the magnificent one (1449-1492), ∞ Clarice Orsini, city gentleman von Florenz1469
                  1. Lucrezia de Medici, ∞ Jacopo Salviati
                  2. Piero II. de Medici (1471-1503), ∞ Alfonsina Orsini, city gentleman von Florenz 1492
                     1. Lorenzo II. de Medici (1492-1519), ∞ larva line de la route d'Auvergne, city gentleman von Florenz, 1516 duke of Urbino
                        1. Alessandro de Medici(1510-1537), illegitimately (probably a son of the Pope Clemens VII., see below, and to a maurischen Konkubine), Duca della città di Penna, city gentleman von Florenz ∞ 1536 Margarete of Parma, illegitimate daughter of the emperor Karl V.
                           1. Giulio de Medici (1527/32 1600), illegitimately
                        2. Caterina de Medici (1519-1589), queen of France ∞ 1533 Henri II king of France (1518-1559)
                     2. Clarice de Medici (1493-1528) ∞ Filippo Strozzi (1488-1537)
                  3. Maddalena de Medici (1473-1519), ∞ Francesco Cibo
                  4. Giovanni de Medici (1475-1521), Pope Leo X.
                  5. Luisa de Medici(1477-1488)
                  6. Contessina de Medici (1478-1515), ∞ Piero Ridolfi
                  7. Giuliano II. de Medici (1479-1516), ∞ Filliberta of Savoyen (1498-1524), duke of Nemours
                     1. Ippolito de Medici (1511-1535, illegitimately, cardinal
               5. Giuliano I. de Medici (1453-1478), ∞ Antonia Gorini
                  1. Giulio de Medici (1478-1534), Pope Clemens VII.
            2. Giovanni de Medici (1421-1463), ∞ Ginevra degli Albizzi
               1. Cosimo de Medici (1452-1461)
            3. Carlo de Medici (* 1430), illegitimately
         2. Lorenzo de Medici (1395-1440), ∞ Ginevra Cavalcanti
            1. Pierfrancesco de Medici, the older one (1431-1477), ∞ Laudomia Acciaiuoli
               1. Lorenzo de Medici (1463-1503),∞ Semiramide Appiano
                  1. Vincenzo de Medici
                  2. Laudomia de Medici, ∞ Francesco Salviati
                  3. Averardo de Medici
                  4. Pierfrancesco de Medici, the younger one (1486-1525), ∞ Maria Soderini
                     1. Lorenzino de Medici (1514-1548), writer
                     2. Laudomia de Medici (* 1518), ∞ 1) 1532 Alemanno Salviati, ∞2) 1539 Piero Strozzi (1510-1558)
                     3. Giuliano de Medici (1520-1588), archbishop of Albi
                     4. Maddalena de Medici (†; 1583), ∞ 1539 Roberto Strozzi
                  5. Ginevra de Medici, ∞ Girolamo degli Albizzi
               2. Giovanni de Medici, mentioned IL Popolano (1467-1498) ∞ 1497 Caterina Sforza(1462-1509), daughter of the Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Herzog mentioned of
                  1. Milan Giovanni de Medici, dents gang Nere (1498-1526), ∞ Maria Salviati, Condottiere
                     1. Cosimo I. (1519 - 1574), duke of Florenz 1537, Grand Duke of the Toskana 1569 (descendantsee below)

the Grand Dukes of the Toskana

1. Cosimo I. (1519 - 1574), ∞ 1) Eleonora of Toledo I., ∞ 2) Camilla Martelli, duke of Florenz 1537, Grand Duke of the Toskana 1569 (ancestor see above)
   1. Maria de Medici (1540-1557)
   2. Francesco I. de Medici (1541-1587), regent 1564, Grand Duke 1574 ∞ 1) 1565 Johanna of having castle (1547-1578), daughter of the emperor Ferdinand I., ∞ 2) 1579 Bianca Cappello (1548-1587)
      1. Pellegrina 1564 -? , the nut/mother adoptsFrancescos was second wife Bianca
      2. Eleonora (* 1. March 1566; † 9. September 1611) ∞ 1584 Vincenzo I. Gonzaga (1562-1612), duke of Mantua
      3. Romola (* 20. November 1568; † 2. December 1568)
      4. Anna (* 31. December 1569; † 19. February 1584)
      5. Isabella (* 30. September 1571; † 8. August 1572)
      6. Lucrezia (* 7. November 1572; † 14. August 1574)
      7. Maria (* 26. April 1573 in Florenz; † 3. July 1642 in Cologne) ∞ 5. October 1600 Henri IV., King of France (1553-1610)
      8. Antonio 1576 - 1621, adopt
      9. Filippo (* 20. May 1577; † 29. March 1582)
   3. Isabella de Medici (1542-1576), ∞ Paolo Orsini
   4. Giovanni deMedici (1543-1562), archbishop of Pisa, 1560 cardinal
   5. Lucrezia de Medici (1544-1561) ∞ Alfonso II. d'Este, duke of Ferarra (1533-1597)
   6. Garzia de Medici (1547-1562)
   7. Ferdinando I. de Medici (1549-1609), 1563-1589 cardinal, 1587 Grand Duke of the Toskana, ∞ 1589 Christineof Lorraine (1565-1637), daughter of the duke Karl III.
      1. Cosimo II. de Medici (1590-1620), Grand Duke 1608 ∞ 1608 Maria Magdalena von Habsburg (1589-1631), daughter of the ore duke Karl
         1. Maria Christine de Medici (1609-1632)
         2. Ferdinando II. de Medici (1610-1670), Grand Duke 1621, ∞ 1634Vittoria della Rovere (1622-1694), daughter of the Francesco Ubaldo della Rovere, Fürst von Urbino
            1. Cosimo III. de Medici (1642-1723), Grand Duke 1670, ∞ 1661, divorced 1675, Marguerite Luise D' Orléans (1645-1721), daughter of the duke gas clay/tone
               1. Ferdinando de Medici (1663-1713) ∞ 1689 Violanteby Bavaria (1673-1731), daughter of the cure prince Ferdinand Maria
               2. Anna Maria Louisa de Medici (1667-1743), Grand Duchess of the Toskana, ∞ 1691 Johann William cure prince of Pfalz Neuburg (1658-1716)
               3. Gian gas clay/tone de Medici (1671-1737), Grand Duke 1723, ∞ 1697 Anna Maria Franziska von Saxonia Lauenburg(1672-1741), daughter of the duke Julius Franz of Saxonia Lauenburg
            2. Francesco Maria de Medici (1660-1710), 1686-1709 cardinal, ∞ 1709 Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga (1686-1742), daughter of the Vincenzo Gonzaga, duke of Guastalla
         3. Giancarlo de Medici (1611-1663), 1644 cardinal
         4. Margherita de Medici (1612-1679) ∞1628 Odoardo I. Farnese, duke of Parma (1612-1646)
         5. Matteo de Medici (1613-1667), governor von Siena
         6. Francesco de Medici (1614-1634)
         7. Anna de Medici (1616-1676), ∞ 1646 Ferdinand Karl, Erzherzog of Austria (1628-1662)
         8. Leopoldo de Medici (1617-1675), 1667 cardinal
      2. Eleonorade Medici (1591-1617)
      3. Caterina de Medici (1593-1629) ∞ 1617 Ferdinando Gonzaga (1587-1626), duke of Mantua
      4. Francesco de Medici (1594-1614)
      5. Carlo de Medici (1595-1666), 1615 cardinal
      6. Lorenzo de Medici (1599-1648)
      7. Maddalena de Medici (1600-1633)
      8. Claudia de Medici (1604 - 1648), ore duchess of Austria and national princess of Tirol ∞ 1) 1621 Francesco Ubaldo della Rovere, Herzog von Urbino (1605-1625), ∞ 1626 Leopold V. Ore duke of Austria (1586-1632)
   8. Pietro de Medici (1554-1604), illegitimately, ∞ Eleonora of Toledo II.
   9. Giovanni deMedici (1567-1621), illegitimately
   10. Virginia de Medici (1568-1615) ∞ 1586 Cesare d'Este, duke of Modena (1552-1628)

other branches of family

1. ?
   1. Bernardino de Medici, Herkunft unclearly, nephew of Cosimo IL Vecchio

1. ?
   1. Bernardo de Medici, 1307, 1309, 1317, 1320and 1322 Prior of Florenz, origin unclearly, cousinship to Ardingho de Medici however clearly
      1. Giovanni de Medici († 1343), Gonfaloniere in Florenz, by walter von Brienne one executed

1. ?
   1. Giovenco
      1. Giuliano
         1. Antonio
            1. Bernardetto (†; 1465)
               1. Lorenzo
                  1. Ottaviano (1482-1546)
                     1. Alessandro Ottavianode Medici (1535-1605), 1574 archbishop of Florenz, 1583 cardinal, 1605 Pope Leo XI.

literature

• of peoples Reinhardt: The Medici. Florenz in the age of the Renaissance (Munich 1998)
• Ferdinand Schevill: History OF Florence: From the Founding OF the town center Throughthe Renaissance (Frederick Hungarian one, 1936)
• S. Camerani: Bibliografia medicea (Florenz 1964)
• R. de Roover: The giant and DEK LINE OF the Medici bank. 1397-1494 (New edition New York 1966)
• N. Ruby stone: The government OF Florence under the Medici 1434-1494 (New edition Oxford 1968)
• J. R. Resound: The Medici and Florenz (German translation 1979)
• Christopher Hibbert: The House OF Medici: Its giant and case (Morrow pouring, 1980)
• E. Grassellini: Profili medicei (Florenz 1982)
• M. Vannucci: I Medici. Una famiglia aluminium potere (Rome 1987)
• J. Cleugh:The Medici. Power and gloss of a European family (German translation New edition 1997)
• C. Acidini Luchinat (Hg.): The treasures of the Medici (German translation 1997)
• John F. Padgett/Christopher K. Ansell, durably Action and the giant OF the Medici, 1400-1434, in: American journalOF Sociology 98 (1993) 1259-1319
• Lorenzo de' Medici: The Medici. The history of my family, Lübbe, 2006, ISBN 3-7857-2245-1

Web on the left of

• Niccolò Machiavelli, History OF Florence and OF the Affairs OF Italy: From the Earliest Time ton theDeath OF Lorenzo the Magnificent (Niccolo Machiavelli, 1521-25) is of Machiavellis most important works
• The Medici of archives Project
• FACTorFAKE.de - whose corpses lie in the Medici Gruft?
• Family tree of the Medici (as Excel file)
• family tree of the Medici (png format, conditions: 2. August 2005)