National socialism

This article treats the world view of the historical national socialism. History Germany in the time of 1933 to 1945 the article treats Time of the national socialism, see also National socialism (term clarifying).

National socialism designates the totalitarian World view and movement, in Germany that 1920er and 30's became politically effective off and 1933 to the establishment of one Dictatorship in one after voelkischen Criteria aligned State led. Their emergence is based on the refusal after 1918 in Germany of democratic state developed, that Weimar Republic, as well as the mental claim to leadership that Church and of the Communism. Furthermore among their bases ranked the voelkische Racingism and Antisemitismus as well as the demand for a revision due to the lost The First World War suffered sanctions ("disgrace of Versailles"). The National Socialist world view supplied those ideological Reason for off 1939 in Europe led German conquest war (The Second World War) and the crimes of the Holocaust.

Table of contents

Term

"national socialism" was a self-chosen, propagandistically motivated designation, later in that Federal Republic one took over; in the GDR became instead (as in the Russian one) the designation "Fascism"(particularly" Hitler fascism") uses. The designation "national socialism" agitates therefore, that in that 1920 appeared program that NSDAP actually one socialist Social order was demanded. The party of the German national socialists was those National Socialist German labour party. The term Nazi mash, in Germany uses rather rarely, is the again eingedeutschte version of the English Word nazism. In Germany frequently that becomes negative konnotierte Term Nazi for a trailer of the national socialism uses.

Outstanding features of the national socialism

It is contentious, to what extent it a closed National Socialist Ideology gave. In addition the statement is delivered Hans Franks from that Nuernberger processes, that it gave "as many national socialisms such as national socialists". The question must remain in the long run open however, because one can assume only, to what extent the national socialism would have outlasted its "Fuehrer` as ideology, around that, as the absolute, central center, the complete political system was developed.

However some outstanding features can be designated:

Similarly as in Fascism in Italy, its the author Benito Mussolini when "fusion of high finance and state" designated, became the national socialists of individual German like also foreign entrepreneurs as bulwark against that Bolshevism financially supports.

Antisemitismus, 1. April 1933

That Antisemitismus fed itself from different, partial contradictory directions. Thus Jews became overall for bad states such as mass unemployment, Urbanization, Drift of the landbevoelkerung into the cities, Zersiedelung of the landscape etc.. responsible made. They became also as backers of Marxism and Capitalism represented and as "zersetzend`, a "inferior race belonging" branded.

The term that Race was a central term of National Socialist world view. It became the "superiority of one arischen Race "over other races postulates, whereby "Arier"falsely also Indogermane one equated. The arische race should before the harmful influence, that the national socialists in the "Vermischung` with other races saw, are retained. The preservation of the so-called "purity of the blood" justified z.B. into that Nuernberger laws issued marriage prohibitions of Germans with "predominantly different race associated" partners. The sterilization of mentally handicappeds, psychologically should patients and of big criminals prevent, that "krankes` hereditary property could further-leave itself.

Parallel armament was operated, first secretly, then openly. As soon as the armed forces would be strong enough, plans of Hitler planned and other high national socialists, to contrive aimed wars of aggression. A country should become after the other one isolated and individual "niedergekaempft`. The final goal was the conquest of the continental mainland, the Soviet Union up to the line Archangelsk Uralgebirge Caucasus as well as settling of these areas by the Germans. The rule over the occupied areas should be strengthened by driving unwanted subpopulations out.

Seizure of power of the national socialism

In Germany Hitler with that missed NSDAP consequently with the realm tag elections at the beginning of of 1933 only scarcely the absolute majority and closed for the time being a pact with that Center and that DNVP. Hitler became as a chairman of the strongest party realm tags to 30. January of 1933 realm chancellors. Although the national socialists publicised this day as a day of the "seizure of power", this procedure equaled for the time being a usual change of government. That Fire of the realm tag building in Berlin to 27. February 1933 changed however this situation. The national socialists stated, that the arson attack is a communist revolution attempt, accused of several politicians and created themselves with already on the day the emergency decree of the realm president issued after Hindenburg after §48 that Weimar condition the possibility, under abolition of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the condition against the opposition, in particular those KPD, to proceed. In the later realm tag fire lawsuit of 12. August to 23. December 1933 became the dutchman M arrested at the scene. van the Lubbe to death condemns; the politician communist with him accused was acquitted. Until today could no proof are furnished, that van the Lubbe was caused by the national socialists or from the communists to the fire putting.

The complete seizure of power succeeded to the national socialists only by that Enabling act, for it needed a zwei-Drittel-Mehrheit of the present delegates, which it by the prohibition of the KPD and a pact with the center and that DNVP also attained. Those was practically eliminated by this law Weimar realm condition: The realm day extracted itself to 5. March 1933 even power, by it the separation from Executive and Legislation and thereby waived made themselves redundant.

Bases and advancements

An ideological basis of the national socialism is the contestation of the general human Basic value, after which humans possess his value as such, that means without all Achievement. The basic values LV were therefore neither new nor to a certain historical time limited. They are those that Meritocracy, only evenly radically and totally. The production of the work, the body, the technology, dropping the arts to swearing to the will is exactly the same expression of this view of humans like the system of the labour camps and the destruction so-called "unwerten life". (see also Asoziale) that Versailler contract and the consequences that World economic crisis the twenties opened that Achievement ideology and the feeling, in order the own achievement betrogen to be, far the gates. Differently however the example shows of the Antisemitismus, based on the myth, the Jewish culture lives at expense of the Germans, the small connection of the power ratings to the reality. Substantial elements of the LV ideology became of Adolf Hitler in its book My fight written down. The book was considered as basis of all other writings of the national socialism. As an important ideologist becomes beside it Alfred rose mountain regarded, with its book "Myth of the twentieth century"a very far spreading of its thoughts to reach could. The "myth" of rose mountain was immured together with Hitler's "my fight" the congress hall in Nuernberg, enormous into the foundation-stone, in order to retain the bases of the national socialism for the future. Nevertheless rose mountain book was not very seriously taken even by prominent LV politicians. Particularly Goebbels is to have scoffed at rose mountain again and again.

Its own advancement of the National Socialist ideology took Heinrich Himmler forwards. The points of reference to India, already existing with rose mountain, became in the SS mechanisms as "Medal castles"(the Himmler as elite of the system understood) developed. Esoteri Theories with clear eastern influences, the partial of the SS were taken over, the end of war outlasted and to live - usually as unpolitical religion-similar teachings - until today away. Himmler operated also a Europeanizing of the ideology. A well-known product its are the unitunit units of the "European SS" from many countries; however there were also concepts for a European marketing area.

Frequently the national socialism accepted religious courses. On the realm Party Congresses the national socialism was almost celebrated, which by the film "triumph of the will" the rain eating urine Leni scoring steel particularly one worked out and one strengthened. The relationship of the national socialism to the Christian religion was also zwiespaeltig therefore. On the one hand there was the attempt, to clamp with a "German Christianity" the religion for the national socialism. On the other hand however there was anti-Christian elements with rose mountain and a complete prevention of the Christianity by the Himmler reference to Buddha and vorbuddhistische Indian writings. The attitude that Religions and those representative during the LV regime must be seen differentiated (see for this Religion during the national socialism).

In addition the "blood and soil myth" and the glorification of the farmer conditions (the "feeding and" came) as well as a certain nostalgia. Many national socialists rejected the urbanization and the increasing industrialization and longed themselves to a country, as always by farmers one ordered. Also Heinrich Himmler had such thoughts, when he suggested, to settle the conquered areas of the Soviet Union with farmers, those at the same time soldier ("military farmer") were. Russian, Ukrainer and Poland should the agricultural workers, the house personnel, the building workers or the assistants place.

Establishment of the LV dictatorship:

30,1 1933: Realm president Paul von Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler the realm chancellor this marked the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the dictatorship of the national socialism 27.2.1933: Realm tag fire. Mentally more confused ignites the realm day. (it was probable NSDAP) 28.2.1933: Reaction to the realm tag fire: "regulation to the protection of people and state": It sets all fundamental rights that for Weimar condition out of strength (opinion/PressAssociationFreedom of reunion) the realm tag fire supplied the reason for the capture of many members of parliament. 5.3.1933: == level 2 heading == Definition of new elections: NSDAP obtains voice portion of 44%. In the apron of the choice it comes to attack on political opponents of SA and SS 21.3.1933: Day of potsdam: Common occurrence Hindenburgs and Hitler at the grave Friedrich of the large one 23.3.1933: Realm day passes the enabling act with 94 dissenting votes of the SPD: Contents: · realm government can decide all laws also against the condition · realm government has whole power · realm chancellors announces to law · keeping of the rights of the RP,Blank,RR · abolition of the division of power reason of Hitler: · agreement of the blank kidnaps decisions, the authority and the reputation of the government · due to the revolutionary excitation would be the conference of the realm daily a provocation harms · more stability by clear majorities · existence of the countries, Churches, RR and blank are not eliminated

31.3.1933: Synchronising the land parliaments by adjustment of the mandate distribution to the realm tag elections of 5.3.1933. D.h. they transferred the election result to all parliaments and the NSDAP had thus the automatic majority 7.4.1933: Dissolution of the federal state governments and installation of realm governors, responsible for the execution of the guidelines of the RK in the countries sind(all of the NSDAP) 7.4.1933: Law for the re-establishment of the civil service with tenure: Officials can be quit at any time, if they arischer descent are not at any time supportless or for nationalsoz. 6.5.1933 occurs state: Dissolution of the trade unions: By SA and SS occupies the leaders in detention taken and seized the trade union abilities. By the DAF (German worker front) replaces summers 1933: Beginning of the dissolution of party: Prohibition of the SPD to 222. June self dissolution of the civil parties at the end of of June on pressure of Hitler NSDAP remains an only party December 1933: Law to the safety device of the unit of a party and state: NSDAP is confirmed as controlling state party. That means: NSDAP = State of 30.1.1934 law over the reconstruction of the country: Representative governments of the countries waived their rights to go on the realm over. Federal state governments are subordinate now finally to the realm government 14.2.1934: Realm advice as a constitutional body is waived. April 1942: People's court receives status of a special court.(judges and NSDAP of members) 1.8.1942: Law over the head of state of the German Reich: The office of the realm president is combined with that of the realm chancellor. The past powers of the realm president turn into on Adolf Hitler.

== as Hitler became possible? ==

1. Institutional basic conditions: the constitutional rights and possibilities of the realm president, particularly with the absence of clear parliamentary majorities 2. Economic development: High inflation rate Unemployment rate 3. Political culture: Republic distance Elite was against democracy 4. Social regroupings: Regroupings in the middle class with consequences for political orientation and voting pattern 5. Ideological factors: Extreme Nationalismus(strengthens by war defeat). Hope for "strong Mann"/ Leader keeping 6. Mass-psychological moments: Chances of success of propaganda due to political instability of the broad population mass. 7. Rolls individual personalities: Hindenburg, Schleicher, Papen

Quotation

"I regard the Nachleben of the national socialism in the democracy as potentially more threateningly the Nachleben of fascist tendencies approximately the democracy."
Theodor W. Adorno (which means: Processing of the past? 1959)

Literature

  • Wolfgang Benz: History of the third realm, ISBN 3423308826
  • Sebastian Haffner: Notes to Hitler, Kindler publishing house, 1978, ISBN 3596234891
  • Franz Neumann: Behemoth. Structure and practice of the national socialism 1933-1944 Fischer paperback publishing house, FrankfurtM., 1984
  • The national socialism. Documents 1933-1945, given change and commentated of Walther Hofer, Fischer paperback publishing house, Lines up books of the knowledge, First edition 1957, ISBN 3-436-00183-X
  • Michael jerk, Bibliography to the national socialism, 2 Bde. m. CD-ROM, Scientific book company 2000, ISBN 3534149890
  • Nicholas Goodrick Clarke: The okkulten roots of the national socialism, Marixverlag, ISBN 3937715487
  • Ruediger Suenner: Black sun, Herder spectrum publishing house, Freiburg in mash gau the 1999, ISBN 3-451-05205-9,
  • F.P. Bright oneA. Maegerle: Thule. From the voelkischen Okkultismus to new rights. Butterfly publishing house. Stuttgart, 1998.
  • Pure hard Kuehnl: German fascism in sources and documents. Pahl Rugenstein, Cologne.
  • Karin envy-hard: National Socialist ideas in Switzerland. A comparative study of Swiss and German school books between 1900 and 1945, Peter long publishing house: Berne u.A. 2004, ISBN 3-631-51892-7
  • Cornelia Schmitz Berning: Vocabulary of the national socialism. Berlin: de Gruyter 2000, ISBN 311016888X.
  • Kurt Paetzold, Manfred Weissbecker: History of the NSDAP, Cologne 2002 ISBN 3894381345
  • Vinnai, Gerhard: Hitler - failure and destruction rage. To the genesis of the fascist author. Psychosocial publishing house. Pour 2004. ISBN 3-89806-341-0


Establishment of the LV dictatorship:

30,1 1933: Realm president Paul von Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler the realm chancellor this marked the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the dictatorship of the national socialism 27.2.1933: Realm tag fire. Mentally more confused ignites the realm day. (it was probable NSDAP) 28.2.1933: Reaction to the realm tag fire: "regulation to the protection of people and state": It sets all fundamental rights that for Weimar condition except Kraft(opinion/PressAssociationFreedom of reunion) the realm tag fire supplied the reason for the capture of many members of parliament. 5.3.1933: 

Definition of new elections: NSDAP obtains voice portion of 44%.

In the apron of the choice it comes to attack on political opponents of SA and SS 21.3.1933: Day of potsdam: Common occurrence Hindenburgs and Hitler at the grave Friedrich of the large one 23.3.1933: Realm day passes the enabling act with 94 dissenting votes of the SPD: Contents: · realm government can decide all laws also against the condition · realm government has whole power · realm chancellors announces to law · keeping of the rights of the RP,Blank,RR · abolition of the division of power reason of Hitler: · agreement of the blank kidnapsDecisions, the authority and the reputation of the government · due to the revolutionary excitation would be the conference of the realm daily a provocation harms · more stability by clear majorities · existence of the countries, Churches, RR and blank not eliminates 31.3.1933: Synchronising the land parliaments by adjustment of the mandate distribution to the realm tag elections of 5.3.1933. D.h. they transferred the election result to all parliaments and the NSDAP had thus the automatic majority 7.4.1933: Dissolution of the federal state governments and installation of realm governors, responsible for the execution of the guidelines of the RK in the countries sind(all of the NSDAP) 7.4.1933: Law for the re-establishment of the civil service with tenure: Officials can be quit at any time, if they not arischer descent are or at any time supportless for the National Socialist state occur 6.5.1933: Dissolution of the trade unions: By SA and SS occupies the leaders in detention taken and seized the trade union abilities. By the DAF (German worker front) replaces summers 1933: Beginning of the dissolution of party: Prohibition of the SPD to 222. June self dissolution of the civil parties at the end of of June on pressure of Hitler NSDAP remains an only party December 1933: Law to the safety device of the unit of a party and state: NSDAP is confirmed as controlling state party. That means: NSDAP = State of 30.1.1934 law over the reconstruction of the country: Representative governments of the countries waived their rights to go on the realm over. Federal state governments are subordinate now finally to the realm government 14.2.1934: Realm advice as a constitutional body is waived. April 1942: People's court receives status of a special court.(judges and NSDAP of members) 1.8.1942: Law over the head of state of the German Reich: The office of the realm president is combined with that of the realm chancellor. The past powers of the realm president turn into on Adolf Hitler.

How did Hitler become possible? 1. Institutional basic conditions: the constitutional rights and possibilities of the realm president, particularly with the absence of clear parliamentary majorities 2. Economic development: High inflation rate Unemployment rate 3. Political culture: Republic distance Elite was against democracy 4. Social regroupings: Regroupings in the middle class with consequences for political orientation and voting pattern 5. Ideological factors: Extreme Nationalismus(strengthens by war defeat). Hope for "strong Mann"/ Leader keeping 6. Mass-psychological moments: Chances of success of propaganda due to political instability of the broad population mass. 7. Rolls individual personalities: Hindenburg, Schleicher, Papen


Phases of pursuit:

The Entrechtung and pursuit of the Jews began directly after the "seizure of power". The first concentration camp was already furnished - first still particularly for political opponents - 1933 in Dachau

1. Step: starting from 1921 · boycott actions against Jewish business · beginning of the Ausgrenzung of the Jews from public and economic life · by a Arierparagraphen were removed "not Arier" first from the public service (no more officials could be) · this paragraph expanded since ever more ranges and also from associations, Federations and other groupings taken over · Judenstern/Ghettos 2. Step: 10.May 1933 · book burn · "un-German books" were publicly burned at the opera place in Berlin. · z, B. Heinrich Heine or Karl Marx 3. Step: 15.September 1935

Nuernberger of laws · it explain the Jews as citizen of inferior right · you lose the active and passive right to vote

Law in the protection of the German blood and the German honour · marriage ceremonies and except-conjugal sexual intercourse between Jews and,Citizens of German or cognate blood "forbade, Offences were considered as,Race dishonor "_ prison or penal servitude · except-conjugal traffic zw. Jew and Dt. forbade meaning: · placed legal basis to discrimination, Pursuit and destruction of the Jews · Jew humans 2. Class, defenselessly, Further race legislation of the LV state on a goal built right taken · further step on the way to the complete Pervertierung of the right state · on these laws: ,,political and biological divorce of the Jewish people of the German people

· · October 1936 prohibition Nichtjuden private instruction of Jewish teachers · April 1937 Jews at University of no more doctor title · April 1937 Jewish acquire March 1936 child realms Jewish families no more aid. Physicians lose health insurance company permission · July 1938 then also the permission of the practise of the profession

4. Step: 9/10. To define November 1938 · April 1938 Jews forced fortunes, if over 5000 RM · May 1938 Jews excluded from the assignment of public orders · November 1938 Jewish children the attendance dt on. · "realm crystal night" the ordered Pogrom (soot forbids schools: Tempest, Devastation) · it comes to Progromen against the Jewish population · 91 Jews is murdered, over 7000 business devastated · for the arranged damage Jews t had to pay 1 billion realm Mark · all Jewish property seized · freedom of movement become eingeschraenkt(going out prohibitions, Introduction of the driving licences) · 3000 Jews arrested · meaning: · final exclusion from the economic life · introduction of the final Ausgrenzung dt. Jew from social and oekumenischen ranges:Decembers 1938 driving a car forbade


· 1939: The state police comes · in October finds Deportationen of Jews in again established Poland instead of · still in the same month already becomes the euthanasia regulation, to first shooting Polish Jews by employment troops the murder of 120,000 mentally handicapped humans introduced.

5. Step: starting from 1941 · Ghettoisierung (Warsaw Ghetto) · with fast penetrating dt. Troops into the Soviet Union are millions of Eastern European Jews in the German rule range. · special commands in the conquered area begin with shooting · emigration them are forbidden, must Jew star carry

To the when sea-conference to 20. By prominent administrative sizes of the LV regime the development of the so-called "final solution of the Jew question" was secretly initiated to January 1942. · with the resolutions seized there the genocide already directly behind the front begun was placed against the European Jew on a common organizational basis and the murder on industrieller basis by mass gasifications for the national socialists was regulated "more efficiently". · the utilization of the property of the destroyed Jews was regulated in detail. · in Auschwitz still in the same month begun with the murder of the Jews in gaskammern · 6. Final solution · with the expansion of the final solution on all areas of Europe, under dt. Stand for rule, Jews are deportiert of from everywhere into the extermination camps. · only some countries such as Italy, Romania and Hungary (until 1944) offer resistance against the Germans · up to the end of war in KZ over 5 million Jew murdered · among the victims to rank also 500,000 Sinti and Roma, political opponents, "Assoziale", Criminal one. · systematic and industrial murder of Jews in the concentration camps (z.B. Auschwitz) · before the arrival of ally armies become many KZ zerstoert(Auschwitz 1944). · still the survivors are shifted (death marches)

Final solution of the Jew question "or also briefly" final solution "is in the time of the national socialism the name for regular driving out and murder of the Jews, used by the ruling powers, in Germany and in the German sphere of influence in the years 1941 to 1945. Thus planning and realization of the Holocaust concerns the euphemistische rewriting for.

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