Numismatik

Those Numismatik (of numisma Coin and/or. nomisma), also muenzkunde mentioned, is those occupation also and its history. Often also that becomes Collect from coins as Numismatik mentioned.

Table of contents 1 Article 2 Methods 3 Research and teachings 4 History 4.1 Beginnings 5 See also 6 Literature 6.1 Bibliografien 6.2 Introductions/overview works 6.3 Encyclopedias 7 Web on the left of

Article

Most important object of the Numismatik is those Coin. In addition, other money forms how Paper money, vormuenzliche currencies and muenzverwandte objects how Medals, Jetons or religious medals are examined of the Numismatik.

At epochs, in which few written sources exist, coins have a high value as sources to the chronology as well as to the economics and culture history. This particularly applies to the Greek and Roman antiquity and to areas outside of that for antique Mediterranean cultures (z.B. the realms that part ago and Skythen), in addition, for the early and the high Middle Ages.

For these periods above all Muenzfunde are, D.h. Coins, Excavations together with other objects to be found or than Treasure troves coincidentally to be discovered, not only important dating assistance for the temporal classification and Social history, that or that Name customer.

Methods

The methods of the Numismatik in the closer sense are predominant to the object, which bind coin,; other methodical beginnings go of money-historical Questions out.

Coins are homogeneous mass products, which are delivered in large number. Therein they resemble about the archaeological group of finds of ceramic(s). Each coin is due nevertheless, to those Production way, an individual with special characteristics (embossing errors, material defects and irregularities), which can be used for an evaluation.

The most important numismatische method, which serves the reconstruction of the original succession of the minting, is the stamp analysis. It is based on the observation that each (bilateral) coin from one Front and one Back stamp is manufactured. The two stamps, with which hammer coinage uses as upper and unterstempel, wear themselves out unevenly. The oberstempel must be usually in former times replaced as the unterstempel. That leads to different sucked. "stamp combinations"; the different combinations form lined up the stamp chain and this again correspond to the sequence with the production of the individual coins. The stamp analysis became in 19. Century uses for the first time and of Friedrich Imhoof Blumer introduced to the Greek Numismatik.

Besides typology and style analysis are important methods, in order to open chronology and zusammengehoerigkeit from Muenztypen to. The borders all these methods lie in the fact that only a infinitesimal small number of the originally coined/shaped coins are at all delivered; Estimations due to Muenzfunden let assume that we have today only more about 1 parts per thousand available of the originally gespraegten coins.

Today also scientific investigations play an important role how Metal analyses, which give information for the origin of the muenzmetalls, in addition, to questions of the Muenzpolitik (changes of the fineness in the framework of devaluations z.B.) information to give know.

The Fundmuenzennumismatik is occupied less with the individual coin than rather with Muenzgruppen in form of the different categories of Muenzfunden. It examines the distribution and geographical spreading of Muenztypen regarding questions of the Money circulation and that one first, which already collected old royal and foreign coins "more than 2000 years ago". There are also referring to other collections and collecting tanks in Roman time; differently than with works of art however the aesthetic benefit was not the center of attention probably yet with the Muenzsammeln.

The first attempts to be occupied scientifically with coins date back in 14. and . From this time one knows for instance the poet Petrarca and the bishop Stefan Mathias of envy castle, of those everyone an extensive collection of historical coins or, as it meant at that time, "coins of all countries" possessed. In Germany the rising national princes belonged to the first important muenzsammlern. Thus large Muenzkabinette goes like those National Muenzsammlung in Munich, the Muenzkabinett of the art collections in Dresden, the Muenzkabinett of the Wuerttembergi federal state museum and citizens of Berlin the Muenzkabinett in their core on such prince collections back.

In Austria a Muenzsammlung already was in part of the art chamber that HabsburgerEmperor; particularly Rudolf II. a large number of coins acquired. In Switzerland are located the citizen libraries 16. Century at the beginning of the later Muenzkabinette. Only in Basel are these beginnings with a certain person, the human and collecting tank Basilius Amerbach, links.

See also

• Numismatiker

Literature

The listing gives a selection more importantly (usually newer) and to resuming literature.

Bibliografien

• Johann Christoph deer: Bibliotheca Numismatica exhibens Catalogum Auctorum qui de RH monetaria et numis tam antiquis quam recentioribus scipsere, collecta indice et rerum instructa. Nuernberg: 1760.
• J. G. Lipsius: Bibliotheca numaria sive Catalogus auctorum. Leipzig: 1801
• J. Leitzmann: Draw-eat all in the time area 1800 to 1866 appeared Writings over muenzkunde White lake: G.F. Grossmann' bookshop, 2. Aufl. 1867
• Philip Grierson: Bibliography numismatique, Bruxelles: CEN, 2. Aufl. 1979 (Cercle of d'études numismaties, travaux 9).
• Elvira E. Clain Stefanelli: Numismatic Bibliography, Munich: Battery mountain, 1984. ISBN 3870459387

numismatische bibliography

Introductions/overview works

Antique one

• Christopher Howgego: Money in that Antique world: Which coins over history betray, Darmstadt: Scientific book company, 2000 (English Expenditure for original Ancient History from Coins, London: Routledge, 1995).
• Robert Goebl: Antique Numismatik, 2 Bde., Munich: Battery mountain, 1978. ISBN 3870451440
• Maria r. Alfoeldi:Antique Numismatik, 2 Bde., Mainz: Philipp of Zabern (culture history that antique world, Bd. 2/3), 1978; Bd. 2: 2. improved Aufl. 1982. ISBN 3805302304 and ISBN 3805303351
• Hélène Nicolet Pierre: Numismatique grecque, Paris: Arman Colin, 2002. ISBN 220021781
• Andrew Burnett, Coinage into the novel World, London: Seaby, 1987. ISBN 0900652853

The Middle Ages/modern times

• Arnold Luschin of Ebengreuth: General muenzkunde and money history of the Middle Ages and the more recent time, Berlin/Munich: Oldenburg, 2. Aufl. 1926; Reproduction 1973 and 1976. ISBN 3-48647224-0
• Hans Gebhardt: Numismatik and money history, Heidelberg: Carl winters, 1949
• Philip Grierson, Coins of the Middle Ages, Fribourg: Office you livre, 1976.
• Peter Spufford:Money and its Use in medieval Europe, Cambridge etc..: Cambridge University press, 1988. ISBN 0521303842
• Michael North, The money and its history: From the Middle Ages to the present, Munich: C.H. Beck, 1994. ISBN 3406380727
• Bernd sprinkler: The money of the Germans: Money history of Germany, Paderborn: Schoeningh, 3. aktual. and erw. Edition 2002. ISBN 3506786237

Encyclopedias

• Friedrich v. Schroetter (Hrsg.): Dictionary of the muenzkunde, Berlin: de Gruyter, 2. unveraend. Edition 1970 (reproduction of the expenditure for original of 1930).
• Michael North (Hrsg.): From share to tariff: A historical encyclopedia of the money, Munich: C.H. Beck, 1995. ISBN 3406385443
• Michel Amandry (Hrsg.): Dictionnaire de numismatique, Paris: Larousse, 2001. ISBN 2035050766

Web on the left of

• Numismatic Literature - on-line bibliography
• Institut for Numismatik and money history at the University of Vienna
• Large on-line Muenzlexikon (for first information to Muenznamen)
• NUMISPEDIA (on-line Muenzlexikon to cooperate)