Race

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Races or subspecies are in biological systematics populations of a kind, with those thatDetails exchange with other populations is decreased. Thus it can come to an intensified development of common phänotypischen characteristics, which differentiate between the individuals of the race of other populations of the same kind (characteristic divergence). Other terms, which express comparable observations, are subspecies (Subspezies), breed form or Varietät. In the Pflanzenreich biologists speak also of sorts.

In the white discriminating linguistic usage 19. and early 20. Century (see. the English race) was applied „race “to humans, as biologistically more justifiedly culturally more attributingTerm. As sociological term above all the early classical author Ludwig Gumplowicz has it related (the race conflict, 1909).

Since the term accepts „race “regarding humans a clearly rassistisch ideological character (“ton most people, A race isany group OF people whom they choose ton describe as A race.”  (UNESCO: Report The race concept. Results OF on inquiry. 1952, S. 99)), the UNESCO recommended ebenda, the term „to race “(race) by that purelyto replace descriptive (describing) term ethnical group (ethnic group).

Table of contents

classification of populations during evolution processes

allMembers of a biological kind normally participate in a common gene pool. Within a kind however far variations in the phänotypischen combination of certain characteristics form. Exist between different populations or groups of populations of the kind barriers for the details exchange - is therespatial (mountains, land masses, seas), temporal (development times, approximately with Maikäfern) or of humans induced (breed choice with dogs, horses etc.) - in such a way those characteristics are impressed out, which are already present in high frequency (genetic drift), sometimes strengthened by specificEnvironmental condition, which exercise a selection pressure. If it comes in the course of the evolution into certain groups of populations frequently to a uniform change of certain characteristics, which differentiates the members of a group from others, then a partitioning in sub-groups is obvious, those as races,Subspecies, sorts etc. are designated. These subspecies can develop to new kinds, if they drift that reproduction barriers are formed, those the free details exchange between the groups durably, to D so far apart. h. even with again established z. B. geographicalContact, limit and thus the probability of a successful reproduction between individuals of different sub-groups strongly lower. Then often evolutionary provisional stages, with which a crossing is possible, are the new generation however a lowered evolutionary Fitness show, what itself and.A. in decreased Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit as for example between horses and donkeys to show can.

There a race over a whole set of characteristics, characteristics or attributes is always defined, can by the crossing of individuals with heterozygoten characteristics arbitrary intermediate stages between thatRaces develop. The race is thus only in one geographically and temporally firmly outlined situation a natural category; in many cases it is a Abstraktum created by humans. Reality comes then only to the individual genotypischen and phänotypischen differences themselves- it exists thus no of the historical situation independent „sum of “these differences.

Races regarding animals

races are today particularly in animal breeding (dogs, horses, cows and other domestic animals) of importance, where often those„Pure racing victoryness “the value of an animal contributes: the animals are to correspond to the defined characteristics of the breed ideal. The kind of the dogs became z. B. as whole ones out-bred by humans from the differing kind of the wolf. Not only irresponsible breeding, butthe completely normal „pedigree dog breed so mentioned “leads inevitably to damages of the Haplotypus. Hellmuth quail (dog breed 2000, Gollwitzer publishing house 1997) points out rightfully that as a population only the Haplotypen participating effectively in the reproductionto be designated and counted can. „The champion breed so become the standard mentioned “strengthens this dramatically. One has z. B. 3000 breed dogs of one „dog race “and are covered them by 50 „champions “, amount to the population size effectively only for 200! With which thatFacts „of the secret “close breed with appropriate allele depletion by gene drift are already fulfilled. Quail called this appropriate „genetic Genozid “.

The consequence is that it gives ever more pedigree dogs, which carry hereditary diseases and ill hereditary property. If one follows quail, then it might alsothe Vitalität of the European „pedigree dogs “(fertility, adaptability to changing environmental attractions, strength against pathogen, middle life expectancy, Inzidenz of hereditary diseases) in approx. finally to end go to thirty years. Whereby some races without emperor cut relieving would have today already become extinct.

Additionally and strengthening it givesOverdevelopments on ideals of beauty of the affluent society, which to further in-breeding - effects to lead can. In the breed of utilizable animals and useful plants clean-race-triumph Ur serve breed lines for the production of hybrid new races.

„Races “regarding humans

major item: Race theories

of attempts, humans after outsideCharacteristics (like figure, head form, striking and hair color etc.) into different „races “to divide, it is rejecting discussed in the science and to find no more acceptance. Scientists such as Humangenetiker already disproved race theories regarding the Genotypus humans since longer. One speaks,for example in the anthropologischen research, instead of of human „races “of typologischen categories, according to which mankind is divided into different phenotypes. Genetically seen same itself however all humans to 99.9 per cent, and this independently of the ethnical classification. The remaining0.1 per cent of the hereditary property provide for the individual differences between humans (striking and hair color etc.). The deviation at genuine races, z. B. Dogs, is clearly higher.

Race ideology led to the spreading of unscientific criteria and valuations, during often contempting for human beings basic attitude.Alleged or genuine scientific authority was abused here as a means for the increase of the reliability of the political ideological opinions. While many morphologic and physiological criteria until today have existence in biology and medicine, however not regarding a partitioningby „people races “, other characteristics, classifications and valuations were in the meantime disproved.

The today uncommon organization of humans into races, in former times often as „large races “designated, can be justified sowenig on the Körperfarbe, as on other single characteristics, like z. B. thoseShoe size. The organization into black ones, white ones, red ones and yellow ones is an unfounded construction and by the human genetics is not supported. While walter Demel showed, how the Chinese were made “yellow”, Alden described T. Vaughan the conversion of the Indians into “red skins”or Wulf pursued D. Dog the development of the European African picture of „the Äthiopier “ of the antique ones over „the carrots “ of the Middle Ages to „the negro “ of the modern times. John solo MOS and many different drew from it the conclusion,the fact that „black and knows [...] no essentialistischen categories [is], but [...] by historical and political fights for its meaning are defined and therefore “race” a product of the racingism is and not turned around. “

Literature

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