Race theories

As Race theories become mostly pseudoscientific Attempts designates, mankind into different Races to partition. In connection usually further acceptance are located, those Quality this concerning races, and ideas, as one improve mankind could. These models develop usually based up racistic Vorpraegung. Since center 20. Century one does not operate this any longer seriously, since these theories first any longer to expand and prove did not leave themselves and finally than completely wrongly proven.

Table of contents 1 History 1.1 "race" in the early sociology 1.2 Colonialism 1.3 19. Century 1.4 20 Century 1.5 Use of race characteristics in the prosecution 2 Race theories without race 3 Criticism 4 Literature 5 See also 6 Web on the left of

History

First scientific Theory formulated Linné, into its beginning for the systematization of the animated Nature starting from the 6. Edition also those Mankind into different races divided.

The term that Race ("Race") u led. A. Immanuel Kant into those German language - and concomitantly a thought of the over and/or. Subordination: for Kant there were four races, in their education ability differed. At that Point that Reason the white stood for it European - at the lower end those Indian.

The French physician and explorer François Bernier (1620-1688) published 1684 an essay with the title: "Nouvelle division de la Terre, par les differentes Espèces ou Races of d'hommes qui l'habitent "(new organization of the earth after the different kinds or races, they inhabit) and wrote thereby the "birth certificate of the race research" (Eickstedt). Bernier differentiated between already three race circles, the late Europide, Negride and Mongolide were called, connected however with his classification no valuation.

Carl von Linné linked its biological systematics with the juice theory and distributed thereby the four Temeperamente on the individual races:

• Europaeus: regitur ritibus - albus, sanguineus, torosus (of the law governs, knows, sanguinisch, muskuloes)
• Americanus: regitur consuetudine - rufus, cholericus, rectus (of customs governs, red, cholerisch, upright)
• Asiaticus: regitur opinionibus - luridus, melancholicus, rigidus (of opinions governs, pale-yellow, melancholisch, rigidly)
• Africanus: regitur arbitrio - the Niger, phlegmaticus, laxus (of arbitrariness governs, black, phlegmatisch, flabby)

"race" in the early Sociology

Like today still race in English, still was in Germany over 19. Century outside "race" in handling and political language the vague designation, the biological and cultural characteristics mixed (and the cultural on the biological characteristics back led not rarely - vgl. Ideology). Therefore early sociologists tried, to work a sociological "Rasse" term out. Remarkable is here above all Ludwig Gumplovicz, itself thereby the concept "Group"served. These beginnings were into the 1960er year (see W. E. Muehlmann, Chiliasmus and Nativism, 1961) and then completely expired.

A time long common was in the anglo-saxon area the theory, there would be 5 races of humans: the white (Europeans or "Caucasians"), the yellow (east Asians or "Mongols"), the red (natives of the new world or "Indian"), the brown (Arabs andor south Asians -- here the theory a little was vague), and the black (African). This theory was however a little useful, in order to determine alleged differences between Jews and "Ariern", still it held for a more critical lighting of populations of island (Pacific, Australian natives) or the Mediterranean area stood.

Colonialism

In the context of the German Colonialism in Africa different race theories were developed, u.A. those Hamitentheorie that Africaists Karl Richard Lepsius and Carl my yard, to that-according to those peoples, their language over Nominal classes ordered, are culturally with higher order than others, because they could be attached culturally to the abendlaendisch morgenlaendischen civilizations. This theory served the German colonialism for the selection of gentleman peoples in the territories occupied by them. These teachings became through Darwins Evolution theory inspired, although there are no "with high order" and "inferior" ways of life according to this completely clearly for nature.

Contributions for these pseudoscientific Beginnings supplied the moreover one those modern sciences: Anthropology, Science of history, Linguistics or Biology. Race theories served mostly for it, Crime against mankind, how Colonialism, Racingism and Genocide to legitimize. Was clear for most race theoreticians, that it none pure Races to give knew - for thousands of years already the most diverse subpopulations mixed themselves among themselves.

19. Century

Under the scientists of the 19. Century, with the subject were concerned, were Georges Cuvier, James Cowles Pritchard, Louis Agassiz, Charles Pickering (Races OF one and Their Geographical distribution, 1848) and Johann Friedrich flower brook (1752-1840). Cuvier counted three races, Pritchard sieve, Agassiz eight and Pickering eleven. Flower brook organization, the Linnés Urtypen around a fifth race (those brown or malaische) extended, became in the middle 19. Century accepts to a large extent. Flower brook coined/shaped also the term that Caucasian or white race, as Master race to regard is.

In flower brook days the description of physical characteristics went such as skin color, Head profile, etc.. as naturally hand in hand with the interpretation of charakterlicher characteristics and intellectual abilities. Thus for instance the "bright color" and the relatively high forehead "the Kaukasier" were rated as physical expression of a high-flying spirit and a generous temper. The dark skin and the easily fleeing forehead "the Aethiopier" were considered as overall proof of a larger genetic proximity to the Primaten, although the skin of schimpansen and gorillas under the hair is whiter than the average "Kaukasier".

From diversity different becamepriority. Higher one, culture-creative Races stood for low, culture-destructive In relation to races. A multiplicity of competitive with one another race theories particularly developed (admits are of Gobineau and Chamberlain), all this again and again those European and later those Arier or Germanic race saw at the point of the human development.

From largest influence was in this connection Joseph Arthur count de Gobineau with its "Essai sur l'inégalité the races humaines"(attempt over the inequality of the human races) 1853/55, in which it stated, the driving strength of human history is the "race question". Race mixture, in particular with "inferior races" lead to degeneration and fall of peoples and nations.

Its theories of the rassischen superiority of the Arier worked lastingly up Richard wagner and its son-in-law Houston Stewart Chamberlain, that it in its book "the bases 19. Century "(1899) continued to develop. Chamberlain stylized the Jews for the rassischen anti-type of the Ariers and postulated a historical final fight, in that it only victory or destruction to give could.

This (Mach)Werke fell in often popularized form straight in the German-speaking countries on fruitful soil. Thus for instance the cracked left Cistercian monk Adolf Lanz (alias "Joerg" Lanz "of love rock") in its Ostara Heftchen "blond-blue" asische or arische gentleman people against "Sodoms Aefflinge" begin. He explained the "enslavement of the race-inferior" is one "ethicalally and economically entitled demand". This Rassefantastereien played with the genesis of the National Socialist Idea conglomerate a crucial role. Millionfold murder was assumed and "scientifically" justified thereby.

20 Century

Race researcher early 20. Century assigned the malaische and the American race again to the Mongolian and returned thus to the ' classical ' three-division. The bloom time of the race classification, the end 19. Century began, reached its high point in systematics Egon von Eickstedts (1934), those about 30 - 40 races differentiated between, in 3 Race circles as well as old and contact contacts were divided. Eickstedt did not only connect different physical with the different races, but also psychological characteristics and meant to be able by race formulas the portion of individual races with humans per cent-exactly to determine. Other Anthropologen develops on the classification Eickstedts or came like the American Carl clay/tone S. Coon again on a rough arrangement in three primary races or race circles (Negroide, Kaukasoide, Sinoide) back.

Of Eugenikern like that National socialist became this "mixture" as Degeneration defined and tried, to prevent it. Their race theory got during that Time of the national socialism - in the "third realm" - the character of one State religion, those the public and private life decomposed and the murder of large subpopulations - particularly of Jew, Slawen and dictated to their descendants.

The race theory was pseudoscientifically continued to develop and refined in the order and under control of the national socialists. Race theoreticians of the national socialists were u. A. Alfred rose mountain, Hans's F. K. Guenther and Egon baron von Eickstedt. The ideology constructed many false acceptance the still imperfect people customer and biology up. Z. B. became all advanced cultures, those Greek and Romans of the national socialists on the "Arier" back led. There are attempts however again and again, that Bio logism to make scientifically yardable the races. Z.B. maintained the English biologist John Baker in its disputed work "Race" from 1974, brain-morphologic, Intelligence and character differences between the Ethnien to have found, and from it the superiority derives certainly "civilizations". It appoints itself thereby explicitly to outdated anthropologische theories of the biological determination.

Today those becomes Menscheit no more in races partitions. However there are attempts different genetic groups separates. That Genographic Project examined with the help of modern methods, like itself mankind, when it settled the remainder of the world from Africa, into ever more groups split up. Everyone can participate in the project, by letting its DNA sample examine. In this way one can find out, from where the own ancestors come.

Use of race characteristics in the prosecution

In some countries such as z. B. the United States the term of the race is used for the description by person characteristics. That FBI used for example a Klassifiaktion after races around the general appearance (as for example skin color, Form of the eyes, Lips, etc..to combine) into the generic person description with the search of suspecting. A rough organization takes place here into the four groups of ' Whites ', ' Blacks ', ' White (Hispanic) ' and ' Asian '. With the entry into the United States occasionally also a classification of the applicant on z becomes.B. Forms for visa expects.

Scotland yard used likewise "race characteristics" to the person description. One partitions as follows: W1 (White British), W2 (White Irish), W9 (Any OTHER white background); M1 (White and black Caribbean), M2 (White and black African), M3 (White and Asian), M9 (Any OTHER mixed background); A1 (Asian Indian), A2 (Asian Pakistani), A3 (Asian Blangladeshi), A9 (Any OTHER Asian background); B1 (Black Caribbean), B2 (Black African), B3 (Any OTHER black background); O1 (Chinese), O9 (Any OTHER).

In many countries a such classification is legally forbidden to the executive.

Due to research results, which support the disputed hypothesis, that a race classification is possible due to DNA tests with small error probability, in the United States also so-called "biogeographical descending profiles" (biogeographical ancestry - BGA) are used from DNA samples for prosecution.

Race theories without race

A privileged position in the race theories becomes that Jew assigned, those at the same time as Non--race and as Superrace appear:

• those Assimilation serves that Antisemiten as an argument, to state, the Jews became secret with others Races mix - it infiltrate
• continuing of the Judentums despite pursuit lasting for thousands of years of them as sign of a particularly strong race character one interprets at the same time

Parallel to the biologically arguing race theories there are also beginnings, to justify with other ethnisierenden concepts the differences between the designed groups:

• Inspiringness and Religiositaet are important before-modern theories, the z. B. of Pope Paul III. to Enslavement the African population were consulted
• particularly in the German linguistic area beginnings developed, mankind on the basis the language into higher and low groups to divide (Linguizismus);
• Race theories like the bon le of Gustave divided mankind into different Cultures (see Cult Uralsism);
• Likewise on the culture term constructing has itself in the last 60 years in Racingism without races developed, with that the race term is linguistically replaced.
• in Sozialdarwinismus can Races are not justified - to have however: also the partitioning in strongly and weakly been sufficient for the authentication of suppression.

An appropriate Race theory without races from our time z places.B. Samuel Huntington in its writing Fight of the cultures , in which he speaks of 7 or 8 cultures, which it sketches rather exactly along the lines, also the race theoreticians of the 19. Century for their construction used. And also with it living together appears uncalculably dangerous.

Criticism

Contradiction against race theories gave it since it race theories gives: Human how Herder, Forster or Lichtenberg awarded themselves already Kant Times against the race term out.

Anthropologen such as Theodor Weitz or Franz Boas contradicted the contemporary in each case racingism of Chamberlain and/or. of the National socialism. At the latest with the results of the UNESCO working group of 1950 the race term is scientifically disproved.

Behind the interest, To divide humans in "races", often hid itself an interest of rule in the sense of "divide et impera". Today, after the experience with "Gentleman race"and that Apartheid, such is considered an interest as indication of a very backward people picture.

The number of the set up groups varied very strongly, whereby itself already of Linné accepted four Urtypen (s.u. Excursion over the history of the race research) or three more largely Race circles - Europide (Europe, The Near East, North Africa, India), Mongolide (Eastern Asia and Ureinwohner America) and Negride (Africa) - pleased of special popularity. This frequently further out-differentiated into numerous combinations (z.B. Turanide, Australide, Mestizen, Mulatten) and partitionings. So for example the Europiden again fanned out in Nordide, Osteuropide, DIN-ARID, Dalo Faelide, Alpinide, Mediterranide, Armenide, Orientalide, Indide.

These classifications are by the realizations of the modern Genetics overhauled, but in everyday thinking of most humans as refuse dump present. Humangenetiker how Luigi Cavalli Sforza argue, that outward differences such as striking and hair color, Hair structure and nose form only an adjustment at different climatic and nourishing conditions are, only by a small sub-group of genes to be determined. In principle any sub-group - theoretically also the inhabitants of an individual village - is on the average distinguishable by others. Differently expressed the variety is so large, with humans that it is inappropriate, to subdivide this as kind zoo-logically. This argument has already 1871 Charles Darwin in his book concerning the descent of humans uses.

Cavalli Sforza and other scientists speak of Populations (groups, the one precise certain area inhabit) - a term, that not biologically, separate is statistically defined. Genetic differences between populations leave themselves on the basis individual characteristics (z.B. Groups of bloods) seize. About 85% of the genetic variability recognizable with humans are present within a population; about 8% concern differences between neighbouring groups and only 7% decrease/go back on differences between the typologisch defined "races". Genetically regarded two humans from different continents can be related more near with one another than individuals of a specific group, even if it z.B. a different skin color have.

Populations are, in certain sense, simply statistic blocks, on the choice of the respective variables depend, whereby there is no preferential sentence of variables. The "populationistic" opinion does not deny, that there are differences between humans; it states simply, that the historical race concepts are not particularly useful, in order to analyze these differences scientifically.

In the comparison with many other animal species (for instance Primaten) humans show a very high genetic similarity. From this one closes, that before approximately 100,000 years mankind possessed only a small population strength (newer scientific realizations mean, that it around the year 68,000 v.Chr. gave only 2,000 humans, from those therefore all today's humans descend). The small genetic variability of this output population reflects itself in the genetic similarity of all humans - the DNA of two arbitrary humans is equal itself to 99.9%.

That "race" a social, no scientific concept is, also the American says Genomfor Craig Venter. Whether itself however its associated hope "without races none Racingism"fulfills, is extremely doubtful (see Racingism without races).

Literature

• G. Ça?lar: The myth of the war of the civilizations. The west against the remainder of the world. A replication on Samuel P. Huntingtons "fight of the cultures", Cathedral 2003, ISBN 3-89771-414-0
• T. Geisen: Antirassisti historical book. Sources of the racingism in the collective memory of the Germans, Frankfurt/Main: IKO, 1996.
• I. Geiss: History of the racingism, Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1988.
• G. L. Mosse: The history of the racingism in Europe, Frankfurt/Main: Fischer, 1990.
• L. Poliakov: The arische myth. To the sources of racingism and nationalism, Hamburg: Junius, 1993.
• J. Philippe Rushton: Race, Evolution and behavior: a theory of the history of the development. Graz: Acre 2005. ISBN 3-902475-08-0

See also

Race, Eugenics

Web on the left of

• www.shoa.de Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kattmann, Carl von Ossietzky: Biology and racial theory - why and with which effect do scientists classify humans?
• www.university Oldenburg.de Statement on the race question of the participants of the scientific working group of the international UNESCO conference
• "Human gene TIC Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy " (pdf) The statistician and evolution biologist A.W.F. Edward over genetic differences between human populations.
• The modern genetics disproves the racingism by Christian Schueller of akdh.net
• If the IQ lies in the shrubs - book criticism of the South German newspaper by Burkhard Mueller too Race. The Reality OF Human Difference