Ren
| of these articles describes the animal Ren for other meanings sees to Ren (term clarifying) |
| Ren | ||||||||||||
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 Ren (Rangifer tarandus) in North America | ||||||||||||
| systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Wissenschaftlicher Name | ||||||||||||
| Rangifer tarandus | ||||||||||||
| (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Das Ren oder Rentier (Rangifer tarandus) lebt in den Tundren von Nord-Eurasien, Nord-Nordamerika, Grönland und anderen arktischenInseln. It is today an arctic animal, was however once also in parts thatmoderate zones spreads. It is remarkable, because it was on a large scale domestiziert as only representatives of the deer , and because only with this kind also the females carried antlers. Called in North America pay caribou, what is often written in German Karibu. ThatWord comes of to the language of the Mi'kmaq - Indians.
Table of contents |
characteristics
the size varies much with the circulation area. The head fuselage length is enoughfrom 120 to 220 centimeters, the Schulterhöhe from 90 to 140 centimeters, the weight from 60 to 300 kilograms. The skin is closely and long, dark grey-brown or also brightly, particularly with gezähmten animals; in the winter thereby very much more brightly as in the summer. The Peary Karibus outarctic Canada look even all year round nearly purely white. By the bright color are pay on the distance before Fressfeinden camouflaged. A close Unterwolle protects the Ren in the hard arctic climate against the frost.
Under the deer both sexes register only with the Ren Antlers. Antlers are to a considerable degree irregular and asymmetrical and with no two animals identically. They are shaped like a bar and far branch out; only the deepest rung forms a small shovel, which one calls also „snow shovel “at the end of a bar, since one believed in former times,the Ren vacates the snow with it aside. Antlers of the male are clearly larger with a length from 50 to 130 centimeters than that of the female, who only 20 to 50 centimeters becomes long. Antlers of the male are repelled in the autumn - that thatFemale in the spring; if necessary not two sides at the same time, so that the Ren has temporarily only one antlers half.
The hooves pay are very broadly and by a clamping skin far spreadable. In addition long Nebenhufe is trained. This makes possible for the animals themselves in stony or muddy area onesafe footstep.
spreading
the today's circulation area covers the tundra, whereby Rener continue to live north as most other large mammals. Even on high Arctic islands such as Spitzbergen and the Ellesmere island gives it pay. Where the circulation area permits it, Rener undertake largeMigrations, in order to escape from the arctic winters. The way put back with these annual moving movements can amount to up to 5000 kilometers; with it it concerns the longest migration of a land mammal at all. At the end of their way they reach the taiga and boreale coniferous forests, where them forwardsthe frost look for protection.
South the polar circle are there some stragglers populations, which live particularly in mountains, thus in the Norwegian Hardangervidda. The furthest spreading had the Ren in the last ice age, as it until Central Europe and to the today's MexicanNorth border penetrated. After the end of the Pleistozäns the gradual retreat began northward. That outlived annuitant amazingly for a long time in parts of the moderate zone. In Northern Germany there was wild Rener still to the Roman antique one, and in Poland they survived even in the Middle Ages. ThatHumans might carry in the long run a partial responsibility at their disappearing from these areas. It is to be accepted however that the existence were understood in moderate climate zones in removing anyway, so that humans accelerated the procedure of becoming extinct only.
way of life
pays is Herd animals. The herds are to the seasonal migrations together and can cover then regionally several 100,000 animals; from Alaska a herd with 500.000 animals is well-known. Outside of the migrations these herds dissolve into smaller federations to ten to one hundred animals. These smallerGruppen bestehen meistens entweder nur aus Männchen oder nur aus Weibchen. A hierarchy, which depends on the antlers size, exists in the federations. Occasionally the hierarchy is decided by ritualisierte fights.
At the mating time males try to collect a Harem around itself. They pair themselves alsoas many females as possible. After a carrying time of 230 days the female brings only one young to the world. The mating takes place in October, the birth in May or June. The young animal is not gefleckt and already short differently than most fawns afterthe birth very independently. So it can be running one hour after the birth on own feet. You from air-filled hair existing skin protect it against cold weather, if it remains drying. In wet-cold weather the number of deaths of the calves is very high, although annuitant calves theirHeat production around the fivefold to accelerate can and thus unusual thermoregulatorische abilities have. Sex hoar frost the animals become after approximately two years, and they become about 12 to 15 years old, in extreme cases also more than 20 years.
Pay are mainly Grasfresser, those in the summer howevertake nearly each vegetable food to itself, which they can find. In the winter they are limited by the circumstances often to annuitant lichens, Moose and mushrooms. As natural enemies wolves know, would much-eat, Luchse and polar bear to be regarded, in addition different interior and outside parasites.
humans and pay
in cave designs of the Steinzeit finds one Rener frequently represented. They belonged probably already for the Neandertaler to a desired booty. Hunted until today pay in many parts of the world, there one their usually very lean meat andtheir skin estimates. In the regions, in which large game, fiber plants and building materials are meager, humans used almost each part of the body of the annuitant: their skin for leathers, their antlers and their bones for tool production.
it is unknown, which people pays firstdomestizierte. The utilization of the Rens spread around approximately 1000 v. Chr. of Siberia until Scandinavia. In Northern Europe the Sámi exercised this art. This very day annuitant breed in honing-lapping country is operated by the Sámi. The herds can around-move freely, humans follow them. ThosePay to fixed times are together-floated, in order to shear it or slaughter selected animals. Pay can in the herd be slaughtered problem-free in the middle, its kind comrades disturb themselves not to it. The Zusammentreiben of large herds is usually settled today by means of helicopters and/or engine carriages.
There pay temperaturesto bear, with which every other utilizable animal would die, has one can do still in 20. Century domestizierte pays introduced to Greenland, Alaska and Canada, where the native peoples had before hunted only Wildrener and had never domestiziert. Also on some subantarktischen islands such as Südgeorgien or that Kerguelen holds (mainly from researchers existing) the inhabitant shank today small herds of annuitant.
In the people faith the carriage is pulled by Santa Claus von Rentieren, it is to understand the language of these animals.
Do not pay are shy necessarily; in northern Finland or Sweden they run frequently on the highwaysand they leave also not immediately, if a car comes. One can drive near therefore on approximately up to two meters to it, without the animals flee. To foot a distance of less than five to ten meters is possible however only with such animals,humans are used.
subspecies
in different parts of the world the Ren became in the meantime very rare by the Bejagung. Today there is world-wide about 4 million wild and 3 million domestizierte pays. Three quarters of the wildPay live in North America, and more than three quarters of the domestizierten pay are resident in Siberia.
One differentiates depending upon Lehrmeinung ten to twenty subspecies of the annuitant. In addition belong:
- European Ren (R. t. tarandus) in honing-lapping country and north Russia west the Urals; todaynearly only in its domestizierten form available
- Siberian tundra Ren (R. t. sibericus) in the north Sibiriens
- Siberian forest Ren (R. t. valentinae) in different Russian mountains, for example in the Urals and in the Altai
- of Mandschuri Ren (R. t. phylarchus), of that Manchuria over east Siberia to Kamtschatka and Sachalin
- Spitzbergen Ren (R. t. platyrhynchus), Spitzbergen, existence of about 11,000 animals
- Nowaja Semlja Ren (R. t. pearsoni), Nowaja Semlja
- Greenland Ren (R. t. groenlandicus), Greenland, northwest territories and Nunavut, Canada
- Canadian Karibu (R. t.caribou), Canada from British Columbia to Newfoundland; a herd arrives with its migrations also after Idaho and Washington
- Alaska Karibu (R. t. granti), Alaska
- Peary Karibu (R. t. pearyi), Canadian arctic islands; of the IUCN as threatens classified; this subspecies is because of their almost purely white skin famous
- Queen Charlotte Karibu (R. t. dawsoni), Queen Charlotte islands before the westCanadian coast; become extinct
the subspecies differ from each other in skin colouring and size. For example the Canadian Karibu is dark-brown, rather grey-brown colored European annuitant. The smallest Rener is thoseisland-inhabiting subspecies. Like that the Spitzbergen Ren is on the average smaller around 15 per cent than the European Ren.
names and discussion
the Sámi call an annuitant male of sarves, a kastriertes male hierke and a female vaia. These terms were taken over world-wide everywhere there,where today Rener as domestic animals to be bred. The English name is more reindeer „“.
As Pluralformen of Ren „Rens are possible “, „Rene “and „Rener “. Specializedlinguistically only the form is used „Rener “.
From the Nordi coming term “Ren” (schwed. Ren, norw. ) is pure in thatGerman language since that 16. Century occupies.
literature
- Tom Walker: Caribou: Wanderer OF the tundra. Graphics kind center Publishing company, 2000 ISBN 1558685243
- Rangifer (magazine for annuitant biology and annuitant breed, appears annually) ISSN 0333256X
see also
| Wiktionary: Ren -Word origin, synonyms and translations |
Web on the left of
| Commons: Ren - pictures, videos and/or audio files |
- www.rangifer.net (English)
- annuitant with faunistik.net
- homepage Finnish annuitant breeder cooperative federation (German-language)
| This article was taken up to the list of exzellenter articles. |
