S

S and/or s is the 19. Letter of latin of alphabet and a consonant. The letter S has an average frequency of 7,27% in German texts. It is thereby the fourth-most frequent letter in German texts, with thatConsonant ones it is the secondarymost frequent letter. This may explain, why historically different indications developed for the representation of the s and its combinations (S, ſ, s, ss). 83 per cent of all languages have a S. To the small letter long s” ſ “and sharp one s” ss “it gives to the Wikipedia own articles.

To table of contents

1 history of the letter S
- 1,1 use and discussion
- 1,2 sound history
2 representation in computer systems
- 2,1 coding
3 meanings
4 see also
5 Web on the left of

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history of theLetter S


Proto semitischer elbow	Phönizi seemed	Greek sigma	of Etruski S	Roman capital S (2. – 5. Jhdt.)

The proto semitische prototype of the letter represents an elbow. In the phönizischen alphabet the letter was geometrisiert somewhat and got the name seemed,which elbow means. The sound value seemed with the Phöniziern was [ʃ].

The Greek did not know the sound [ʃ]. That seemed as sigma however nevertheless to the Greek alphabet was transferred. The Greeks changed the sound value in [s], in addition turnedit the letters around 90 degrees against the clockwise direction. With the change of the writing direction on of left post+right the letter was reflected again and received so its current shape.

The Etrusker took over, but yet not reflected turned by the GreeksVariant. In the etruskischen the letter lost its highest line with the time and looked like a turned Z. The Romans took over this indication, made it however more flowing. The sound value of S remained with Etruskern and Romans [s].


Unzial (3. – 9. Jhdt.)	Karolingi Minuskel (8. – 11. Jhdt.)	texture (starting from 12. Jhdt.)	german type (starting from approximately 1514)	German Kurrentschrift (starting from 16. Jdt.)

for the small letter s were developed several indications: On the one hand the round s (s) a reduced versionthe capital letter S, on the other hand the long s” ſ “, which has its origin probably in brisk script. In the typeface the long s in the word, and within a word, was usually used syllable and Stammanlaut the round s above allat the end of a word or a partial word (to the rules compares the article long s). By the way there is also from the small Greek sigma ever a variant for the position to word beginning and word center (σ) and word ending (), and also here can the final variant both to the word and (although more rarely, and after not completely the same and/or. as clear rules as in German) at the morpheme - end occur. See also emergence of the Minuskel s in the article „long s “.


Humanisti italic ones (15. Jhdt.)	Renaissance Antiqua (starting from 16. Jhdt.)	Klassizisti Antiqua (starting from end of 18. Jhdt.)	Egyptienne (starting from approximately 1830)	grotesque (starting from approximately 1830)

in the broken writings is in the German orthography further the long s obligating. Early roman characters contained the letter likewiseoften, there he came however except use. The long s left its trace in the letter however in German ss, which decreases/goes back to a ligature out ſ and z or s. The exact origin of the Eszett is so far unsettled, informationfor this in the article ss.

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use and discussion

the letter s belonged with its discussion [z] to the consonants graphemen, those under normal conditions (individually before vowel at the word beginning or in the word inside between vowels) be correctful and/or. Lenis- Obstruenten represent (b, D, g, s, w /b, D, g, z, v) and thus the appropriate be correctless Fortis - Obstruentenbuchstaben face (p, t, k, ss, f /p, t, k, s, f). It is however a typical phenomenon in German that under certain conditions these consonant letters are expressed like their appropriate Fortis counterparts (pea, emerald, Möwchen).

This discussion phenomenon in the German Standardsprache depends mainly on the position the letter of assigned sound in the speech syllable.
To s as to b , D, g, w applies:

At the syllable end they are spoken as (be correctless ) Fortis (Ka s, if Ko s ten mo s, strike s, there to s, lie b width unit, A b, like D mung, un D, Smarag D, for each g liche, Mö w chen).
Before further be correctless Fortis Obstruenten they becomeas (be correctless) Fortis spoken (S kat, A s t, A b t, it b SE, Smara g D).
After Fortis Obstruenten they are be correctless spoken usually rather as Lenis, but in each case (Wech s el, inherit se, Smarag D e, Zwetsch g e), whereby s in this position most strongly to the Fortis - discussion tends and to w to few (see. et w A and plumb bob s e).

At the syllable beginning (if no Fortis precedes and noneFortis follows) it against it as Lenis - phoneme (meaning-meaning with respect to this position thus) is spoken (S ee, Ro s e, Gän s e, Pil s ner, El b e, u b rig, g leich, w struggle). This soundis in the Standardsprache be correctful, in southern German however be correctless in case of of s. Thus it often cannot be separated in the South German range clearly from ss. Similarly falls within the South German range b (and often also D and g)with the discussion of p (t, k) together.

To s applies beyond that:

Not only before be correctless Fortis Obstruenten, but before all consonant letters (except before l, n, r in the word inside, if before it an e failed) s is spoken as (be correctless ) Fortis (S lalom, S maragd, Ro s witha)
from the fact follows also that ss not for the Lenis, but for the Fortis sound as “shortness characters “and/or. for the representation of the syllable joint is used (kü ss EN, lä ss t).
In sp and FR “is sch+t” it at the syllable beginning as/ʃt/and/or. “sch+p”/ʃp/spoken (S tadt, Ge s penst).
In the tri graph “sch” it is expressed as sibilant/ʃ/(already, ash).
After l, n, m, ng can before /s/ a branch consonant ( a Plosiv with appropriateArticulation place) to be pushed in, so that e.g.MC not differently than nzt (art - grunzt), mst not differently than mpst (rummst - plumpst) and ngst not differently than nkst (sing - sink) is spoken.

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sound history

in the old high Germanand in the early medium high German there were two different s-sounds: a be correctless Frikativ [ ɕ] alveolo palatalen, on a ererbtes Germanic s/ss decreased/went back (e.g. into sunne, stone, kiss, kirse); and a be correctless alveolar Frikativ [s], in that 2. Sound shift from short t had developed z/zz (e.g. in ezzen, daz, groz).

The today's sch decreases itself/goes back in most cases to an original sports club , first to a s-CH the developed and then to the today's sch.In words such as deer, cherry and in the Anlaut before l, m, n, w (snow, pig) decreases/goes back it however on an older s or z , see. medium high-German hirz, kirse, snê, swîn.

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representation in computer systems

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coding

in the international indication coding system university code are present the following positions:

Large S:

S - S (Uppercase S).

Small s:

s - s (Lowercase s)

small lengthwise:

ſ - ſ (Latin Small type character Long S)

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meanings

in that Physics
- is s the symbol for the way
- is s the symbol for the length of curve
- is s the formula symbol for the specific entropy
- is s the spin quantum number of a particle
- is S the formula symbol for the entropy
- is S the formula symbolfor the Strangeness
- S is the spin quantum number of the electron sheath
- is <math> \ vec S< /math> the indication of the Poynting vector
- is °S the unit symbol for the degree of Sugar

in the SI-UNIT system
- is s the unit symbol for the second, which is unit
- of the timeS the unit symbol for Siemens, the unit of the electrical conductance

in chemistry
- is S the indication of the element sulfur (sulfur)

as Kfz characteristic is located to S
- in Germany for Stuttgart
- in Austria for Salzburg city
- on international characteristics for Sweden

as currency symbols s
- for the Kenyan Schilling s
- for the former British currency Schilling S
- for the abbreviation former currency Schilling stands in Austria
- $ for dollar; without further honor usually for the US Dollar
- <math> \ mathrm {S} \! \! \! \ Vert< /math> (Cifrão) the symbol different escudo - currencies. It is a S with two senkrechten lines. The indication is used also as allographische variant of the dollar character.
- $ for peso

in the Numismatik stands the identification letter S
- for gräflich Mansfeld´Münzstätte Schraplau since that 16. Jhd.
- for Stuttgart in 17. Jhd.
- for Schwabach on coins of the Frankish circle.
- for Schmölnitz (Smolnik, Slowakei) on Austrian-Hungarian coins.
- for Solothurn on coins of the Helveti republic from 1798 to 1803.
- for Troyes on FrenchCoins from 1540 to 1698 (occasionally with crown).
- for Reims on French coins from 1679 to 1772.
- for Segovia on Spanish coins up to 16. Jhd.
- for Sevilla since that 16. Jhd.
- for Stockholm in 15. and 16. Jhd.
- for Sydney on British Sovereigns from 1871 to 1931.
- for the Privatmünzstätte Sadogura of the baron von Gartenberg from 1771 to 1774.
- for San Francisco from 1854 to 1955, also on there from 1942 to 1944 coined/shaped coins for the Netherlands, Curacaoand the Fiji islands.
- for Santiago de Chile as S with a small put on o since 1743.

in Roman inscriptions and texts S is located
- as abbreviation for Sextus, salutem, sanctus, sive, senatus, signavit, signum

in chess designates S in thatNotation that Springer was pulled.

S stands for Sen
S stands for the direction the south
in the political economy stands for S for the overall economic saving
S. is abbreviation for “sees”
S. is abbreviation for sank - the holy designation
S. is Abbreviation for the side
S is (no more did not produce) a track width for model railways, sees also yardsticks of the model railway
in the esoterischen or mythologischen meaning as symbol for the queue
language: In the German language the “s” becomes asMarker uses:
- Genitive s as indicator for genitive
- marking of the Plurals
- joint s for the connection of words