Solar system

Objects of our solar system

Internal planets	(Vulkanoiden)
	1. Merkur
	2.
	Aten type Asteroiden
	3. Earth
		Earth's orbit cruiser
	Apollo type Asteroiden
	4. Mars	Phobos, Deimos
		Mars Trojaner
	Amor type Asteroiden
Asteroidenguertel	Cerium, Pallas, Juno, Vesta
Expresses planet	5.	, , ,
		Jupiter Trojaner
	6.	Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titanium, Iapetus
	Zentauren	Chiron
	7.	Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon
	8. Neptun	Triton, Nereid
	9. Pluto	Charon
Transneptuni objects, Kuiperguertel	Plutinos	Ixion, Orcus
	Quaoar, Varuna, 2003 UB313
	Sedna
Oort cloud

That Solar system, also Solar system or sometimes also ours Planet system called, is those with their Planet, Moons, Small planet, Comet and small bodies like that Meteoroiden, as well as the whole of all and Dust particle, by those Attraction the sun to a system to be held together. Also ours belongs to the planet system of the sun on.

Structure

In the center of the solar system is as central the sun with approximately 1.39 million kilometers of diameters, in which nearly 99.9 % of the total mass of the system are concentrated.

Around the sun mainly the planets move (see also Table of the planets). Generally one speaks of that nine planets; on the average at the furthest distant planet Pluto becomes however since the discovery other one Plutinos (similarly large objects with comparable course characteristics) the planet status more and more denied. 2003 were discovered an object, which is larger than Pluto and is at the outermost edge of our solar system: 2003 UB₃₁₃. Both the discoverers and those NASA classify the object due to its size as planets; those IAU however in an explanation it communicated that this object at least up to a new clear definition for planets (which in the summer 2006 to be decided is) not when planet is recognized.

Further members of the solar system are millions of (also planetoiden or small planets called) and Kometen, which are to be found predominantly in three zones of the solar system, that Asteroidenguertel, that Kuiperguertel and that Oort cloud.

The sun next are those inside, earth something similar Planet Merkur (distance to the sun 57,9×10⁶ km, and/or. 0,39 ), (108,2×10⁶ km, 0.72 AE), Earth (149,6×10⁶ km, 1 AE) and Mars (227,9×10⁶ km, 1.52 AE). Their diameter amounts to between 4878 km and 12756 km, their density between 3,95 g/cm³ and 5.52 g/cm³.

 pos:(5,625) textcolor:black fontsize:8 text:Million. km

 RK:start color:yelloworange

 width:15 color:blue align:left SHIFTS:(15, -5)
 from:46 till:70 text:"merkur"
 from:107 till:109 align:right SHIFT:(-15, -5) text:"Venus"
 from:147 till:152 SHIFTS:(15,0) text:"earth"
 from:207 till:249 align:right SHIFT:(-15,0) text:"Mars"
 from:314 till:494 SHIFTS:(15,5) color:yellow text:"Asteroiden ~ belts"
 from:741 till:816 text:"Jupiter"
 from:1347 till:1507 text:"Saturn"
 from:2735 till:3004 text:"Uranus"
 from:4425 till:7375 color:brightgreen text:"Pluto"
 from:4456 till:4537 text:"Neptun"

Between Mars and is the in such a way specified Asteroidenguertel, an accumulation of Small planet. Most this Asteroiden are only few kilometers large (see List of the Asteroiden) and only few have a diameter of 100 km or more. Cerium is with approx.. 960 km the largest this body. Their courses are partly strongly elliptical, some cross even the merkur (Icarus) and/or Uranusbahn (Chiron).

To that outside planets count those (778,3×10⁶ km, 5.2 AE), (1,429×10⁹ km, 9.53 AE) as well as the planets (2,875×10⁹ km, 19.2 AE) and Neptun (4,504×10⁹ km, 30.1 AE) with densities between 0,7 g/cm³ and 1.66 g/cm³ as well as Pluto (5,900×10⁹ km, 39.5 AE).

Since that 1990ern one found more than 500 objects, which move beyond the Neptunbahn. These objects form that Kuiperguertel, which is in a distance from 6-7.5 billion km (30-50 AE) to the sun and is a reservoir for the comets with middle rotating periods. The objects of this zone are probably almost unchanged leftovers from the developing phase of the solar system, one call them therefore also Planetesimale.

Beyond the Kuiperguertels is up to a distance of approximately 1,5 Light-years (zirka 100.000 AE) those Oort cloud. One assumes that out these stars occasionally by-pulling by gravitation disturbances bodies are pulled out and as long-periodic comets into the internal ranges of the solar system to arrive. Some these comets remain then on strongly elliptical courses in the proximity of the sun, others from the planets, in particular from Jupiter, are disturbed and diverted, so that they are catapulted from the solar system or on planets or into the sun to fall.

Those forms the edge of our solar system Heliopause, the boundary layer between Solar wind and interstellar medium. One assumes it at a distance of approximately 150 AE, which correspond to the 150fachen of the distance earth sun or the 4fachen von Pluto Pluto-Sonne, who is exact distance however until today not well-known.

The internal planets as well as Jupiter and Saturn already were in that admits. They became of that Romans as Gods regarded and are designated after these. Uranus, Neptun and Pluto became between 1781 and 1930 discovered and likewise after Roman Gods designated.

Within of the individual planets controlled gravitational fields - their Hill Spaere - are, except with merkur and Venus, smaller heavenly bodies than circulating companions. After the long-known the earth become they similarly likewise as Moons, in addition, equivalently for companions as satellites or satellites designates. They are up to the moon and the Plutomond Charon substantially smaller than their planet. A definitely lower limit, starting from which one does not speak no more of a moon, was not officially specified as with the planets so far yet.

Since astronomical dimensions for most humans are with difficulty conceivable, is in to scale made smaller model of our solar system helpfully, in order to illustrate itself the relative importance and distances of the objects of our solar system.

Spacer conditions of the internal planets to the sun
Earth/moon	Venus	Merkur	Sun (true to scale)

The solar system in the milchstrassensystem

The sun with its companions is like all stars part one . Them are further with at least 100 billion (some estimations go up to 400 billion) a member of the Milchstrassensystems, the galaxy, one Spiral galaxy with a diameter of approximately 100.000 light-years. The solar system is between two of the spiral star concentrations, between the Perseusarm and the Sagittariusarm, in a local branching, the Orionarm. It is about 26.000 light-years of the galactic center and circles it removes with a speed of approximately 220 km/s within zirka 230 million years, one galactic year.

The situation of the middle course level of the planets of the solar system corresponds not to the equatorial plane of the galaxy, but is very strongly bent against it. The north pole that Plane of the Earth's orbit is because of that Celestial sphere only about 30 degrees of the galactic equator in to Night sky resplendent volume of the Milky Way removes, in Constellation Drache. The southern ecliptic pole lies in the constellation Sword fish. The north pole of the galaxy is 30 degrees over the ecliptic in the constellation Hair of the Berenike, and the galactic South Pole in the constellation Sculptor. The center of the galaxy is appropriate close for the plane of the Earth's orbit, perspectively in the constellation Contactor. From the bright central verdickung, the Bulge, is however in for the human eye the visible Flash spectrum to see not much, there it within the disk range also of large quantities interstellar dust is surrounded.

The direction of rotation of the milchstrassensystems around its center does not agree with the direction of rotation of the planets around the sun. The rotation of the galactic disk takes place from the north seen in the clockwise direction, thus, as if the spiral arms were after-dragged of the rotation of the central site; their direction of rotation is based on the solar system to a certain extent "moving in opposite directions".

The sun-next star is Proxima Centauri. Its distance to the solar system amounts to about 4.24 light-years and/or. 268.000 astronomical units.

When many astronomers density waves still unknown quantity a cause assume reason of the spiral structure in the distribution of the stars, at whom the gas and dust masses of the galactic disk accumulate during their rotation and thus the education of new stars become lively. Some astronomers make for the apparent periodically arising Mass-die a substantially strengthened Bombardment of comets responsible, those with the regular meetings of the solar system with these density waves in that Oort cloud from the course were brought.

The galactic region, in which the solar system is, is to a large extent free from interstellar dust. It is the so-called local blister (English: local bubble). It extends approximately 200 light-years along the galactic level and about 600 light-years perpendicularly to it. This large blister consists of very hot and extremely diluted gas, mainly Hydrogen., which keeps us far this dust. By the extremely small density of approximately 5.000 particles per cubic meter and/or. 5 particles per litre is its of approximately 4 million degrees Celsius no problem for us. In addition the largest part of this gas becomes by it rushing toward the solar wind with shielded in the sphere of influence of the sun. The blister was discovered by an intensive X-ray, which proceeds due to the high temperature from it. Against the x-ray the terrestrial atmosphere protects us, therefore the hot blister could only of satellite-carried Roentgen telescopes are discovered. The emergence of the blister becomes the pressure waves of approximately 10 Supernovae attributed, which therefore exploded approximately 4 million years ago in a close dust cloud. Such explosions were involved probably also in the emergence of the solar system, by before-compressing the primordial cloud of the later solar system by their pressure waves crucially.

A still larger blister 500 light-years far away from us toward the constellation Scorpio discovered and Loop I called. It has a diameter of approximately 1.000 light-years. In its center is the recent, so-called Scorpio Centaurus association. It is assumed that the milchstrassensystem is interspersed by hundreds of such hot blisters.

The emergence of the solar system

Approximately 4.6 billion years ago an expanded subject cloud moved around the center of the galaxy in place of our solar system. The cloud consisted too over 99 % of the gases Hydrogen and as well as a small portion out only mikrometergrossen Dust particle, itself from heavier and connections, how Water, Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, others , and Siliziumverbindungen built up. The hydrogen and the predominant part of the helium already were with developed. The heavier elements and connections were produced in the inside by stars and set free with their explosion. Parts of the subject cloud pulled themselves due to the own The force of gravity together and consolidated themselves. The impact for this the explosion could approach relatively Supernew facts gave, their pressure waves by the cloud moved. These compressions led to the formation of probably several hundred or thousand stars in one so far on, until one ignited, with the hydrogen core into helium cores to merge. The energy set free thereby produced a radiation pressure, which that worked against and the further contraction stopped. A sturdy star - our sun - had developed.

Design of a protoplanetaren disk (NASA)

In the remaining protoplanetare disk clumping of dust particle (coagulation) led to the formation of Planetesimalen, the components of the planets according to the past model. These kilometer-large things possessed enough measures, in order to unite by their gravitation with other Planetesimalen to larger objects. According to newer models also gravitative instabilities could lead to strengthening mass concentrations and thus to the formation of Planetesimalen. Growth did not run evenly. The heaviest objects exercised the largest gravitation forces, tightened subject from a far periphery and could so still faster grow. The "Protojupiter" disturbed finally with its gravitational field other Planetesimale and affected their growth. Obviously it prevented also the education of a larger body between Mars and Jupiterbahn, which led to the emergence of the Asteroidenguertels.

The distance of the Protoplaneten to the young sun had a relevant influence on the processes of the planet emergence. In sun proximity condensed heavyvolatile elements and connections out, while volatile gases by the strong Solar wind were away-torn. Here developed the internal planets, merkur, Venus, earth and Mars with firm silikatischen Surfaces. In the colder external regions the developing planets knew also the volatile gases, like hydrogen, helium and Methane hold. Here the "gas giants" formed for Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptun.

A part of the subject, which by the planets one did not catch, was connected to smaller objects, the comets and Asteroiden. Since these heavenly bodies remained almost unchanged since the early period of the solar system, their research can supply important notes to its developing history. Brought likewise very valuable realizations the investigation of Meteorites. These are fragments of planetoiden, which came into the gravity field of the earth.

Even if the basic principles of the planet emergence are already considered as to a large extent understood, there are not nevertheless still numerous open and insignificant questions. One of the problems is the appearing paradoxical distribution of the Angular momentum auf die Sonne und die Planeten, denn der Zentralkörper enthält fast 99,9% der Masse des gesamten Systems, besitzt aber nur etwa 0,5% des Drehimpulses; der Hauptanteil daran steckt im Bahndrehimpuls ihrer Begleiter. So ist auch die Neigung der Äquatorebene der Sonne gegenüber der mittleren Bahnebene der Planeten von etwa 7° ein Rätsel. Aufgrund ihrer überaus dominierenden Masse dürfte die Sonne (anders als zum Beispiel die Erde) durch die Wechselwirkung mit ihnen kaum ins Taumeln geraten. Möglicherweise hatte sie in ihrer Frühzeit einen Zwergstern als Begleiter oder erhielt „Besuch“ von einem Nachbarstern des ursprünglichen Sternhaufens, der durch seine Anziehung die protoplanetare Scheibeover for instance 7° tilted, while the sun remained to a large extent uninfluenced due to their small spatial expansion (C H. Bright 1993, P. Kroupa 1995).

Noticing set for the order of the nine planets

Seen from the sun:

„MEin Vmore ater itclarifies mIR jeden SAmstag unsere neun Planeten."

Major item: List of the noticing sayings

See also

• Ecliptic
• Emergence of the moon
• Meteor
• Meteorite
• Meteoroid
• Planet system
• Star system
• Tabular overview of the planet data

Literature

• Guertler, J. and Dorschner, J.: The solar system. Scientific writings to the astronomy. J. A. Barth publishing house, Leipzig - Berlin - Heidelberg (1993), ISBN 3335002814
• More brightly, C. H., 1993, Encounters with protostellar disks. I - Disk tilt and the nonzero solarly obliquity, ApJ 408, 337
• Kroupa, P., 1995, The dynamical properties OF stellar system into the Galactic disc, MNRAS 277, 1507 Pdf with arXiv
• Duden pupil encyclopedia astronomy (ISBN 3411714913)/in this book everything becomes over the astronomy, which solar system and space travel described

Web on the left of

• "the nine planets"
• "opinions of the solar system"
• Animation of the solar system
• Celestia, free 3D real time space simulation (OpenGL)
• "solarly system Dynamics", for example with information about the newest discoveries of moons in the solar system (English)
• "The Planets: Orbit and Physical Characteristics ", (English)

Video

• Material video (from the television broadcast Alpha Centauri):
  • How did the solar system develop?
  • There are 10. Planet?