Standard

This article is concerned with the generally valid agreement, further sees Standard (term clarifying).
This article overlaps also Standardization. Help, the articles under one Lemma to combine or contentwise better from each other define. To Discussion over this problem. Please expresses you there also, before you this component without changes remove; there also the reason should stand for setting this component. Wegner8 09:06, 5. November 2005 (CET)

Standard are broadly accepted and applied, formalized or non-formalized set of rules, for example a particular/several Rules or one Standard. The term finds generally use as synonym for one technical standard and the meanings Industry standard and "more manufacturer-specifically (more proprietaerer) standard ". If such standards become generally accepted in practice, one speaks also of de-facto standards. In the German linguistic usage in the last years a term confusion occurred, as the English term standard is used also for standards.

One Standard an all-side legally recognized and, generally accepted as well as published rule decided by a standardization procedure is for the solution of circumstances. All instances of a standardization procedure were gone through, decided and published afterwards them. A condition for a standard is that it developed technically and a use for the user has. From the English linguistic usage the term comes de-jure standard (whereby the English way of writing does without the hyphens), that itself with the German term Standard covers.

International organizations for this purpose are ISO and International Electronical Commission, national standardization organizations in Germany are that DIN (List of DIN standards) and those DKE (German commission electro-technology electronics information technology in DIN and VDE). These standards fix the generally recognized rules of the technology and their observance become not rarely in national and international (z. B. European Union) laws and regulations obligatorily prescribed.

Standards and further important standards, and/or. Standardisation organizations are on that List of standards.

Table of contents

Meaning of the standard

In English standard in its current meaning was originally used only in the form of the king standard: In the name/character of the king fixed standards as determining were regarded. On the other hand a standard is also a kind tie point, around which one schart oneself - similarly that Banner, actually the collecting station of the soldiers designates.

General meaning

Standard is well-known as a rule or a standard (see below)

Different standards

The term Industry standard one uses, if it itself in the course of the years by the practice of many User and more differently Manufacturer when technically useful and correctly proved to keep during a certain problem definition a certain pragmatic set of rules. (inter)nationales standardization procedure was not accomplished however. The English linguistic area knows the industry standard as De-facto-standard.
A beautiful example is the extended

In that pharmaceutical Industry prevail strict standards, which those Qualification of Machines and those Validating from processes concerns. Only the observance of standard regulations guarantees those Reproductibility the process and thus the continuous Quality of the Product. So each coworker must know the standard employment regulations valid in its work area.

Economics of standards

  • Standards, in particular open standards, carry for the standardization of Interfaces and Products , which to a smaller Market segmenting (thus larger selection) leads and finally to more Competition between Offerers such Products, which again to sinking Prices, thus in addition, to higher Paragraph the appropriate products leads.
  • Besides the reference to relevant standards shortens contract texts and negotiations, so that even complex technological systems by standardisation no substantially higher Transaction costs have as other products.
  • Only the creation of standards for Interfaces between Subsystems made possible at all the efficient building of complex systems consisting of it.

For an offerer of a product there are several considerations, which affect its attitude concerning the standardisation of its product:

  • Standardisation is a quite lengthy process. Products want to be however early imported, thus as more largely as possible Market share one reaches.
  • During the standardisation must usually Compromises , which worsen the characteristic own product, should it is entered be standard conformal. It is, one can the own form of the solution of a problem as the standard explain. In this case one is nearly automatic Market leader in the market of the products after the new standard.
  • Standards lead to more Competition and therefore to smaller Profit margins.
  • Standards lead to a strongly increased size of the market, since there is no more uncertainty for (potential) the customers, to which manufacturer the customer commit itself must. On this way can do each market participant a strongly increased Paragraph reaches, sometimes what makes the decrease of the profit margin.
  • Standards lead to a large spreading of the products based on it. Exists Patent on partial aspects of a standard, then as much as possible users of the standard can be asked additionally to the cash because of the high spreading. (z.B. LZWPatent, RAM bus vs. JEDEC)
  • Succeed in "pushing" prop. guessing eras a standard through, then the appropriate offerer can Monopolpreise requires and also standard based on it even its Monopoly develop.

Depending upon individual estimate of such questions a market participant of a standardisation of its products stands rather reserved or rather openly opposite. In the cases, in which manufacturers consider it individually more favorable, not to standardize, the "Ausscheren" of a relatively small group of offerers in form of a standardisation their products is only sufficient, in order to break these "walls of the incompatibility". Because in so a case the offerers of standardized products register strengthen demand, contrary to the offerers, whose products do not correspond to the new standard. In such cases the remaining offerers "often jump up" "on the starting course" and accept a in such a way set standard, however with the disadvantage to be able to introduce standard-conformal products only later than some competitors. From this basic it becomes with all markets with which the risk exists that at all a standard could be set, early as standardized as possible, in order to avoid evenly such disadvantages for the own enterprise.

Because of the incentive for raising if possible the product or the own technology to the standard have themselves also competitive standards formed, which solve into for instance the same problem, however because of Incompatibility too Market segmenting lead. In addition z belong.B.:

The Existent of competitive standards is in the regard particularly disadvantageful, there the decision uncertainty with Customer remains and in some cases because of the large Market penetration a certain standard with partial markets (z.B. NTSC into that is those Standardsprache specified.

  • In Health service exist different standards. Exemplary are here Care standard or medical guidelines called. Standards form here an important element in the quality assurance.
  • In that Domestic animal breed, the fixed characteristics of a race, see Breed standard
  • Those Statistics used those Standard deviation as yardstick of a dispersion.
  • As Standard designates one one Label name, which serves as term for a whole waren-Gattung, see Term monopoly
  • Within the range E-Learning one knows Education-technological standards
  • The comparability of end-of-year procedures of international companies those became Internationally Accounting standard (IAS) production.

    • See also

    Web on the left of


    - word origin, synonyms and translations

     

      > German to English > de.wikipedia.org (Machine translated into English)