Suizid

That Suizid ( suicidium of sua manu cadere = from own hand fall), also Eventoetung or Free death mentioned, is the willentliche completion of the own Life by a certain action or by omitting an action (z. B. Nichteinnahme of vital medicines and/or. Food and/or liquid). Still is the term Suicide common, he is however increasingly avoided, there the word the self selbsttoetung as a crime (murder) is falsely designated. It is therefore demanded to avoid this expression in consideration for concerning and their member as well as of the clear legal situation. (see: Iurisdiction).

Table of contents

Causes and forms

Suizid is in most cases that Symptom one , , Philosophy, and . Besides there are the practical beginnings for the Suizidverhuetung and support that, the one Suizidversuch survived.

Linguistic

The Suizid becomes frequent as Suicide or Free death designated. Both designations can do however one evaluation into the term bring: Suicide one and kriminalisierende, Free death one heroisierende. A neutral designation is Self selbsttoetung. A Suizid implementing person becomes Suizident ("suicides") designates.

In the scientific technical language and in vocational handling the concerning usually the word becomes Suizid preferred, in that Technical language frequently the expression Self selbsttoetung, that only the procedure, not the motives describes.

In general linguistic usage becomes usually still Suicide used. The word comes from a time, as in the German linguistic area (tried) of the Suizid still punishable and outlawed was, coined/shaped particularly by those .

The designation Free death contains on the other hand the thought of the free choice between Life and , Anorexia nervosa or extreme Fat craze also as "Suizid on rates " seen. Here becomes from one chronic Suizid spoken. Comparisons also for this that hurting behavior and those Autoaggression.

Statistics

Those it estimates that there is world-wide for instance a million Suizide per year and that to 10 to 20 to times as many Suizidversuche fails. The countries with the highest Suizidrate are , , , , , , Sri Lanka, , , , , Finland (WHO statistics).

In the European union annually 58,000 humans commit Suizid after a message of the European Union commission from the year 2005, whereby most of these cases of persons are committed, who suffer from depressions. At others the same message states annually 50,700 traffic deads and 5,350 victims of force crimes.

Die on the average in that Federal Republic of Germany annually between 11,000 and 12,000 humans by Suizid, whereby additionally from a high dark number is to be proceeded. This number corresponds approx.. 1,3% of all deaths and exceed thereby the amount of that Traffic dead (5,842 victims in the year 2004) by far. In the age group of the 15 to 35-Jaehrigen the Suizid is the secondarymost frequent cause of death (after the accidental death). However the common acceptance that Suizid in this age group is particularly frequently committed, is a fallacy: Suizid is in this age group apart from murder and accident due to the less frequent diseases the almost only possible cause of death.

Suizidversuche and Suizide

The number of serious Suizidversuche is with approx.. 100,000 to 150,000 (exact realizations are difficult due to the high dark numbers also here), thus around the factor 10 to 15 over that the implemented Suizide. In other words: About each tenth Suizidversuch goes out deadly.

Differences women and men

The number of the Suizidversuche is far higher with women than with men. The number of successful Suizidversuche is however with men clearly more highly than with women also far rising tendency: Three quarters of all Suizid committing are successfully men. By the 10,733 Suiziden in the year 2004 in Germany 7,939 (74%) of men and 2,794 of women was committed.

Trend in Germany

In the year took themselves in the Federal Republic and that GDR 18,711 humans the life, while the number in the year with 11,163 and 2003 with 11.was appropriate for 150. That is, that the Suizidrate in the period of 20 years decreased/went back around 40,3%, into which however it remained almost constant for last years. The number of the Suizidversuche rose in the last years however. As reasons for the decrease improved specializedmedical supply and removing the taboo from of psychological illnesses are called.

Kinds of death

By the 11150 deadly Suiziden in the FRG in the year 2003 the following kinds of death were seized:

  • Erhaengen/Ersticken 5538
  • Fall into the depth 1100
  • Poisoning by medicines 940
  • Shoots 572
  • Before the course or before cars 556 throws themselves
  • Exhaust gases in the car lead 216

Source: Federal Statistical Office

Causes

The most frequent cause for a Suizid and/or. Suizidversuch becomes in diagnosable psychological illnesses seen. Approx.. 90 - 95% all Suizide in western societies are led back on that. Since the diagnosis is frequently only placed after a successful Suizid, this organization is at least doubtful, since as only hard diagnostic criterion beside different softer, which are based on the memory of the members, only the Suizidhandlung can actually be consulted. Suizid comes therefore frequently up forwards with all Psychosen, above all however and manisch depressive illnesses (bipolar disturbances).

In addition, craze illnesses and chronic pain play likewise a weighty role, have flowing transitions to the depression. Then life crises know the Suizid releasing factors like the separation from the partner, fears of failure or the economic ruin its - as exclusive background of a Suizids this comes however only into approx.. 5-10% of the cases forwards. It is to be assumed that however that both an inside and an outside cause exist for a depression, D. h. a patient sensitive to depressions becomes depressive by its life circumstances.

According to an article of mirror on-line one has the psychologist Richard silks of that Berkeley university 515 cases of humans examines, who were prevented to jump in suizidaler intention from bridges to. It turned out that only six per cent later in other way the life took themselves.

Those German society for Human dying assumes there is numerous Patientensuizide in Germany.

Special case Massensuizid

The so far most extensive Mass self massenselbsttoetung in history 18 committed to. November in the settlement Jonestown in the jungle Guyana 911-914 trailers that Volkstempler on instruction of their leader Jim Jones. One assumes however unite the victims the deadly mixture out Cyanide and Lemonade obligatorily one gave.

The so far largest well-known mass self massenselbsttoetung in German history occurred in May in The min. About 900 inhabitants took themselves before and after the invasion that The Red Army the life.

Suizidpraevention

Often a Suizid is announced before, relevant warnings is seriously to be taken. Many Suizidopfer leave Farewell letters, in which they justify their act, or on with friends and their intentions interpret used. The suspicion of one exists Suizidalitaet, this should be usually openly addressed.

Humans, who want to commit a Suizid, find usually nobody, with which they can speak about these thoughts. A central point that does not consist however exactly of humans helping about their problems and Suizidgedanken talking, around into a still more stronger Isolation to turn out. From this thought developed into that years those Telefonseelsorge as mechanism that Suizidpraevention.

Persons, who accomplished a Suizidversuch, usually become because of their Injuries or Poisonings in Hospital instructed. Usually they are supervised there after the physical recovery on a closed psychiatric station, until they can make convincing that no more Suizidgefaehrdung exists.

Even if a patient stresses to want to commit further a Suizid it becomes into one Psychiatry obligation-instructed. This practice is criticized of some, because it occurs the right to a certain death and because the success of one Obligation treatment one doubts. Proponents point out that with suizidalen patients very frequently a in need of treatment and of "certain death" no speech is present to then be can.

An effective Suizidpraevention seems to be also a clearing-up over the depression. Which one can reach thereby, for example the "Nuernberger alliance shows against depression". There physicians, were trained teachers and ministers further switched Kinospots and organized action days about depression. The number of the self selbsttoetungen in a similar decrease decreased/went back there at the same time however also in the control region around 25%, Peppering castle to observe was, remains still open the scientific proof of this effect.

The Austrian psychologist Erwin Ringel examined methods to prevent Suizide and based the first "suicide preventing center".

Those German society for Suizidpraevention (DGS) to the entire topic field Suizid offers important background informations: Prevention, research, practice references, literature, assistance mechanisms etc...

In December 2002 those based German society for Suizidpraevention an initiative group for a national Suizidpraeventionsprogramm for Germany. In the context of this initiative group cooperate meanwhile over 70 organizations and nearly 200 experts. The initiative understands Suizidpraevention not alone as a health-political, but particularly also as a social task.

In the year 2003 became from that World Health Organization (WHO) for the first time the 10. September as World Suizid Praeventionstag proclaimed. With this annual action day is to be made attentive in the public on this taboo topic, since Suizide represent one of the largest health problems of the present in the opinion of the WHO.

Unfortunately many attempts, which do not lead to death, with heavy, durable physical damage end. How the organization stresses Dignitas, Suzidversuche could be avoided by a comprehensive clearing-up over Suizidmethoden and consequences of the failure. Others see the danger that such information is used, in order to select the "safest" method.

Contacts for assistance-looking for

  • Telefonseelsorge, 24 hours accessible:
    • Germany: Federally uniform call numbers: 0800-1110111 (evan.) or 0800-1110222 (kath.)
    • The Telefonseelsorge Germany offers also on-line consultation by Mail and Chat.
    • Austria: Federally uniform call number: 142
    • Switzerland: Country-wide call number: 143
  • Child and youth telephone:
    • Germany: Federally uniform call numbers: 0800-1110333
    • Austria: Federally uniform call number: 147
    • Switzerland: Country-wide call number: 147

According to data of the working group life (wwwak-live.de)verhaelt itself the sex relationship of the assistance-looking for Suizidgefaehrdeten exactly mirror-image to that the successful Suizide: While about two thirds up to three quarters of the Suizide are committed by men, two thirds are allotted to women under the assistance-looking for.

Suizid in world views

The question that validity of the Suizids becomes very differently regards. While western societies regarded the Suizid long time as immoral and entehrend, he applied in other societies straight than method, a lost Honour to restore. (see for this z.B. Seppuku)

Opinions to the Suizid in that Antique ones

The Greek Hegesias (3. Century v. Chr.) the misery of the human stressed in its lectures Existence. He attributed the right to the particular to kill itself. The human life has actually no special moral value.

however, one of the most important representatives of the Greek Philosophy, it refers to the fact that the suicide is as escape before pain, cowardice and dissociated itself in several of its works from this at that time usual practice. Thus it is hardly appropriate, that a uniform position to the Suizid.

At times Roman of the empire was considered it as honorable, in hopeless situations in the sword to fall itself (see Varus, ). In der Oberschicht galt auch zuweilen das Sprichwort "Das Leben ist wie ein Theaterstück, das man vorzeitig verläßt wenn es langweilt oder nicht mehr gefällt". Für Seneca konnte der Selbstmord je nach den Umständen Ausdruck sittlicher Freiheit und Verantwortung sein.

Ansichten zum Suizid im Judentum

The creator of the world is that, which gives and again takes the life. Before that 20. Century therefore those, which had taken themselves the life like with difficulty criminal ones at special places of cemeteries buried, became thus for example at the wall in Germany. Afterwards century became generally accepted practice to regard the Suizid as effect of a psychological illness or an extreme condition of deepest despair in the 20ten and was normally buried - anyhow the placement of the grave concerning.

In the state Israel become those, up Masada in Antiquity rather killed to fall than the Romans into the hands rather dear than condemned.

Opinions to the Suizid in the Christianity

Those long time did not take a clear position to the Suizid. The church father (–. Long time refused the church Suizidopfern those Funeral in "sanctified earth" on cemeteries and a church funeral.

An important argument of the against Suizid it is that the life would actually be heard God and so the rule of God would be hurt. A famous counterargument brought will would contradict.

Another reason is the holyness of the human life, so that any life is singular and must all efforts be undertaken to protect it.

In contrast to this Paul Moor referred into "the time", expenditure 19/1969, to it that the Bible condemns self selbsttoetung not expressly, like the examples of Saul (1.Samuel 31,4), Abimelech (judge 9.54) or Samson/Simson (judge 16.30) showed; this is really applicable however only for the latter example. In contrast to this the Suizid of the Judas Ischarioth (Matthaeus 27.5) in negative light appears.

Opinions to the Suizid in the Islam

In Suizid is likewise forbidden, unites according to become humans, who kill themselves, who refuse admission in the paradies, and an eternal hell fire threatens them.

In recent time however extremistic Islamic organizations recruit Suicide assassin often with the reference that a Suizid, which tears the "enemies of the faith" in spoiling therefore an extended self selbsttoetung, on direct way in Paradies lead.

Opinions to the Suizid in the Buddhismus

In the Suizid is not forbidden or outlawed, but from the understanding of the ReinkarnationsFaith out unreasonably, since is assumed that that one is again in-born into exactly the same agonies, from which one with the Suizid to flee wanted.

If for example helpless children are back left, one is in-born as a still worse nature or into a still worse fate. The aid to the Suizid is clearly despicable and leads inevitably to bad Karma with all its consequences.

Opinions to the Suizid in the western society

With old or seriously ill humans Suizidgedanken are often understandable. The right to shorten an inevitable long suffering process is differently supported in different countries by the legislation. This excited in some countries a debate around the legal validity more actively and more passively Sterbehilfe.

Opinions to the Suizid in other cultures

In other cultures the ritual self selbsttoetung can be socially accepted. To call would be here that Seppuku or that Sati. Also with that Maya in her classical period was the goddess Ixthab responsibly for those krieger, who are pulled after the loss of their honour of it with a rope in one of the thirteen skies. More with difficulty to judge the role of the Suizides is with that Suruahá in the Amazon area. Cunahá, Poison for killing fish, which is won from certain Lianenwurzeln, the master members take to 12 also sometime after that. Lebensjahr to itself, to shame anise tables purposes. This ends deadly if the root will not fast enough again ausgespieen. There is no word for "Suizid" on the other side with the Suruahá.

In Japan there is the technical term Karoshi for a "suicide" through Revision and for the military Suicide assassination attempt the combat flier in 2. World war.

Research history

The sociologist 1897 with its work over the Suizid have (Le suicide) the social connections of the self selbsttoetung on empirical basis analyzes. It differentiates between that egoistic, that altruistischen, that anomischen and that fatalistic Suizid. In each case a social is after Durkheim Disintegration an actual cause.

1927 have thousands of texts of all kinds over most diverse aspects of the Suizids Hans's rust in a bibliography arranged. The "Suizid library" made of rust deduction is located today in the state and municipal library criminal law punishes only persons, who tempt from addicted motives someone to the Suizid or for him assistance thereby carry out, both with completed act and with the attempt, with maximally 5 years prison. This formulation makes a large gray area possible for the sterbehilfe in practice. Thus Switzerland belongs to the most liberal countries in this regard. In Switzerland resident organizations such as exit and Dignitas (HTTP://www.dignitas.CH) offer sterbehilfe to their members for small financial expenditure. This makes Switzerland world-wide one point of approach for so-called dying tourists. There is efforts available to intensify the criteria and to regulate sterbehilfe legally differently.

In the Suizid was until 1961 a criminal offence, into that in two states even into those .

Liability law

Relevantly, straight with Suizidversuchen, knows also the question that Adhesion for developed damage its. Sometimes a Suizid can cause substantial damages to property, in addition, mental damage with indifferent third, those for the execution of the act was abused (z.B. Driving personnel of the course). However also a prevented Suizid knows substantial cost sequences for the concerning, for insurance and the state has (z. B. because of disablement).

The question is disputed, to what extent one Suizidant the damage to be added can: Some authors assume that it in "mentally umnachteten itself" condition would find, whereby itself one Criminally liableness do not result in. However this acceptance is surely not always justified and must be examined in individual cases by appraisals.

Insurance law

A Suizid stands for the disbursement that Life insurance after German right in principle against, § 169 VVG. An exception can result only if the act in the condition of the addition inability were committed.

The insurers are thereby in particular secured opposite persons, whose self intent to kill is already certain at the time of conclusion of the insurance contract and who want to provide at expense of the insuring community for their survivors.

Quotations

  • There is only a really serious philosophical problem: the suicide. Itself it decides to be lived, whether the life is worth it, or not, is called to the basic question of philosophy to answer. Everything else - whether the world three dimensions and the spirit nine or twelve categories have - comes later. Those are Spielereien; only one must answer. – Albert Camus (The myth of the Sisyphos, ISBN 3499227657, S. 11)
  • That, which kills itself today in an accumulation of melancholy, would have wished itself live, if he had waited only one week - Voltaire
  • A first indication of realization beginning is to be died the desire. This life is intolerablly, another unattainable. -
  • However extraordinary pain, to which no cure was up to, then priests and give office holders go places to the patient and it the advice: ... that everything is taken to it...that it to a certain extent only survive its own death. They put to it near not to let the tormenting end last longer and courageously die. ... thus he performs thereby a pious and holy work. - : Utopia

See also

Literature

  • Jean Amery: Hand actually put. Discourse over free death, Stuttgart: Klett Cotta. 1. Aufl. 1976 [ at that time seriousness Klett publishing house, edition alpha ].
  • Ursula Baumann: Of the right to own death. The history of the Suizids of 18. up to 20. Century ISBN 3740011807
  • Emile Durkheim: The suicide ISBN 3518280317
  • Claude Guillon/Yves LeBonniec: Instructions to the suicide. A disputation for the right to a freely determined death. Robinson publishing house, Frankfurt/Main 1982. ISBN 3-88592-032-8
  • Stone, geo: Suicide and Attempted Suicide: Methods and Consequences New York: Carroll & count, 2001. ISBN 0786709405
  • Erwin Ringel (Hg): Suicide preventing ISBN 3880742243
  • Elmar Etzersdorfer, George fiddler, Michael Witte (Hg): New media and Suizidalitaet - dangers and intervention possibilities, publishing house Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Goettingen 2003, ISBN 3525461755
  • Suizid library. 1.000 works from the years 1578 to 1945 with approx.. 100.000 sides on 1.500 of microfiche. Harald Fischer publishing house, attaining 2005, ISBN 3-89131-463-9
  • Suizid and Suizidpraevention in Switzerland Federal Office for health, Berne 2005.
  • Franc Th. Peter man: The draft of a law to the Suizidpraevention. In: Current legal practice (AJP) 09/2004, S. 1111-1138, laughter sp, 2004. The article can as pdf of the homepage of the author, www.falcon stone.AG [ 1 ], column "publications" to be freely downloaded.
  • Hans's rust: Bibliography of the suicide. Roderer, Regensburg, 1992. (reproduction; first ersch. 1927)
  • Roger Willemsen: The suicide. 2002, ISBN 3462031694

Web on the left of


- word origin, synonyms and translations
- pictures, videos or audio files
Please you consider also that !
This article places those Situation in Germany . Help to describe the situation in other countries.

 

  > German to English > de.wikipedia.org (Machine translated into English)