Tractor
| and [[{{{3}}}]]}} {{#if: | and [[{{{4}}}]]}}. Help to define or combine the articles better from each other. You find a guidance for the use of the collecting main and a list of the past multiple entries under Wikipedia: Article to the same topic. There please expresses you, beforeyou the component remove.--See also Lö 19:43, 1. January 2006 (CET) |
| this article describes the agricultural tractor. Further meanings under tractor (term clarifying). |
a tractor (, „draw majority tractors , of Latin trahere “) is a tractor, which is used primarily in the agriculture. In Northern Germany instead of tractor the terms tractors, agricultural tractors and Trecker are used. The latter originates from the flat-German language and is derived from trecken („pull “). In Southern Germany becomealso uses the terms tractors and Bulldog. In Austria and Germany the official term for tractor tractor reads.
To be pulled |
steam motor vehicles
for the family of the steam engines belongs the 1765 steam motor vehicles designed by Joseph Cugnot, also steam tractor mentioned. This motor vehicle type held in the agriculture introduction and carried for developmentthe steam engine.
general
There are today's tractors for many intended purposes in all forms, like completely small, how they can be used particularly in the mountains in forestry or alpine dairy farming, or very narrow for the viticulture or large for the flat country in the agriculture. Around an optimal speed for the respective work to reach often have modern tractors possess a high-low clutch or a stepless transmission. Often a front loader or a Hecklader is attached to tractors. They mostly are with a caband equipped and technical characteristics have air conditioning system such as single wheel brakes and Differenzialsperren opposite other vehicles.
special forms place the Unimog, which equipment supports and the Muli in such a way specified, which are designed somewhat longer than other tractors. The equipment support hasmostly in front before or over (lower floor panel) the engine an additional cultivation place for devices or a Ladepritsche, while the Muli behind the operator's cab exhibits a transportation surface and is very cross-country. It is used therefore particularly in west Austria, Switzerland and South Tyrol.A further simplified small tractor form is the hand-guided a oh tractor.
The trend to ever stronger and heavier machines (higher traction power) entails than unfavorable consequence also higher soil compaction and thus smaller Bodenerträge. That can with the drawing up ofthey ballonartigen Niederdruckreifen (Terrareifen), die it give Fahrzeuggewicht to besser verteilen, to oder dem Einsatz von Zwillingsreifen (Montage eines zweiten, vollständigen Rades a.m. eigentlichen Rad DES Schleppers) entgegengewirkt werden.
Under the rising driving speeds of tractors (up to 80 km/h with JCB Fastrac) and by the small absorption of the large volume tractor tires possesses a majority of the today's tractors a suspension at least the front axle. Tractors with full suspension are so far only few common, although them advantages for the travelling comfort, driving safety andthe Bodenschutz with itself bring.
the most frequent accidents with tractors are done in hilly areas via tilting. In Austria they must therefore since 1960, in Germany for approximately 1968,with an overroll bar to be equipped. In the course its increases roll over-safe cabs developed.
devices, those with the tractor to be pulled or propelled can do
|
in the simplest form, the tractor only as towing vehicle used |
it become thatEquipment at the same time pulled and over the power-takeoff propelled |
the equipment is propelled over the power-takeoff or hydraulics, during the tractor stands |
|---|---|---|
|
|
regarding mounting on the tractor becomes with theseDevices distinctive between
- attachments, (flexibly) into three point hydraulics to be hung up and
- structure devices, which (extremely loadable) are firmly connected with the frameworks.
Structure devices e.g. are. with tractors with forest equipment (heavy double drum rope hoist with Funkausrüstung, rumbling sign, “front-rumble-hurry”, safety cab, window protection lattice, oscillation-absorbed driver's seat,Branch deflectors, protective covers - among other things Tire valves, Unterboden - as well as strengthened tires). Such tractors represent a transition to special machines (e.g.Forest special machines with center pivot steering).
Straight ones in the agriculture are often regionally very differently designated these devices. Many devices, in former times ofa tractor it were propelled, are today even as large and special that they are independent machines, as z. B.Combine or forest special machines.
historical
the first tractors were propelled by steam engines (Lokomobile). Later the diesel engine than power source became generally accepted in Europe, while into America still some time also petrol engines were used. Until into the 1970er years hadHowever high torques and strongly transmission placed underneath tractors rather small engine performances, for it. Sometimes modern tractors exhibit often over 100 KW achievement and can up to 80 km/h speed reach.
Particularly high achievements exhibit sport tractors, for that Tractor Pulling to be used, a kind of engine haven, in 20. Century in the USA arose and to at the beginning of the 80's also over Europe spread. With the Tractor Pulling goes it around it, a brake car, which increases its tensile strength stretch-dependently, on a 100m runwayto pull as far as possible. Sometimes in the free class the achievements of the tractors lie with up to 10.000 HP.
A very well-known construction still represents the Lanz Bulldog of 1921, also after the Second World War as modelfor many reproductions world-wide served and today Liebhaberpreise obtained. It belongs to with each meeting of historical tractors simply; in different areas of Germany the name Bulldog developed colloquially to the synonym for the term tractor. The Lanz - work in Mannheim1956 were taken over by John Deere and are today the largest tractor factory of Europe. Trailblazing in the Treckerentwicklung were also the inventions of the rear three-point hitch with hydraulics (three point hydraulics) by Harry Ferguson and the power-takeoff, itself off approx.1960 generally interspersed and from the agricultural tractor a very versatile usable equipment tractor made.
Outside of the agriculture tractors are used also as tractors with the circus and in road construction. Also in the local green care and road cleaning the use has more particularly usuallysmaller tractors ever more increased.
In Austria there are some traditional associations, those above all one of the first models of Steyr the 15-er in such a way specified, which was built for the first time end of the 1940er years into the 1960er, collects andmaintain.
tractor marks
| Wikibooks: Tractor encyclopedia - learning and teaching materials |
in the conventional agriculture into Germany to come today predominantly the marks Case, Deutz, Fendt, Ford-new Holland, John Deere, MC Cormick and Massey Ferguson to the employment. Claas took over only 2003 the tractor section of Renault. Due to the outstanding meaning of the enterprise as manufacturers of combines the acceptance of the tractors in Germany won Claas belonged fast at meaning, on the tractor market already 2004to the six strongest offerers.
are
regulated driving licence the driving licence classes for the enterprise of agricultural equipment in Europe national, they apply not internationally.
Germany
in Germany is for leading a tractor a driving licence of the class L(with 16 years or with special request with 15) (in former times class 5) necessarily. The maximum speed of 25 km/h may not be exceeded when pulling a permission-free trailer (after new regulations to be allowed also faster tractors trailers with one a permissible maximum speed of25 km/h pull.) without trailers may one machines with one by the design determined maximum speed to 32 km/h drive. For leading a faster tractor class T is necessary. From 16 years to 18 years is permitted maximally 40 km/h. Offone may do 18 with the class T agricultural tractors with one by the design determined maximum speed from 60 km/h drive.
Austria
necessary is a guidance authorization and/or. Driving licence of the class F or B or C. The tractor hasa design speed of any more than 10 km/h (and thus no characteristic), then does not apply the tractor than cart and it is necessary no guidance authorization. With the guidance authorization of the class F all tractors may not be steered, their design type of 50 km/hexceeds. In addition all trailers may be pulled, without an additional guidance authorization is needed.
For tractors with higher design speed than 50 km/h one needs either a driving licence of the class B (with tractors up to 3,500 kg of highest permissible total mass) or classC.
see also:
- Forestry
- agriculture
- agricultural machine
- list of agricultural devices and machines,
- all-wheel drive
| Commons: Category: Tractor - pictures, videos and/or audio files |
| Wikibooks: Tractor encyclopedia - learning and teaching materials |
- rail tractor
- two-way vehicle
