Cigarette
One Cigarette (franz. for small Cigar) is in Tobacco product, from that fermentierten, dried and fine-cut Sheets that TobaccoPlant is manufactured, in paper to be plugged or rolled.
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History
Tobacco was rolled up and smoked by Central American Indians in corn paper and by the Spanish Kolonisatoren in the middle 16.Century to Europe brought. 1586 were introduced the tobacco smoking into England and spread over Holland to completely Europe. Tobacco was otherwise mainly geschnupft. Cigarettes became around 1850 for the first time into that Cigar factories in France and south Spain made of tobacco remainders. These were collected and wound in paper and smoked first particularly by the female workers of the factories, since they were very many more inexpensive than cigars. The first cigarette factory (Eastern tobacco and Cigarettenfabrik Yenidze) became in Germany 1862 in Dresden opens, the first Austrian 1865. Already 1854 in Cologne Suelz "engine works William Quester" was created, the first enterprise, processing machines for cutting, Drying and roasting tobacco manufactured. After the First World War those formed today admitted, large tobacco companies. In Germany outweighed to center 20. Century still the production in manual work in small and middle enterprises, while in the USA the machine production was common already further.
Production
Cigarette factory
The production of a cigarette in a cigarette factory is divided roughly into two ranges:
- Tobacco preparation (Primary)
- Cigarette production, Filter production (Secondary)
Apart from these ranges, in those the individual components of a cigarette to be manufactured and united, there are naturally also ranges for the storage of raw materials and finished goods as well as a material store. A thought out logistics provides for it, that the raw materials and consumption consumption always at the right time of the correct plantMachine are and the finished products into the trade arrive.
Manual work
Not insignificantly also the production of cigarettes is in manual work (colloquial: Tricks). In addition Feinschnittabak is rolled up loosely in zigarettenpapier. This can either only with the hands or, if the fingerfertigkeit is not sufficient, with simple cigarette centre lathes happen. The mostly rubberized Zigarettenpapier to the conclusion with saliva one moistens and one sticks together. Projecting tobacco is abgezupft and supplied to the tobacco supply again. Usually one receives fine cut tobacco in 40-Gramm-Packungen. However the cigarette industry deals also with occasional smokers and offers 25-Gramm-Packungen.
Sorts and marks
Produced cigarettes are available in different strengths, primarily by their nicotine content differ. The smoke of a cigarette may since 1. January 2004 in accordance with European UnionRegulation according to standard measurement at the most 1.0 mg nicotine contain. Cigarettes starting from a value of 0,8 mg are called "Full Flavor". Besides there are medium (approx. 0.7 mg), Light (approx. 0.4-0.6 mg) and super or Ultralight variants (0.4 mg and less).
The use of some of these terms for marketing purposes is forbidden in the European Union since 2003 (with the reason, that expressions like "Light" a health risk decreased of consumers as reference to to be pointed could). Therefore the cigarette manufacturers renamed their appropriate variants in non-uniform way: Thus it means instead of Full Flavor partly "talks", instead of Light frequently "Blue", "Silver" or "Gentle Flavor" and instead of Superlight "One" or "NUMBER One". The trend goes obviously ever more to smearing the old strength categories, since the consumer can differentiate these only over small printed indication of nicotine. Besides there are Varietaeten of individual marks, those "Full Flavor" in the sense of "full in the taste" are (or to be applied at least in such a way), have however smaller nicotine values. In Switzerland further the original designations are used such as Light or mild.
There Nicotine the main craze producing contents material of the cigarette smoke is (around its will thus one smokes), nevertheless the nicotine content remains the most important differentiation characteristic. It is considered however as proven, that the nicotine quantity actually arriving at the consumer is affected crucially by the smoke behavior: Thus smokers are inclined with Light cigarettes to deeper Inhalieren, in order to be able to absorb more nicotines. Besides Full Flavor smokers feel the "need" according to the consumption of a Light cigarette often still further after nicotine, why evenly directly the next is then ignited.
Isolated the Varietaeten differs by those the cigarettes buried flavours; here is to be thought in particular of Mentholzigaretten, in addition, at specialities such as vanilla or carnation cigarettes.
Nowadays cigarettes from blond tobacco mixtures enjoy the by far largest market share, z.B. the sogenannnten American dazzle, a mixture from 60% Virginia -, 30% Burley and 10% Orienttabak. Cigarettes from black tobaccos have smaller and further decreasing market meaning.
Usually cigarettes with filter become, more rarely without offered. The filter of a cigarette consists of celluloseacetat, a material with fibrous structure. This cigarette filter causes a partial mechanical restraint of particles and alkaloids (z. B. Nicotine) from the tobacco smoke.
The usual length of a cigarette is called King Size and amounts to 74-85 mm. Besides it gives excess length (100 mm, 120 mm), in addition, shorter 70-mm-Zigaretten. The latters are to be found for instance in Eastern Europe and North Africa still frequently.
Due to lower taxation the market for non--finished cigarettes has special meaning, in Germany with rising tendency. By this first of all the classical author turning tobacco falls, thus fine cut, by the consumer only by separately bought the zigarettenpapier and possibly rotary filters to cigarettes one converts. As the newer variant so-called tobacco sticks (vorportionierter fine cut) are offered. These have already a covering of paper, are so not smokable however and must be slid only manually into a cigarette covering. After a judgement of the European Court of Justice of 10. November 2005, must the so-called tobacco sticks however in the future like finished cigarettes be taxed.
Likewise for reasons of the smaller tax and the thus smaller price there are cigarette-large filters in Germany for some yearszigarillos to buy, like cigarettes to consume leave themselves.
The world-wide largest cigarette manufacturer is those Altria Group (in former times Philipp Morris) with marks how Marlboro, F6, Merit, Pall Mall, Chesterfield and many different.
Contents materials
During the production a multiplicity of materials are added to the natural tobacco. Also in Zigarettenpapier put additional chemicals. Beyond that many further substances develop, in the tobacco smoke are, only by the verbrennungsvorgang.
The tobacco added materials
Hundreds of additives are available, according to data of the tobacco companies for taste improvement, to damp stops, for conserving and for binding the components to be used [ 1 ]. Some these materials have however beyond that characteristics, those the tobacco smoke for children make bearable and the Suchtpotenzial still continue to increase [ 2 ]:
- Ammonia strengthens the release of Nicotine
- Sugar and Glycol karamellisieren together with ammonia and produce by it a soft taste
- Menthol and Spice carnations decrease the attraction and pain feeling of the lung, so that the smoke can be inhaliert more deeply and more freely and
Contents materials of the tobacco smoke
In the smoke (average) of a cigarette are over 3000 different connections, among them:
| Connections | Concentrations |
|---|---|
| Carbon dioxide | 45-65 mg |
| Carbon monoxide** | 14-23 mg |
| Nitrogen oxides** | 0.1-0.6 mg |
| Butadiene* | 0.025-0.04 mg |
| Benzene* | 0.012-0.05 mg |
| Formaldehyde** | 0.02-0.1 mg |
| Acetaldehyde*/** | 0.4-1.4 mg |
| Methanol** | 0.08-0.18 mg |
| Prussic acid** | 1.3 mg |
| Nicotine** | 1-3 mg |
| Polyzykli aromatic hydrocarbons* | 0.0001-0.00025 mg |
| Aromatic amines * | 0.00025 mg |
| N-Nitrosamine * | 0.00034-0.0027 mg |
- *karzinogene Connections, **toxic Connections
- Acetaldehyde develops with the burn of sugar and has like nicotine a look for-producing effect [ 3 ].
Health dangers
That Alkaloid Nicotine heard caused to the fastest addicted making substances at all and Nicotine craze. Smoking cigarettes can to heavy health Damage or early death leads; it is u. A. a secured A cause of Cancer of the lungs (see also: Bronchialkarzinom). About each fourth smoker dies at the consequences of his craze, annual are those approx.. 110,000 humans in Germany. The health endangerment by smoking becomes detailed in the article Tobacco-smoke treated.
Spreading of smoking cigarettes
Pro head consumption in Germany was 1936 with 571 cigarettes, 1966 with 2214.
Smokers of cigarettes were predominant very long time men. In the last years and decades is to be observed however, that also ever more women to the cigarette seize. The health dangers, for women by smoking develop, are even still higher than with men. So far the differences in the frequency and number of deaths of cancer of the lungs, existing between men and women, adapt themselves by a superproportional rise with the women increasingly. Scientists see the causes for the "Aufholen" of the women therein, that smoking as an indication of the maleness and therefore as emancipatory action is still regarded.
In Germany the portion of the juvenile smokers particularly is high and lies with approx.. 30 per cent. The average entrance age for the cigarette smoking in Germany is according to newest studies about 11.6 years. In no country as many cigarette automats are as in Germany, which age control naturally substantially makes more difficult. In Switzerland it is similar. There 38% are the 15 to 24-Jaehrigen smoker. With increasing age the portion sinks.
In California however the percentage of the juvenile smokers lies with approximately 8, which is attributed to it, that smoking there is socially less accepted than in Europe.
A resolution of the European Union ministers of health writes since 2004 forwards, that within the European Union on the cigarette packings larger and more urgent warning references than before, as for instance "smoking can be deadly", "smoking lets your skin age" or also to "smoking can to a slow and painful death lead", to be imprinted must. Also pictures are planned by smoker lungs and tumors, with those a deterring effect to be obtained is. In Switzerland these references are inconspicuous and with less provocative references laid on ("smoking endangers your health").
Already 2005 scarcely 75 per cent of the price of a packing was cigarettes tax deliveries.
Cigarette advertisement
In the 1930er and 1940er years reached those Cigarette pictures in Germany a million-public and the tobacco enterprises were by informative and aufwaendig arranged collecting albums to many topics in nearly all living and children's rooms of the German Reich present.
In the radio and television of the German Federal Republic cigarettes may do 18 since that. June 1974 not to be no more applied. Also a European Union-far cigarette advertising prohibition for cinemas becomes, in the next years Newspapers and magazines seize. Of it also that becomes Sponsoring z. B. affected by Formel-1-Rennen its. The advertising economy is afraid substantial income losses. The Federal Government, both those Kohl- and the Schroeder government, tried to proceed in Brussels in vain against the advertising prohibition.
Due to the advertising prohibitions already valid in many countries is to be observed, that the tobacco companies seize to substitutes, in order to go around the official prohibition. Thus strengthened "special editions" of the cigarette boxes are brought on the market, those (limited) an advertising effect have, however represent no advertisement in the traditional sense. Sponsoring prohibitions are frequently gone around thereby, that running cars or motorcycles are graphically strongly ajar against the cigarette mark concerned, without the label name emerges (examples: "Go!!!"stands white on blue reason for Gauloises, "Biaggi" in CamelCharacter type, "team Spirit" in mildly Seven character type). A further gap by advertising prohibitions is to be often found in tabaklaeden: If tobacco companies money pay for it, that their marks are issued remarkably in special displays, then that is not considered necessarily as advertisement.
See also
- Nonsmoker protection
- Tobacco industry
- Tax on tobacco
- Tobacconist's shop
- Cigarette automat
- Cigarette box
- Cigarette smuggling in postwar Germany
Web on the left of
| - word origin, Synonymous one and translations |
| - pictures, Video or audio files |
- Very detailed information from the Federal Ministry for consumer protection, Nutrition and agriculture over the additives in cigarettes
- Contents materials in cigarettes, their effects and dangers
