Cistercian

the Cistercians (lat.: Ordo Cisterciensis, briefly: OCist; in former times: Sacer Ordo Cisterciensis, briefly: SOC) are a Christian monastischer medal in the Roman-catholic church. It resulted from reforms from the Benediktinerorden. Among the Cistercians ranksbeside the Ordo Cisterciensis also the medal of the Cistercians of the stricter Observanz (Trappisten).

Table of contents 1 history 1,1 establishment of medal 1,2 propagation 1,3 development of Germany 1.3.1 development of Lower Saxony 1.3.2 development in the Mark Brandenburg 1,4 stagnation andReform of the reform 1,5 modern times 2 organization 3 religious the life of the Cistercians 3,1 admission and training 3,2 work 3,3 routine of the day 4 plant of the monasteries 5 acquaintance Cistercian of 6 Cistercian monasteries in the German-speaking countries 7 sources 8 literature 9 Web on the left of

history

nut/mother monastery and name givers of the Cistercians are that 1098 of the Benediktiner Robert von Molesme and twenty further monks of the abbey Molesme created monastery Cîteaux.

establishment of medal

a substantial cause for the establishment of medal was in fewKilometers removed Cluny to search. This large and Benediktinerabtei in Burgund, famous in the whole Christianity , had acquired a large fortune and a far Ländereien by donations and inheritances. Few years before (1088) one had with the building thatat that time largest church of the Christianity begun, which exceeded even old sinking Peter in Rome in size. Also the interior equipment with Fresken was complex. In this powerful and influential abbey (several Popes went out of the numbers of their monks out) the Liturgie played oneoutstanding role: services for hours and solemn Prozessionen were at the agenda.

The original simplicity of the monastischen way of life and the ideal were by splendour folding and wealth to live from the own hands work to void. A back meditation on the original values seemednecessarily. The new community was subjected to the goal of living strictly after the medal rule of the Benedikt of Nursia (Regula Benedicti). On this basis they wanted to live exclusively on their own hands work. Incomes from farm lease and interest as well asthey rejected the collection of the tenth. Separatingness of the world and simplicity of the way of life were basic ideals of the group of reforms.

On their basic intention Robert wanted to be and its monks nothing else as Benediktiner and live faithfully according to the benediktinischen rule. Howeverthe way of life of the monks differed from Cîteaux crucially from the other Benediktinerklöster, in particular from Cluny. Thus a new medal developed, for that at the same time the first centralistic organized monk medal of the Christian from the reestablishment thought as reform within the BenediktinertumsEvening country was.

Robert von Molesme was already recalled 1099 after Molesme. To its place as an abbott of Cîteaux stepped Alberich of Cîteaux, which led monastery ten years long. 1109 replaced it Stephan Harding. These three founder abbotts ofCîteaux becomes to 26. January meant.

propagation

from Cîteaux came it to reestablishments of daughter monasteries. Stephan Harding with its Charter Caritatis gave a condition to the new medal; 1119 became this by Pope Kalixt II. confirmed. ThusStephan Harding is the actual founder of the Cistercian medal.

1113 occurred Bernhard from the knight sex Tescelin le Roux Cîteaux. 1115 it was already sent for the establishment of a monastery in Clairvaux.

Under abbott Bernhard von Clairvaux began the actual ascent of the Cistercian medal. Its teachings and theories, its defaults to the monastery construction, above all however its untiring employment coined/shaped the medal so much that the Cistercians are called sometimes also „St. Bernards “.

Under Bernhard in completely Europe countless new monasteries were established; also many former Benediktinerabteien (so for instance Fontfroide in Southern France) closed inspire the new reform movement on.

Against the actual basic ideals of the Cistercians Bernhard practiced large influence outside of the medal upthe policy of the Middle Ages out. The powerful ones accepted it as an intermediary among themselves. Its call was consequence-fraught to the second crusade (1147 - 1149). Bernhard however always rejected high church offices. Beyond that Berhard became due to its religious writingsadmits. Its literary gift because of Bernhard Doctor is called melifluus (honey-flowing teacher).

The first four establishments of Cîteaux, the so-called primary abbeys were La Ferté (1113), Pontigny (1114), Clairvaux and Morimond (both 1115). 1120 became those Abbey Tart, the first monastery from Cistercian inside, based.

development of Germany

The first Zisterzeinserkloster in Germany was that 1123 created monastery Kamp. In Germany the Cistercians attained by their colony sowing ion activity in 12. and 13. Century, particularly in the area east the Elbe, outstanding meaning. you created agricultural model companies, promoted fruit and viticulture, Pferde-und pisciculture, mining industry andIn addition, Wollhandel, contributed much to the spreading and bloom of high-medieval culture. The gothical architectural style, at first only hesitating taken over, found not least by this medal spreading in completely Europe (so for instance in the monastery Chorin). As all monks dedicatedit itself the duplication of liturgical and theological handwriting. Some monasteries, as for example the abbey Himmerod, had toward end of the Middle Ages large and valuable libraries.

In the Mystikbewegung attained three German Cistercian inside great importance: Mechthild of Magdeburg, Mechthild of heel fount and Gertrud of Helfta, which belonged all to the abbey Helfta.

After the reformation (about 1535) the Cistercian monasteries in the Evangelist areas of Germany were closed and the churches to parish churches were converted. Some monasteries became nevertheless inreceive to new form, for example as Predigerseminar. Thus Loccum to today the monastery, which has an abbott and in each day since 1600 one hears is gebetet , exists. The Evangelist Cistercian conventions have themselves in the community Evangelist Cistercian inheriting inGermany united and take over the care of the religious-cultural inheritance of the Cistercians on Evangelist side.

development of Lower Saxony

as the first Cistercian monastery in Lower Saxony was created 1135 the monastery Amelungsborn (by count Siegfried IV. of Boyneburg), the last layBranch of the Northeimer of count sex. “Mansion Amelungsborn”, which belonged to its name after this very day provable the source in the monastery area, for which “fount” of the Amelung carries, to the hereditary goods of the prince sex.

The positive economic development of the monastery made possible the propagation of the medal.Already 1138 placed the establishment abbott for monastery Mariental to Amelungsborn with Helmstedt. 1145 sent Amelungsborn a complete convention for the establishment of the monastery Riddagshausen with Braunschweig. There the medal brothers put on a pond landscape for the pisciculture, which is today protected area; of thatformerly to 28 ponds today still eleven exist.

Amelungsborn was not waived, when abbott and convention Augsburger accepted confession. 1655 issued the duke a new monastery order and ordered the Generalsuperintendenten used again in Holzminden to the abbott of the monastery. 1760 becamethe monastery school after Holzminden shifted and with the there city school combines. Around 1810 each korporative co-operation ends, although the office of the abbott also in 19. Jh. further to exist remained. As 1875 the school tasks of the monastery by the nationalization thatSchool ends, existed the office for abbott still as honour title for high braunschweigische religiousness away.

By the area reconciliation of 1941 the circle Holzminden at the province and the church arrived at the regional church Hanover. The church senate stepped into the rights of the former national gentlemanand the competence for monastery Amelungsborn took over. New possibilities the “Loccumer brought to contract “, a convention between the country Lower Saxony and the five regional churches. The responsible church authorities knew now the “Prälaturen” Amelungsborn, Königslutter, Mariental and Riddagshausen withoutnational co-operation regulate.

development in the Mark Brandenburg

of extraordinary importance for the stabilization and development of the Mark Brandenburg was 1180 25 kilometers southwest that from potsdam created monastery Lehnin.Only some decades before 1157 the first Mark count Albrecht of the bar the Mark from the baptism had lifted. The residents Slawenstämme could have done the Germans several times with their previous attempts of the Ostkolonisation back urge, so that the first askanischen Mark counts knew,that the country with the victory of 1157 was won not yet. The son Albrechts, the second Mark count Otto I. the monastery based 1180 among other things with the goal, over the Missionierung of the “heidnischen” Slawen and over the economic Leistungskraftto consolidate and gradually expand the monks the country. In the sense of their self obligation to a miss-rich, asketischen and God-obliging/pleasing life the Cistercians here almost found ideal “virgin” cultural and landschaftliches area.

stagnation and reform thatReform

altogether set 13 starting from that. /14. Century adjustment of the way of life of the Cistercians to those the Benediktiner. Exactly like these now also the Cistercians had left their ideal of the withdrawals and into the service of the world had placed themselves. Activityand wealth led to the gradual waste of the monastischen basic ideal. Besides an arising and the propagation of the begging medals led to a stagnation in the propagation of the Cistercian medal. Nevertheless the number of the monasteries remained largely. Thus there were in the middle 13. Century647 Cistercian monasteries and 1675 belonged 724 monasteries to the medal on< ref name= " SchuetzRath "> Christian contactor, Philippa Rath (Hrsg.): The Benediktinerorden: God look for in prayer and work. Mainz: Matthias Green forest publishing house, 3. Aufl. 2003, S. 188. </ref>.

Starting from 1425 closed because of the far geographical propagation of theMedal and the associated difficulty of a central guidance of Cistercian monasteries after the model of the Benediktiner to Kongregationen together.

The medal was strongly weakened by various war periods of the late Middle Ages; the reformation did its remaining.

To the council of Trient (1545-1563) camein the Cistercian medal reform movement for the renewal of the medal life up. From this reform movement it came into 17. Century to a reform of the Cistercians under abbott arm and Jean Le Bouthillier de Rancé in the monastery La Trappe, from that the medal thatCistercian of the stricter Observanz (Trappisten) came out.

modern times

in the course of the French revolution became Cîteaux, which drove nut/mother abbey out of the Cistercian medal, waived and the monks. Thus the central guidance of the medal broke down, there the general chapter, thatso far in Cîteaux had met, to take place no longer there could. After the last conference of the general chapter before the revolution in the year 1786 the next conference followed only again 1880 in Vienna.

In 19. and 20. Century became a majority thatCistercian monasteries closed.

To the final separation of the Reformkongerationen from the medal it came 1892 by the union of the different reform movements to its own medal, „the medal of the Cistercians of the stricter Observanz “(Trappisten). Since that the Cistercian medal is in two independent medals alsoper own general abbott and general chapter split.

In 20. Century particularly attained the Cistercian medal by school activity greater importance. Besides one, even if limited, began mission activity in South America.

After the conditions of 01. Septembers 2005 belong to the Cistercian medal (without Trappisten)1499 monks, of it 696 priests, and 883 nuns on.< ref name= " OCistStatistik ">http://www.ocist.org/statistics.htm </ref>

organization

the Cistercians were the first central organized monk medal of the Christianity. Each abbey of the medal is in principle independently, however on the uniform statutes of the Cistercian medalobligated. Each abbey remains responsible opposite their nut/mother monastery. The abbott of the nut/mother monastery visitiert as Pater Immediat (direct church superiors) the Tochergründungen (Filiationsprinzip). Up to its abolition in the course of the French revolution the abbey Cîteaux became, first abbey andNut/mother monastery of the medal, of which abbotts of the first four establishments of Cîteaux, which visietiert primary abbeys La Ferté, Pontigny, Clairvaux and Morimond. In Cîteaux also the general chapter under the presidency of the abbott of Cîteaux met. Since the reorganization of the medal aftera selected general abbott, who resides in Rome, at the point of the medal stands for the French revolution. The interests of the medal are regulated on the general chapter, in which all abbotts of the medal participate.

religious the life of the Cistercians

The Cistercians are a kontemplativer medal. They lead an outwardly undirected life, to be over free for their search for God. Core characteristics of the Zisterzienserspiritualität are a steady life in the examination (stabilitas loci), the connection of world-separated lifeand at the same time community lives within the monastery, the care of a simple and strict way of life, high estimation of the manual work as well as a kontemplative internalness, which settle both in joint choir prayer and private meditativen and regarding prayer. Those takes a special value in the Cistercian lifeMarienverehrung .

The Cistercian monks carry a white or grey Tunika, over it a black Skapulier. As choir garb over it a white Kukulle is carried.

admission and training

A Cistercian monastery to occur each adult, who is mentally and physically for it suitably and ready, can in-permit itself completely on a life with God and look for „trueful God “, howit Benedikt of Nursia in its rule requires. A condition is an final professional training or Abitur. Who decided itself to want to lead a life in the monastery the monastery visits first as a guest. After this first becoming acquainted with phase the candidacy follows taken up.This serves for the examination whether the candidate for the Cistercian life is suitable. At first the candidate spends some weeks in the examination of the monks and can view in such a way into the there life take. The candidacy can last differently long, usually becomesin this time training begun outside of the monastery life terminates.

If one terminated the candidacy, follows the postulate, which usually takes several months. The Postulant participates in the concrete medal life and takes over smaller tasks within the community.The difference to the life as monk lies in the fact that the Postulant of course more or less belongs to to the medal community, is not firmly bound to it however yet and the monastery can leave at any time again.

To the postulate closesthe Noviziat on, which takes at least one year. The Noviziat begins with the admission of the brother into the community of the medal. This takes place via the coating. Here the Ordenstracht is presented to the Postulanten. With the coating the Postulant says„“To a life in the monastery, to a life with God, in which it tightens with the Ordenstracht „God “.

The Novize is integrated firm into the medal life, takes over independently tasks, is however still learning, thus instruction receives approximately over thoseSpiritualität of the medal and its organization and history.

If the Noviziatszeit over is, the Novizen the Profess placing on time. They commit themselves the medal. In this time one has still the possibility of leaving the medal. With thattemporal Profess changes not much for the Novizen.

of this happens only if it puts three down after year the temporal Profess the eternal Profess. Here praised the Novize „klösterlichen life change,Stability and obedience “. In addition poverty belongs just like Keuschheit and Ehelosigkeit. With the eternal Profess always commits itself the brother to his concrete monastery, on which he puts the Profess down (stabilitas loci).

When desired a monk can a further Ausbilung make, for instance the Meistertitel in a handicraft acquire. For high school graduates the possibility exists of studying theology and of preparing for the Weiheämter. In the German-speaking countries this geschiet usually on the medal university in the pin holy cross with Vienna.

work

the Cistercians live and work not only behind their monastery walls, but also within the social and cultural range. Many monasteries operate schools beside their own workshops or the Seelsorge to individual municipalities transferred.

routine of the day

The routine of the day is coined/shaped by seven prayer times Vigil, Laudes, third, Sext, Non, Vesper and Komplet. The first prayer time takes place at night, usually between 02:00 clock and 04:00 clock, the latter after sunset. Is centralthe daily celebration of the holy fair. By the services, to which according to the rule of the holy Benedikt nothing is to be preferred, the day of the monks arranged into reading and work. After the last prayer time the night rest begins for the monks,up to the first prayer time of the next daily lasts.

the monks should

of the monasteries ideal plan of a Cistercian monastery the monasteries of the Cistercians not by external influences in after the defaults of Bernhard in separated areas, in thosethe practice of their way of life to be disturbed could. Differently than with the begging medals, which arose short time after the Cistercians, is therefore no Cistercian monasteries in cities.

Usually the monasteries in an up to then uninhabited and with difficulty accessible side valley were established,its Talaue enough for agriculture and cattle breeding was broad, whose forests could supply the necessary building material and whose watercourse could serve pisciculture made possible or as drive for a Schmiede at the slopes. In this way the Cistercians in the Middle Ages openednumerous regions again and carried true pioneer work out.

of Cistercian monasteries are to be recognized easily by their outside appearance. The demand for poverty is converted also in architecture. Thus are inthe rule no murals, statues or complex ornaments. The churches are simple. Often even without towers does, one is only one ridge turret for the admission small bell.

A typical - if also not always held out - characteristic is the square choir area, on the right of and left flanks from further Nebenchören with smaller side length. Until into the today's time has itself this prototype receive, approximately in Fontenay (Burgund /Frankreich) and Maulbronn (Baden-Wuerttemberg) this form was exemplary alsofor other medals. Imitations are for example in the church Santa Maria Novella of the Dominikaner of Florenz.

acquaintance Cistercian

• Hl. Bernhard von Clairvaux (1090-1153), abbott, writer, Mystiker
• Sel. Otto von Freising (1112-1158), historical writer
• Alanus starting from Insulis,also Alan de Lille or Alanus de Insulis mentioned, (1120-1202), scholastic
• Hl. Johannes of Valence († 1145), bishop
• Johann von Viktring (1270-1347), historical writer
• Mechthild of Magdeburg (1207-1282), Mystikerin
• Mechthild of heel fount (1231-1291), Mystikerin
• Gertrud of Helfta (1256-1302), Mystikerin
• arm and JeanLe Bouthillier de Rancé (1626-1700), reform abbott, founder of the Trappistenordens
• Thomas Merton (Trappist) (1915-1968), Mystiker

of Cistercian monasteries in the German-speaking countries

in this chapter are listed Cistercian monasteries in the German-speaking countries. For an international list see: List of the Klöster#Zisterzienser and listthe Klöster#Zisterzienserinnen

http://www.abtei-waldsassen.de forest-ate

existing	monasteries
name
web page
Baden-Wuerttemberg woman Mrs.	monastery
Lichtenthal http://www.abtei-lichtenthal.de
monastery forest
monastery
Lichtenthal
Bavaria woman Mrs.	monastery
upper beautiful field http://www.abtei-oberschoenenfeld.de monastery	Seligenthal
land hat http://www.seligenthal.de	monastery
Monastery upper beautiful field
Lower Saxony
man conventions
monastery Ihlow with Aurich	http://www.ihlow.de/fileadmin/domains/Kloster/default.htm
monastery Amelungsborn	http://www.kloster-amelungsborn.de
Monastery Loccum	http://www.kloster-loccum.de
Büddenstedt Reinsdorf
of woman Mrs.
monastery vienna living with Celle
North Rhine-Westphalia
man conventions
monastery Kamp in Kamp Lintfort	http://www.kloster-kamp.de
monastery long calves	http://www.zisterzienserlangwaden.de
abbey Maria forest (Trappisten) in home brook	http://www.kloster-mariawald.de
monastery Stiepel in Bochum - Stiepel
of woman Mrs.
abbey Maria Frieden (Trappistinnen) in Dahlem (the north Eifel)	http://www.trappistinnen-maria-frieden.de
monastery long calves abbey Maria forest (Trappisten)
Rhineland-Palatinate
man conventions
abbey Himmerod	http://www.kloster-himmerod.de
abbey Marienstatt	http://www.abtei-marienstatt.de
woman Mrs.
monastery Gethsemani (Trappistinnen) in THEN rock	http://www.kloster-gethsemani.de
abbey Himmerod abbey Marienstatt
Saxonia
woman Mrs.
monastery pc. Marienstern (Panschwitz Kuckau)
monastery pc. Marienthal (eastcut)
Saxonia-Anhalt
Man conventions
monastery Sittichenbach
of woman Mrs.
monastery Helfta	http://www.kloster-helfta.de
monastery Helfta
Austria
territorial abbey Wettingen Mehrerau
abbey Mariastern Gwiggen
pin holy cross	http://www.stift-heiligenkreuz.at
pin new monastery in Viennese new city
pin lily field
abbey Zwettl
pin purely
pin Stams
pin Wilhering
pin Schlierbach
monastery angel cell (Trappisten)
Switzerland
abbey Frauenthal with Cham	http://www.frauenthal.ch
monastery Hauterive with Freiburg in the Üechtland
abbey Magerau in Freiburg in the Üechtland
monastery Maria cell worm brook at the upper Zurich lake
abbey Magdenau in the canton pc. Gallen
abbey La Fille Dieu

former monasteries

name	notes, historical data, today's use
Baden-Wuerttemberg
man conventions
monastery Good cell
monastery holy cross valley
monastery Maulbronn	UNESCO - world cultural monument
monastery threshing floor brook
monastery quake living
monastery Salem
monastery beautiful valley
monastery Bronnbach
monastery Herrenalb
of woman Mrs.
monastery Günterstal
monastery quake living
Bavaria
man conventions
monastery Aldersbach	gegr. 1146
monastery Ebrach	gegr. 1127
monastery prince field	gegr. 1258
Monastery Heilsbronn	gegr. 1132
monastery long home	gegr. 1132
	gegr. 1143
woman Mrs.
monastery sky-crown	gegr. 1279
monastery Himmelthal	gegr. 1232
monastery sun field	gegr. 1260
Brandenburg at that time: Mark Brandenburg (Askanier), Marks of Lausitz, Magdeburg; is indicated the establishment and/or. Donation data. For a general mapwith all breaking citizen Cistercian monasteries see:Monastery Marienfliess.
Man conventions
monastery Dobrilugk, Doberlug	gegr. 1165/1184, Niederlausitz
monastery Zinna	gegr. 1170, donation of Magdeburg
monastery new cell	gegr. 1268, Niederlausitz
monastery Lehnin	1180, Askani donation
Monastery Paradies	gegr. 1230, establishment of daughter of Lehnin
monastery Chorin	gegr. 1273, Askani donation
monastery Himmelpfort	gegr. 1299, Askani donation
of woman Mrs.
monastery Marienstern, Mühlberg
monastery Lindow
monastery Marienfliess, Prignitz	gegr. 1231, donation of the noble Mr. Gans to Putlitz; since the reformation ev. Pin.
Monastery Altfriedland
monastery sea-living
monastery Zehdenick
monastery Boitzenburg
monastery Jüterbog
monastery pin to the holy grave
monastery Ziesar
monastery Lehnin pin Marienfliess monastery Zinna
Hessen
Männerkonvente
monastery Arnsburg with Lich
monastery Eberbach in Eltville
monastery Haina
Woman Mrs.
monastery Haydau in rotten
Marienschloss in skirt mountain
monastery Eberbach, here the Cabinettkeller
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
man conventions
monastery Dargun
monastery Doberan
monastery Eldena
of woman Mrs.
monastery sank Maria at the Sonnenkamp, new monastery
monastery ruin Eldena with grab forest
Lower Saxony
man conventions
monastery Ihlow, East Frisia
monastery Marienrode with Hildesheim
monastery Mariental with Helmstedt
monastery Riddagshausen with Braunschweig
monastery Walkenried
monastery Loccum
of woman Mrs.
Lilienthal with Bremen
monastery Meerhusen with Aurich
monastery vienna living
monastic church Riddagshausen
North Rhine-Westphalia
man conventions
monastery old person mountain	admits cathedral monastery Kamp
monastery Marienfeld
monastery hard living
as Altenberger
Monastery Bredelar
monastery Heisterbach
of woman Mrs.
monastery prince mountain
monastery sank Jöris
Altenberger cathedral monastery ruin pc. Jöris
Saxonia
man conventions
monastery Altzella
monastery Grünhain
of woman Mrs.
monastery Franconia living, Crimmitschau	today only ruin
Saxonia-Anhalt
man conventions
monastery Sancta Maria ad Portam (Schulpforta)with Naumburg
monastery Michaelstein
of woman Mrs.
Agnetenkloster
monastery Marienstuhl with Egeln
Schleswig-Holstein
man conventions
Rudekloster in luck castle
Cistercian monastery Reynevelde in Rhine field
of woman Mrs.
Reinbek in the duchy Lauenburg
Johanniskloster, Luebeck
Thuringia
man conventions
monastery Volkenroda
monastery Georgenthal in Georgenthal	1525 destroys, today only ruin
Until
1275,
then	after Stadtilm Stadtilm shifts woman Mrs. monastery Anrode
hall field	1275 moved from hall field, today as city hall used
Stadtroda	today only ruin

sources

<references/>

literature

• Immo Eberl: The Cistercians. History of a EuropeanMedal. 1. Edition, Thorbecke, Stuttgart 2002. ISBN 3-7995-0103-7
• Ulrich Knefelkamp: Cistercian. Springer, Berlin 2001. ISBN 3-5406-4816-X
• Terryl N. Children: The world of the Cistercians. Fast & Steiner 1997. ISBN 3-79541-297-8

Web on the left of

Wiktionary: Cistercian - word origin,Synonymous one and translations