1848

1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

February 21: Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto.

May 29: Wisconsin admitted as the 30th U.S. state.

July 26: Matale Rebellion begins in Sri Lanka.

September 12: The Swiss Confederation reconstitutes itself as a federal republic.

• The Revolutions of 1848, a series of widespread but mostly failed struggles for more liberal governments, from Brazil to Hungary.
• January 12 - The Palermo rising in Sicily rises against the Bourbon kingdom of Two Sicilies
• January 24 - California Gold Rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, near Sacramento
• January 24 - The Storming of the Venezuelan National Congress takes place.
• January 26 - Henry David Thoreau addresses the Concord Lyceum with "The Rights and Duties of the Individual in Relation to Government" (which later came to be known as Civil Disobedience).
• February 2 - Mexican–American War: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed, ending the war.
• February 2 - California Gold Rush: The first ship with Chinese emigrants seeking fortune in California's gold country arrive in San Francisco.
• February 19 - First rescue party reaches the Donner Party, a convoy of settlers almost buried under snow near what is now the Donner Lake. They have eaten everything, including their own dead
• February 21 - Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto.
• February 22 - In Paris, revolt erupts against the king Louis Philippe. Two days later he abdicates, leading to the Second Republic.
• March 4 - Carlo Alberto di Savoia signs the Statuto Albertino that will represent the first constitution of the Regno d'Italia
• March 7 - The Great Mahele (land division) is signed in Hawaii.
• March 10 - The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is ratified by the United States Senate, ending the Mexican–American War.
• March 15 - Revolution breaks out in Pest, Hungary. The Habsburg rulers are compelled to meet the demands of the Reform party.
• March 20 - King Ludwig I of Bavaria abdicates
• March 23 - Province of Otago in New Zealand is founded.
• March 29 - An upstream ice jam stops almost all water flow over Niagara Falls for 30 hours
• April 10 Chartist 'Monster Rally' held in Kennington Park London, headed by Feargus O'Connor. A petition demanding the franchise is presented to parliament.
• April 10 - Bridge collapses in Yarmouth, England, leaving 250 dead
• May 15 - Radicals invade the France Chamber of deputies
• May 19 - Mexican-American War: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - Mexico ratifies the treaty thus ending the war and ceding Texas, California and most of Arizona and New Mexico to the United States for $15 million.
• May 29 - Wisconsin is admitted as the 30th U.S. state.
• July 19 - Women's rights: Seneca Falls Convention - The two day Women's Rights Convention opens in Seneca Falls, New York and the "Bloomers" are introduced at the feminist convention.
• July 26 - Matale Rebellion against British rule in Sri Lanka
• July 29 - Irish Potato Famine: Tipperary Revolt - In Tipperary, an unsuccessful nationalist revolt against British rule is put-down by a government police force.
• August 17 - Yucatán officially united with Mexico
• August 19 - California Gold Rush: The New York Herald breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States, that there is a gold rush in California (although the rush started in January)
• August 28 - Mathieu Luis, first black member joins the French parliament as a representative of Guadaloupe
• September 12 - One of the few successes of the Revolutions of 1848, the Swiss Federal Constitution, patterned on the US Constitution, enters into force, creating a federal republic and one of the first modern democratic states in Europe.
• November 1 - In Boston, Massachusetts, the first medical school for women, The Boston Female Medical School (which later merged with Boston University School of Medicine), opens.
• November 3 - Greatly revised Dutch constitution proclaimed
• November 7 - U.S. presidential election, 1848: Whig Zachary Taylor of Louisiana defeats Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan in the first US presidential election held in every state on the same day.
• December 2 - Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, abdicates in favor of his nephew, Franz Josef I.
• December 10 - Prince Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte elected first president of the French Second Republic.
• December 20 - President Bonaparte takes his Oath of Office in front of the French National Assembly.
• December 26 - Phi Delta Theta Fraternity founded

• Cholera epidemic in New York kills 5000
• Associated Press founded in New York
• Queen's College for women founded in London
• Boston Public Library is founded by an act of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts
• Shaker song Simple Gifts is written by Joseph Brackett in Alfred, Maine
• First railway in Spain is opened, with line Barcelona to Mataró (circa 40 km).
• Illinois and Michigan Canal is completed.
• Independent Republic of Yucatán joins Mexico in exchange for Mexican help in suppressing revolt by the indigenous Maya population.
• Serfdom is abolished in Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• John Bird Sumner becomes archbishop of Canterbury.
• British, Dutch, and German governments lay claim to New Guinea.
• Admiral Nevelskoi explores Strait of Tartary.
• Dunedin, New Zealand is founded by Scots settlers.
• University of Ottawa is founded.
• University of Mississippi is founded.
• University of Wisconsin, Madison is founded.
• Geneva College in Pennsylvania is founded.
• Holmes County, Florida is created.
• Elizabeth Gaskell publishes Mary Barton anonymously.
• Henrik Ibsen publishes first play Catilina.
• Ivar Aasen publishes Grammar of the Norwegian Dialects.
• Robert Schumann composes opera Genoveva.
• Richard Wagner begins writing libretto that will become Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung).
• Rhodes College is founded.

Ongoing events

• Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
• Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849)

Births

• January 6 - Hristo Botev, Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1876)
• January 19 - John F. Stairs, Canadian businessman and statesman (d. 1904)
• January 21 - Henri Duparc, French composer (d. 1933)
• January 27 - Togo Heihachiro, Japanese admiral (d. 1934)
• February 5 - Joris-Karl Huysmans, French author (d. 1907)
• February 5 - Belle Starr, American outlaw (d. 1889)
• February 8 - Joel Chandler Harris, American journalist and author (d. 1908)
• February 14 - Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (d. 1934)
• February 16 - Octave Mirbeau French art critic and novelist (d. 1917)
• February 18 - Louis Comfort Tiffany, American glass artist (d. 1933)
• February 24 - Grant Allen, Canadian author (d. 1899)
• February 24 - Andrew Inglis Clark, Tasmanian politician (d. 1907)
• February 27 - Hubert Parry, English composer (d. 1918)
• March 19 - Wyatt Earp, American lawman and gunfighter (d. 1929)
• March 31 - Viscount William Astor, British financier and statesman (d. 1919)
• April 7 - Randall Thomas Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1930)
• April 10 - Hubertine Auclert, French feminist (d. 1914)
• May 23 - Otto Lilienthal, German engineer (d. 1896)
• June 7 - Paul Gauguin, French artist (d. 1903)
• July 6 - Gabor Baross, Hungarian statesman (d. 1892)
• July 9 - Robert I, Duke of Parma, last ruling Duke of Parma (d. 1907)
• July 15 - Vilfredo Pareto, Italian economist (d. 1923)
• July 22 - Winfield Scott Stratton, American miner (d. 1902)
• July 25 - George Robert Aberigh-Mackay, Anglo-Indian writer (d. 1881)
• July 25 - Arthur James Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1930)
• November 13 - Albert I, Prince of Monaco (d. 1922)

Deaths

• January 19 - Isaac D'Israeli, English author (b. 1766)
• January 20 - Christian VIII, King of Denmark (b. 1786)
• February 15 - Hermann von Boyen, Prussian field marshal (b. 1771)
• February 23 - John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States (b. 1767)
• March 29 - John Jacob Astor, American businessman (b. 1763)
• April 8 - Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer (b. 1797)
• May 25 - Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, German writer (b. 1797)
• June 27 - Denis Auguste Affre, Archbishop of Paris (b. 1793)
• July 4 - François-René de Chateaubriand, French writer and diplomat (b. 1768)
• August 7 - Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Swedish chemist (b. 1779)
• August 12 - George Stephenson, English locomotive pioneer (b. 1781)
• November 9 - Robert Blum, German politician (b. 1810)
• November 23 - Sir John Barrow, English statesman (b. 1764)
• November 24 - Lord Melbourne, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1779)
• December 19 - Emily Brontë, English author (b. 1818)
• Edward Baines, British newspaperman and politician (b. 1774)
• Kyokutei Bakin, Japanese author (b. 1767)