1944

Years :	1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947
Years:	1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947
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Centuries:	19th century · 20th century · 21st century

1944 by topic:
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Birth and death categories
Births - Deaths

1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar).

Events

World War II

January

January 4 - The Battle of Monte Cassino begins.
January 5 - Murder of Danish playwright Kaj Munk.
January 14 - The Soviet troops start the offensive at Leningrad and Novgorod.
January 17 - British forces, in Italy, cross the Garigliano River.
January 17 - Meat Rationing ends in Australia.
January 20 - The Royal Air Force drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin. The U.S. Army 36th Infantry Division, in Italy, attempts to cross the Rapido River.
January 22 - Allies begin Operation Shingle, the assault on Anzio, Italy. The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division stand their ground at Anzio against violent assaults for 4 months.
January 27 - The two year Siege of Leningrad is lifted.
January 29 - The Battle of Cisterna takes place.
January 30 - United States troops invade Majuro, Marshall Islands.
January 31 - American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands.

February

February 1 - United States troops land in the Marshall Islands.
February 3 - United States troops capture the Marshall Islands.
February 7 - In Anzio, Italian forces launch a counteroffensive.
February 14 - Anti-Japanese revolt on Java.
February 15 - Battle of Monte Cassino - the monastery atop Monte Cassino is destroyed by Allied bombing.
February 17 - Battle of Eniwetok Atoll begins. The battle ended in an American victory on February 22.
February 20 - "Big Week" begins with American bomber raids on German aircraft manufacturing centers.
February 20 - The United States takes Eniwetok Island.
February 29 - The Admiralty Islands are invaded in the American General Douglas MacArthur-led Operation Brewer.

March

March - The Japanese launch an offensive in central and south China.
March 1 - USS Tarawa and USS Kearsarge laid down.
March 1 - Anti-fascist strike in northern Italy.
March 2 - Train stalls inside a railway tunnel outside Salerno, Italy - 426 choke to death
March 3 - The Order of Nakhimov and the Order of Ushakov were instituted in USSR
March 10 - In Britain the Education Act lifts the ban on women teachers marrying.
March 12 - The Creation of the politic Committee of national liberation in Greece.
March 15 - Battle of Monte Cassino - Allied aircraft bomb German-held monastery and stage an assault.
March 15 - The National Counsil of the French Resistance approves the Resistance programme.
March 17 - The hitlerists assassinate at Rîbniţa almost 400 prisoners, Soviet citizens and anti-fascist Romanians.
March 18 - German forces occupy Hungary.
March 20 - RAF Flight Sergeant Nicholas Alkemade's bomber is hit over Germany and he has to bail out without a parachute from the height of over 4000 meters. Tree branches interrupt his fall and he lands safely on deep snow

May

May 5 - Mohandas Gandhi released in India.
May 9 - Soviet troops liberate Sevastopol.
May 12 - Soviet troops finalize the liberation of Crimea.
May 18 - Battle of Monte Cassino - Germans evacuate Monte Cassino and Allied forces take the stronghold after a struggle that claimed 20,000 lives.
May 18 - Deportation of Crimean Tatars by the Soviet Union government.

June

Allied troops land on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day

.

June 2 - The provisional French government is established.
June 4 - A hunter-killer group of the United States Navy captures the German submarine U-505, marking the first time a U.S. Navy vessel had captured an enemy vessel at sea since the 19th century.
June 4 - American, English and French troops enter Rome.
June 5 - Rome falls to the Allies. It is the first capital of an Axis nation to fall.
June 5 - More than 1000 British bombers drop 5000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries on the Normandy coast in preparation for D-Day.
June 6 - Battle of Normandy begins - Operation Overlord, code named D-Day, commences with the landing of 155,000 Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy in France. The allied soldiers quickly break through the Atlantic Wall and push inland in the largest amphibious military operation in history.
June 9 - Stalin launches an offensive against Finland with the intent of defeating Finland before pushing for Berlin.
June 10 - 642 men, women and children are killed in the Oradour-sur-Glane Massacre in France.
June 13 - Germany launches a V1 Flying Bomb attack on England.
June 15 - Battle of Saipan: The United States invades Saipan.
June 17 - The proclamation of the Republic of Iceland.
June 22 - Operation Bagration: General attack by Soviet forces to clear the German forces from Belarus which resulted in the destruction of the German Army Group Centre, possibly the greatest defeat of the Wehrmacht during WWII.
June 25 - The Battle of Tali-Ihantala between Finnish and Soviet troops begins. Largest battle ever to be fought in the Nordic countries.
June 26 - American troops enter Cherbourg.

July

July 3 - Soviet troops liberate Minsk.
July 9 - British and Canadian forces capture Caen.
July 10 - Soviet troops start the operations for freeing the Baltic countries.
July 13 - Liberation of Vilnius.
July 17 - The largest convoy of the war embarks from Halifax, Nova Scotia under Royal Canadian Navy protection.
July 17 - SS E.A.Bryan, loaded with ammunition, explodes in the Port Chicago naval base - 320 dead
July 18 - Hideki Tojo resigns as Prime Minister of Japan due to numerous setbacks in the war effort.
July 20 - Adolf Hitler survives an assassination attempt. See Claus von Stauffenberg
July 21 - Battle of Guam - American troops land on Guam starting the battle (ends on August 10).
July 21 - The creation of the Polish Committee for national liberation.
July 25 - Operation Spring - One of the bloodiest days for Canadians during the war: 18,444 casualties, including 5,021 killed.

August

August 1 - Warsaw Uprising begins.
August 2 - Turkey ends diplomatic and economic relations with Germany.
August 7 - IBM dedicates the first program-controlled calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the Harvard Mark I).
August 12 - Allies capture Florence, Italy.
August 12 - World's first undersea oil pipeline laid, between England and France in Operation Pluto
August 15 - Operation Dragoon lands Allies in southern France. U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division participates in its fourth assault landing at St. Maxime, spearheading the drive for the Belfort Gap.
August 19 - (August 25) Victorious insurrection in Paris.
August 23 - Ion Antonescu, prime minister of Romania, is arrested and a new government is established. Romania exits the war against Soviet Union joining the Allies.
August 24 - Allies enter Paris.
August 25 - Hungary decides to continue the war together with Germany.
August 29 - Slovak National Uprising begins

September

September 1 - In Bulgaria, the Bagrianov government resigns.
September 2 - Holocaust: Diarist Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from Westerbork to Auschwitz. They arrive three days later.
September 3 - Allies liberate Brussels.
September 4 - The British 11th Armored Division liberates the city of Antwerp in Belgium.
September 4 - Finland breaks off relations with Germany.
September 5 - The Soviets declare war on Bulgaria.
September 7 - The Belgian government returns from exile in Britain.
September 8 - London is hit by a V2 rocket for the first time.
September 8 - The French town of Menton is liberated from Germany.
September 9 - Insurrection in Sofia.
September 11 - Northern and southern France invasion forces link up near Dijon.
September 17 - Operation Market Garden begins.
September 19 - Armistice between Finland and Soviet Union signed. (End of the Continuation War)
September 20 - Jüri Uluots, prime minister in capacity of president of Estonia, escapes to Sweden
September 24 - The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division takes the strongly defended city of Epinal before crossing the Moselle River and entering the western foothills of the Vosges.
September 26 - Operation Market Garden ends in an Allied withdrawal.

October

October 2 - Warsaw Uprising ends.
October 5 - Royal Canadian Air Force pilots shoot down the first German jet fighter over France.
October 6 - Battle of Debrecen starts on the eastern front (lasts until October 29)
October 9 - British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Union Premier Joseph Stalin begin a nine-day conference in Moscow to discuss the future of Europe.
October 12 - The Allies land at Athens.
October 13 - Riga, the capital of Latvia is liberated by the Red Army.
October 14 - German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel committed suicide rather than face execution for allegedly conspiring against Adolf Hitler.
October 18 - Volkssturm founded on Hitler's orders.
October 20 - Belgrade is liberated by Yugoslav Partisans and the Red Army.
October 20 - LNG explosion destroys a square mile (2.6 km²) of Cleveland, Ohio
October 21 - Aachen is the first German city to fall.
October 23 - Naval Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines begins (lasts until October 26).
October 25 - Florence Foster Jenkins recital in the Carnegie Hall
October 25 - Red Army liberates Kirkenes, the first town in Norway to be liberated from German occupation.
October 31 - Mass murderer Marcel Petiot is apprehended in Paris metro station

December

December 16 - Germany begins the Ardennes offensive, later to become known as Battle of the Bulge.
December 16 - General George C. Marshall becomes the first Five-Star General.
December 17 - German troops carry out the Malmédy massacre.
December 24 - The Bulge reaches its deepest point at Celles.
December 26 - American troops repulse German forces at Bastogne.
December 30 - King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving his throne vacant.
December 31 - Hungary declares war on Germany.

Other events

January-July

January 5 - The Daily Mail becomes the first transoceanic newspaper.
January 15 - Earthquake in San Juan, Argentina, kills 8000-10000 people.
February 26 - - Shooting begins of the Nazi propaganda film, "The Fuehrer Gives a Village to the Jews" in Theresienstadt.
March 1 - USS Tarawa laid down
March 4 - In Ossining, New York, Louis Buchalter, the leader of 1930s crime syndicate Murder, Inc., is executed at Sing Sing.
March 24 - In the Polish village of Markowa, German police kill Józef and Wiktoria Ulm, their six children and eight Jewish people they were hiding.
April 25 - The United Negro College Fund is incorporated.
May 30 - Princess Charlotte Louise Juliette Louvet Grimaldi of Monaco, heir to the throne resigns from her rights in favor of her son Prince Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi, later reigning Prince Rainier III of Monaco.
June 17 - Iceland declares full independence from Denmark.
July 1 - Start of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire.
July 6 - A fire broke out during a performance of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey circus in Hartford, Connecticut, resulting in the deaths of 168 people, most of them children. See Hartford Circus Fire
July 17 - Port Chicago disaster: Near the San Francisco Bay, two ships laden with ammunition for the war explode in Port Chicago, California killing 232.
July 22 - End of Bretton Woods conference and signing of Agreements.

August-November

August 4 - Holocaust: A tip from a Dutch informer leads the Gestapo to a sealed-off area in an Amsterdam warehouse where they find Jewish diarist Anne Frank and her family.
August 5 - Holocaust: Polish insurgents liberate a German labor camp in Warsaw, freeing 348 Jewish prisoners.
August 7 - IBM dedicates the first program-controlled calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the Harvard Mark I).
August 9 - The United States Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council release posters featuring Smokey the Bear for the first time.
September 2 - Holocaust: Diarist Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from Westerbork to Auschwitz. They arrive three days later.
October 2 - Holocaust: Nazi troops end the Warsaw Uprising.
October 8 - The radio show, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet debuts.
October 10 - Holocaust: 800 Gypsy children are systematically murdered at Auschwitz death camp
November 7 - U.S. presidential election, 1944: Franklin D. Roosevelt wins reelection over Republican challenger Thomas E. Dewey to become the only U.S. president to be elected to a fourth term.
November 22 - William Lyon Mackenzie King introduces conscription in Canada (see Conscription Crisis of 1944).

December

December 3 - Civil war breaks out in a newly-liberated Greece, between Communists and royalists.
December 1 - Edward Stettinius Jr. becomes the last United States Secretary of State of the Roosevelt administration, by filling the seat left by the Cordell Hull.
December 26 - The play The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams was first publicly performed.
December 30 - King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving his throne vacant.

Unknown dates

In Sweden, the law of 1864 that criminalizes homosexuality is abolished.
Swedish author of children's books Astrid Lindgren publishes her first book Pippi Longstocking.
In Sweden, Erik Wallenberg and Ruben Rausing invent a way to package milk in paper and start the company Tetra Pak.
Barbados General election - Grantley Adams, black lawyer, first majority party leader in the House of Assembly, as leader of Barbados Labour Party
Hans Asperger publishes his paper on Asperger's Syndrome
The Mad Gasser of Mattoon carries out a series of mysterious attacks in Mattoon, Illinois.
National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence established.

Ongoing events

Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
Second World War (1939-1945)

Births

For more 1944 births see Category:1944 births

January

January 2 - Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Cambodian politician
January 6 - Bonnie Franklin, American actress
January 6 - Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Swiss immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
January 9 - Jimmy Page, English guitarist (Led Zeppelin)
January 12 - Joe Frazier, American boxer
January 17 - Françoise Hardy, French singer
January 18 - Paul Keating, twenty-fourth Prime Minister of Australia
January 23 - Rutger Hauer, Dutch actor
January 24 - Neil Diamond, American singer
January 25 - Anita Pallenberg, Italian model and actress
January 26 - Angela Davis, American feminist and activist
January 27 - Mairead Corrigan, Northern Irish activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
January 27 - Nick Mason, English drummer (Pink Floyd)

February

February 3 - Dave Davies, British musician (The Kinks)
February 5 - Al Kooper, American musician (Blood, Sweat, and Tears)
February 9 - Alice Walker, American writer
February 10 - Vernor Vinge, American writer
February 11 - Michael G. Oxley, American politician
February 13 - Stockard Channing, American actress
February 13 - Jerry Springer, English-born television host
February 14 - Carl Bernstein, American journalist
February 14 - Alan Parker, English-born film director, actor, and writer
February 16 - Richard Ford, American writer
February 17 - Karl Jenkins, Welsh composer
February 20 - Willem van Hanegem, Dutch football player and coach
February 22 - Jonathan Demme, American film director, producer, and writer
February 22 - Tom Okker, Dutch tennis player
February 23 - Johnny Winter, American musician
February 24 - Nicky Hopkins, British musician (d. 1994)
February 28 - Sepp Maier, German footballer

March

March 1 - John Breaux, U.S. Senator from Louisiana
March 1 - Roger Daltrey, English musician (The Who)
March 2 - Uschi Glas, German actress
March 4 - Bobby Womack, American singer and songwriter
March 6 - Kiri Te Kanawa, New Zealand soprano
March 11 - Don Maclean, British comedian
March 15 - Sly Stone, American singer
March 17 - John Sebastian, American singer and songwriter (The Lovin' Spoonful)
March 19 - Said Musa, Prime Minister of Belize
March 19 - Sirhan Sirhan, Palestinian assassin of Robert F. Kennedy
March 24 - R. Lee Ermey, U.S. Marine and actor
March 26 - Diana Ross, American singer
March 28 - Rick Barry, American basketball player
March 29 - Denny McLain, baseball player

April

April 3 - Tony Orlando, American musician
April 4 - Craig T. Nelson, American actor
April 6 - Felicity Palmer, English soprano
April 7 - Gerhard Schröder, Chancellor of Germany
April 8 - Odd Nerdrum, Norwegian painter
April 11 - John Milius, American film director, producer, and screenwriter
April 19 - James Heckman, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
April 22 - Steve Fossett, American millionaire adventurer
April 28 - Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe, Belgian politician
April 29 - Richard Kline, American actor and television director
April 30 - Jill Clayburgh, American actress

May

May 1 - Suresh Kalmadi, Indian politician
May 4 - Paul Gleason, American actor
May 5 - John Rhys-Davies, Welsh actor
May 8 - Gary Glitter, English singer
May 9 - Richie Furay, American musician (Poco and Buffalo Springfield)
May 10 - Jim Abrahams, American film director
May 13 - Armistead Maupin, American author
May 12 - Sara Kestelman, British actor
May 14 - George Lucas, American film director and producer
May 20 - Joe Cocker, British singer
May 20 - Boudewijn de Groot, Dutch singer
May 20 - Dietrich Mateschitz, Austrian businessman
May 21 - Mary Robinson, President of Ireland
May 25 - Frank Oz, English puppeteer and film director
May 28 - Rudy Giuliani, Mayor of New York City
May 28 - Gladys Knight, American singer
May 28 - Patricia Quinn, Northern Irish actress
May 30 - Meredith MacRae, American actress (d. 2000)

June-July

June 3 - Edith McGuire, American sprinter
June 5 - Tommie Smith, American athlete
June 6 - Phillip Allen Sharp, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
June 8 - Mark Belanger, baseball player (d. 1998)
June 24 - Jeff Beck, British musician
June 29 - Gary Busey, American actor
June 30 - Raymond Moody, parapsychologist
July 13 - Ernő Rubik, Hungarian inventor
July 17 - Mark Burgess, New Zealand cricket captains
July 21 - Tony Scott, English film director
July 21 - Paul Wellstone, U.S. Senator from Minnesota (d. 2002)
July 27 - Tony Capstick, English comedian, actor, and musician (d. 2003)
July 31 - Geraldine Chaplin, American actress
July 31 - Robert Carhart Merton, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate

August-October

August 2 - Jim Capaldi, British drummer, singer, and songwriter (Traffic) (d. 2005)
August 4 - Richard Belzer, American actor and comedian
August 8 - Brooke Bundy, American actress
August 9 - Sam Elliott, American actor
August 11 - Ian McDiarmid, Scottish actor
August 21 - Peter Weir, Australian film director
August 23 - Saira Banu, Indian actress
August 26- Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
August 31 - Roger Dean, British artist
September 1 - Leonard Slatkin, American conductor
September 7 - Earl Manigault, American basketball player (d. 1998)
September 7 - Bora Milutinovic, Serbian football coach
September 12 - Leonard Peltier, U.S. Presidential candidate
September 12 - Barry White, American singer (d. 2003)
September 21 - Hamilton Jordan, Carter's 1ST Chief of Staff
September 22 - Frazer Hines, British actor
September 25 - Michael Douglas, American actor
September 26 - Anne Robinson, British television host
October 9 - John Entwistle, English bassist (The Who) (d. 2002)
October 9 - Nona Hendryx, singer (LaBelle)
October 9 - Peter Tosh, Jamaican singer and musician (d. 1987)
October 15 - David Trimble, Irish politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
October 28 - Dennis Franz, American actor
October 28 - Ian Marter, British actor (d. 1986)

November-December

November 1 - Rafik Bahaa Edine Hariri, Lebanese Prime Minister 1992 - 1998 (d. 2005).
November 9 - Melvin Maskin, American teacher
November 10 - Silvestre Reyes, American politician
November 12
- Booker T. Jones, American musician, singer, and songwriter (Booker T. and the M.G.'s)
- Al Michaels, American sportscaster
November 17
- Danny DeVito, American actor
- Rem Koolhaas, Dutch architect
- Lorne Michaels, Canadian film producer
- Tom Seaver, baseball player
November 21 - Dick Durbin, American politician
November 25 - Ben Stein, American law professor, actor, and author
December 2 - Ibrahim Rugova, first President of Kosovo (d. 2006)
December 7 - Daniel Chorzempa, American organist
December 17 - Jack L. Chalker, American novelist (d. 2005)
December 21 - Michael Tilson Thomas, American conductor
December 22 - Steve Carlton, baseball player
December 23 - Wesley Clark, U.S. general and NATO Supreme Allied Commander
December 25 - Jairzinho, Brazilian football player
December 28 - Kary Mullis, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate

Deaths

For more 1944 deaths see Category:1944 deaths

January-March

January 1 - Charles Turner, Australian cricketer (b. 1862)
January 11 - Edgard Potier, Belgian spy (b. 1903)
January 20 - James McKeen Cattell, American psychologist (b. 1860)
January 23 - Edvard Munch, Norwegian painter (b. 1863)
January 31 - Jean Giraudoux, French writer (b. 1882)
January 31 - William Allen White, American journalist (b. 1868)
February 1 - Piet Mondriaan, Dutch painter (b. 1872)
February 4 - Yvette Guilbert, French singer and actress (b. 1867)
February 11 - Carl Meinhof, German linguist (b. 1857)
February 21 - Ferenc Szisz, Hungarian-born race car driver (b. 1873)
March 5 - Max Jacob, French poet (b. 1876)
March 22 - Pierre Brossolette, journalist and French Resistance fighter (b. 1903)
March 24 - Orde Wingate, British soldier (b. 1903)

April-May

April 9 - Evgeniya Rudneva, Russian World War II heroine (b. 1920)
April 17 - J.T. Hearne English cricketer (b. 1867)
April 28 - Paul Poiret, French couturier (b. 1879)
April 29 - Bernardino Machado, President of Portugal (b. 1851)
May 12 - Max Brand, American author (b. 1892)
May 12 - Q, British writer (b. 1863)
May 16 - George Ade, American author (b. 1866)

July-August

July 6 - Andrée Borrel, French World War II heroine (executed) (b. 1919)
July 6 - Vera Leigh, English World War II heroine (executed) (b. 1903)
July 6 - Sonia Olschanezky, German World War II heroine (executed) (b. 1923)
July 6 - Diana Rowden, English World War II heroine (executed) (b. 1915)
July 26 - Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (b. 1877)
July 31 - Antoine de Saint-Exupery, French pilot and writer (b. 1900)
August 8 - Chaim Soutine, Russian painter (b. 1893)
August 12 - Suzanne Spaak, Belgian World War II heroine (executed)
August 23 - Abdul Mejid II, Caliph of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1868)
August 26 - Adam von Trott zu Solz, German diplomat (executed) (b. 1909)
August 27 - Princess Mafalda Maria Elisabetta of Savoy (executed) (b. 1902)

September-October

September 6 - Gustave Biéler, Swiss World War II hero (executed) (b. 1904)
September 9 - Robert Benoist, French race car driver and war hero (executed) (b. 1895)
September 11 - Yolande Beekman, French World War II heroine (executed) (b. 1911)
September 11 - Madeleine Damerment, French World War II heroine (executed) (b. 1917)
September 11 - Noor Inayat Khan, Indian princess and World War II heroine (executed) (b. 1914)
September 13 - Heath Robinson, British cartoonist and illustrator (b. 1872)
September 14 - John Kenneth Macalister, Canadian World War II hero (executed) (b. 1914)
September 14 - Frank Pickersgill, Canadian World War II hero (executed) (b. 1915)
September 14 - Roméo Sabourin, Canadian World War II hero (executed) (b. 1923)
October 4 - Al Smith, American politician (b. 1873)
October 14 - Erwin Rommel, German Field Marshal (b. 1891)
October 21 - Alois Kayser, German missionary (b. 1877)
October 23 - Charles Glover Barkla, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1877)
October 26 - William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1881)

November-December

November 2 - Thomas Midgley, American chemist and inventor (b. 1889)
November 5 - Alexis Carrel, French surgeon and biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1873)
November 7 - Hannah Szenes, Hungarian World War II heroine (executed) (b. 1921)
December 2 - Josef Lhévinne, Russian pianist (b. 1874)
December 4 - Roger Bresnahan, baseball player (b. 1879)
December 13 - Wassily Kandinsky, Russian-born artist (b. 1866)
December 30 - Romain Rolland, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1866)

Date unknown

Joseph Campbell, Northern Irish poet and lyricist (b. 1879)
Bishop James Cannon, Jr., American religious and temperance movement leader (b. 1864)
Gerald Haxton secretary and lover of the famous novelist and playwright W. Somerset Maugham (b. 1892)

Nobel Prizes

Physics - Isidor Isaac Rabi
Chemistry - Otto Hahn
Medicine - Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser
Literature - Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
Peace - International Committee of the Red Cross.

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