Patriarch Alexius I

Patriarch Alexius I

Patriarch Alexius I (Sergey Simansky) (Russian: Патриарх Алексий I (Сергей Симанский) (October 27, 1877 – April 17, 1970), 13th Patriarch of Moscow and all of Russia, head of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) between 1945 and 1970.

Born in Moscow in the noble family, his father was a Russian Royal House Chamberlain. In 1899 graduated from Moscow Imperial University with a law degree; was conscripted by the army and served in a grenadier regiment. In 1902 enrolled into Moscow Theological Academy and by 1906 became archimandrite and rector of Tula seminary. After the Bolshevik Revolution he was arrested several times and in 1922 exiled to Kazakhstan. In 1926 returned to Leningrad and was appointed to be temporary bishop of Novgorod diocese. After 1933 Alexius was a metropolitan of Leningrad. On September 4, 1943 Alexius I together with a delegation of senior Russian Orthodox clerics met with Joseph Stalin in the Kremlin where a historic decision was made regarding the fate of the Church in the state ruled by militantly atheist Communist party. In the midst of the Great Patriotic War Stalin decided to allow the Russian Orthodox Church to function after two decades of severe persecution. The Patriarchate of Moscow was re-established and many churches throughout the Soviet Union were re-opened. Stalin tried to appeal to patriotic feelings of the Russian people especially peasantry (backbone of the Red Army) many of whom grew up in still deeply religious families. On February 2, 1945 Alexius I was elected Patriarch of Moscow and all of Russia. In 1946 Alexius I presided over controversial "re-unification" of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church with ROC seen by many as a takeover forced by the Stalinist government. After 1958 Russian Christians led by patriarch Alexius I had to endure a new wave of persecution, mostly carried out through closing down of churches by new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Supporters praise Alexius I for working hard to ensure the survival of the Christianity in Russia, advocating for peace and inter-church unity, while opponents often accused him in complicity with the Soviet authorities. Alexius died from a myocardial infarction at the age of 92 in 1970 and was buried in the Trinity-St Sergius MonasteryTroitse-Sergiyeva Lavra.