Priština

Priština, Prishtinë/Prishtina (Albanian) or Приштина (Serbian) is the capital city of Kosovo, a UN andministered territory located at 42°40′N 21°10′E. It is estimated that the current population of Priština is as high as 500,000. The city has a majority Albanian population, alongside other smaller communities such as Serbs, Bosniaks and Roma. The territory's interim government and the United Nations administration in Kosovo (UNMIK) have their headquarters in the city. It is the administrative, educational, cultural center of Kosovo. Priština is home to the University of Priština. Priština has an international airport — Priština International Airport, whose IATA airport code is PRN and ICAO ID is LYPR (temporarily BKPR while UNMIK in effect).

Contents

[edit]

History

In Roman times a large town called Ulpiana existed 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the south of modern-day Priština. This city was destroyed but was restored by the Emperor Justinian. Today the town of Lypjan stands on the site of the Roman city, and remains of the old city can still be seen.

After the fall of Rome, Priština grew from the ruins of the former Roman city. The city was located at a junction of roads leading in all directions throughout the Balkan peninsula. For this reason Priština rose to become an important trading centre on the main trade routes across south-eastern Europe.

Priština came to be of great importance to the medieval Serbian state, and served as the capital of King Milutin (1282-1321) and other Serbian rulers from the Nemanjic and Brankovic dynasties until the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, when an invading Ottoman army decisively defeated the Balkans coalition army. The whole of Serbia was subsequently conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1459.

The oldest Albanian writer Pjeter Bogdani came from Priština. He published his book Qeta e Profeteve (The Band of Prophets) in 1555. During the Ottoman Empire, Priština became increasingly Ottoman in character following the conversion to Islam of many of its inhabitants, both Albanian and Slav.

From the 1870s onwards Albanians in the region formed the League of Prizren to resist Ottoman rule, and a provisional government was formed in 1881. In 1912 Kosovo was briefly included in the newly independent state of Albania. But the following year the Great Powers forced Albania to cede the region to Serbia. In 1918 Kosovo became a part of the newly formed Yugoslavia, though without any of the autonomy that the region later enjoyed.

Before the Second World War, Priština was an ethnically mixed town with large communities of Albanians and Serbs. Many Albanians were deported during to Turkey in consequence of ethnic cleaning program applied by the Serbs. Muslim Albanians were identified as Turks and thus forcibly evicted from their ancestors’ homes. Albanians were sent to Turkey, where the Turkish government enforced them to accept new Turkish names and settle the Turkish provinces formerly inhabited by Greeks and Armenians.

The Second World War saw the decline of Priština's Serbian community as well as a large-scale settling of Albanians in the town. Between 1941 and 1945 Priština was incorporated into the Italian-occupied Greater Albania.

[edit]

Priština after World War II

In 1946, Priština became the capital of the Socialist Autonomous Region of Kosovo. Between 1953 and 1999, the population of Priština increased from around 24,000 to over 300,000. All of the national communities of the city increased over this period, but the greatest increase was among the Albanian population, a large number of whom had moved from rural areas to settle in the city. The Albanian population increased from around 9,000 in 1953 to nearly 76,000 in 1981. The Serbian and Montenegrin population increased too but by a far more modest number, from just under 8,000 in 1953 to around 21,000 by 1981. By the start of the 1980s, Albanians constituted over 70% of Priština's population.

Although Kosovo was under the rule of local Albanian members of the Communist Party, economic decline and political instability in the late 1960s and at the start of the 1980s led to outbreaks of nationalist unrest. In November 1968, student demonstrations and riots in Belgrade spread to Priština, but were put down by the Yugoslav security forces. Some of the demands of the students were nonetheless met by the Tito government, including the establishment in 1970 of Priština University as an independent institution. This ended a long period when the institution had been run as an outpost of Belgrade University and gave a major boost to Albanian-language education and culture in Kosovo. The Albanians were aso allowed to use the Albanian flag.

In March 1981, students at Priština University rioted over poor food in their university canteen. This seemingly trivial dispute rapidly spread throughout Kosovo and took on the character of a national revolt, with massive popular demonstrations in Priština and other Kosovan towns. The Communist Yugoslav presidency quelled the disturbances by sending in riot police and the army and proclaiming a state of emergency, with several people being killed in clashes and thousands subsequently being imprisoned or disciplined.

[edit]

Priština in the Kosovo War and afterwards

Following the reduction of Kosovo's autonomy by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević in 1990, a harshly repressive regime was imposed throughout Kosovo by the Serbian government with Albanians largely being purged from state industries and institutions. Priština University was seen as a hotbed of Albanian nationalism and was duly purged: 800 lecturers were sacked and 22,500 of the 23,000 students expelled. In response, the Kosovo Albanians set up a "shadow government" under the authority of the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK), led by the writer Ibrahim Rugova. Although the city was formally controlled by Serbs appointed by the Miloshević government, the LDK established parallel structures, funded by private contributions, to provide free services such as health care and education that were largely denied to the Albanian population.

The LDK's role meant that when the Kosovo Liberation Army began to attack Serbian and Yugoslav forces from 1996 onwards, Priština remained largely calm until the outbreak of the Kosovo War in March 1999. The city was placed under a state of emergency at the end of March and large areas were sealed off. After NATO began air strikes against Yugoslavia on March 24, 1999, widespread violence broke out in Priština. Serbian and Yugoslav forces shelled several districts and, in conjunction with paramilitaries, conducted large-scale expulsions of ethnic Albanians accompanied by widespread looting. Many of those expelled were directed onto trains apparently brought to Priština's main station for the express purpose of taking them to the border of the Republic of Macedonia, where they were forced into exile. The United States Department of State estimated in May 1999 that between 100,000-120,000 people had been driven out of Priština by government forces and paramilitaries.

Several strategic targets in Priština were attacked by NATO during the war, but physical damage appears to have largely been restricted to a few specific neighborhoods shelled by Yugoslav security forces. At the end of the war, most of the city's 40,000 Serbs fled. The few who remained were subjected to harassment and violence in revenge by Albanian gangs, which reduced Priština's Serb population still further. Other national groups accused of collaboration with the Serbian war effort by Albanians – notably the Roma – were also driven out. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, by August 1999 fewer than 2,000 Serbs were left in the city. The number reportedly fell even further after the March 2004 unrest in Kosovo.

[edit]

Demographics

  • 1953 census recorded 24,229 citizens: 9,034 Albanians (37%) - 7,951 Serbs/Montenegrins (33%) - 4,726 Turks (20%) - 2,518 Roma and other minorities (10%) (The census was organized by the Serbs)
  • 1961 census found 38,593 citizens: Albanians 19,060 (49%) - 14,695 Serbs/Montenegrins (38%) - 404 Croats (1%) - 195 Roma (The census was organized by the Serbs)
  • 1971 census found 69,514 citizens: 40,873 Albanians (59%) - 19,767 Serbs/Montenegrins (28%) - 4,119 Roma (6%) (The census was organized by the Serbs)
  • 1981 census found 108,083 citizens: - 75,803 Albanians (70%) - 21,067 Serbs/Montenegrins (19%) - 5,101 Roma (5%) - 2,504 Bosniaks (2%)
  • 2004 it is estimated that the population might be as high as 500,000 - 600,000, almost exclusively Albanians.
[edit]

Interesting Facts

  • Inhabitants of Priština are called "Prishtinali".
  • Priština has more satellite dishes per head than any other city in the world. Buildings are virtually covered with white "mushrooms".
  • Only about a third of the current total population of 600,000 are "true Prishtinali". The rest of the population are recent (post-war) immigrants from different parts of Kosovo.
  • There is a sizable Chinese minority in Priština, numbering around 5,000 - 10,000, and a sizeable "stable" western expat community numbering 10,000 - 20,000. But out of 22,000 Serbs that used to live there before the war, only about a hundred remain.
  • Cars that most of the "Prishtnali's" have are: VW GOLF II and VW GOLF III. [citation needed]
[edit]

See also

[edit]

References and links