Stockholm

For other uses, see Stockholm (disambiguation).

(help·info) /stɔkhɔlm/ is the capital of Sweden, located on the east coast at the entrance of lake Mälaren. With a population of 1,704,930 it is the largest city in Sweden, and the biggest in all of Scandinavia.

The city extends into eleven municipalities. The central parts and many of the inner suburbs belong to Stockholm Municipality, with 765,000 inhabitants.

As the capital, Stockholm is the site of the Government and the parliament of Sweden. It is also the residence of the head of state, King Carl XVI Gustaf.

Stockholm

	City arms
	59°21′ N 18°4′ E
	Charter	City (13th century)
	Municipality	Stockholm Municipality, Huddinge, Järfälla, Solna, Sollentuna, Botkyrka, Haninge, Tyresö, Sundbyberg, Nacka, Danderyd
	County	Stockholm County
	Province	Södermanland and Uppland
	Population	urban: 1,212,196, metropolitan: 1,704,930 (2005)

History

Main article: History of Stockholm

Origins

The earliest mention of Stockholm in writing dates from 1252, when it was an important post in the iron trade from the mines in Bergslagen. The first part of the name — stock — means log, while the last part — holm — means islet or small island. The full origin of the name is disputed.

The city is said to have been founded by Birger Jarl in order to protect Sweden from invasion from the sea by foreign navies and to stop pillage of the cities such as Sigtuna on Lake Mälaren. The first building at Stockholm was a fortification for the purpose of controlling the traffic between the Baltic Sea and Mälaren. Under the leadership of Magnus Ladulås Stockholm developed into an important trade city in the following decades, advanced through relations with Lübeck of the Hansa league. In 1270 Stockholm appears in historical documents as a city and in 1289 it was described as the most populated city in the Swedish region. The first trustworthy estimate of the size of city comes from the middle of the 15th century, giving Stockholm about one thousand households and five to six thousand residents.

Kalmar Union

The strategic and economic importance of the city made Stockholm an important factor in relations between the Danish Kings of the Kalmar Union and the national independence movement in the 15th century. On October 14, 1471 Sweden under Sten Sture, with the support of the people of Stockholm, achieved a dramatic victory over the Danish king Christian I. His grandson Christian II occupied the city in 1518 in vain, but was able to secure the city in 1520. On November 8, 1520, massive executions of opposition figures, called the Stockholm Bloodbath, took place. This massacre set off further uprisings, which eventually led to the break-up of the Kalmar Union.

Vasa Period

With the accession of Gustav Vasa in 1523 and construction of a royal power, Stockholm developed into a larger city. The city island no longer offered enough space, and in 1529 Södermalm and Norrmalm were incorporated into the city. The city continued to grow and by 1600 reached a population of ten thousand.

1600–1800

The 17th century saw the rise of Sweden into a major European power, which was reflected in the development of the city. From 1610 to 1680 the population multiplied sixfold. Ladugårdslandet, today's Östermalm, and the island Kungsholmen were also incorporated. 1628 the Vasa ship sank in Stockholm. In 1634 Stockholm became the official capital of the Swedish empire. Trading rules were also created that gave Stockholm an essential monopoly over trade between foreign merchants and other Swedish and Scandinavian territories. In this period, great palaces and castles were built, including the House of Knights and later, in the early 18th century, the Royal Palace.

Between 1713–1714, Stockholm suffered from the Black Death. After the end of the Great Northern War and the destruction of several areas of the city in 1721, the city stagnated. Population growth halted, and the rapid economic growth slowed. However, Stockholm maintained its role as the political centre of Sweden and under Gustav III it continued to develop culturally. The royal opera is a good architectual expression of this era.

1800–1900

In the beginning of the 19th century, the economic importance of Stockholm declined further. Norrköping became the greatest manufacturing city of Sweden and Göteborg developed into the key trading port because of its location on the North Sea. In the second half of the century, Stockholm regained its leading economic role. New industries emerged, and Stockholm transformed into an important trade and service centre, as well as a key gateway point within Sweden.

The population grew dramatically in the second half of the 19th century, especially through immigration. At the end of the century, not even 40% of the residents were born in Stockholm. Settlement began to expand outside of the city limits and also created dense poor districts, but also new districts in the countryside and on the coast.

During this period, Stockholm further developed as a cultural and educational center. In the 19th century, a number of scientific institutes opened in Stockholm, for example the Karolinska Institute.

20th century

Stureplan, the centre of the Stockholm nightlife, is also part of the most expensive shopping district in the city.

In the late 20th century, Stockholm became a modern, technologically-advanced and ethnically diverse city. Throughout the century, many industries shifted away from work-intensive activities into more high-technology and service-industry knowledge-based areas.

The city continued to expand and new districts were created, for example Rinkeby, Tensta, and Sollentuna, some with high proportions of immigrants.

In 1923 the Stockholm municipal government moved to a new building, the Stockholm City Hall. In 1967 the city of Stockholm was integrated into Stockholm County.

The city is home to many multinational corporations and prides itself as the business and cultural capital of Scandinavia.

Recent Key Events

On February 28, 1986, Prime Minister Olof Palme was shot on the street, and the murderer was never found. On September 10, 2003, foreign minister Anna Lindh was mortally wounded in a stabbing attack that took place in the shopping mall Nordiska Kompaniet.

Stockholm was also named the European Capital of Culture of 1998.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Stockholm

Stockholm is governed through the municipalities and the Stockholm County. The latter is mainly responsible for healthcare, public transport, including the Stockholm Metro, and some cultural institutions.

Stockholm Municipality is further subdivided geographically into 18 district councils or boroughs, which carry responsibility for primary school, social, leisure and cultural services within their respective areas. The current mayor (since 2002) is Annika Billström (b. 1956), of the Swedish Social Democratic Party.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Stockholm

The central parts of the city comprise fourteen islands and the banks of the archipelago where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea. They are joined together by 53 bridges. The city centre is virtually situated on the water, in the bay Riddarfjärden. (Coordinates: 59°21′N 18°4′E.)

Demography

Main article: Stockholm urban area

The Stockholm urban area stretches over 11 municipalities in Stockholm County. The population as of 2000 of the urban area is 1,212,196 while the county has a population of 1,870,000. The seats of all but one of these municipalities (Botkyrka where the seat is located in the urban area Tumba) have come to form a conurbation with Stockholm.

See also:

• Greater Stockholm

Institutions of higher education

Main article: Universities in Sweden

Stockholm might be best known for the Nobel Prizes and the prize ceremony held each year, but the city also houses the largest concentration of universities with research and higher education in Sweden.

• Stockholm University
• Royal Institute of Technology
• Stockholm School of Economics
• The Karolinska Institute
• Royal College of Music
• Royal University College of Fine Arts
• Konstfack, University College of Arts, Crafts and Design
• Södertörn University College
• University College of Film, Radio, Television and Theatre
• University College of Opera
• University College of Music Education
• University College of Dance

Culture

Main article: Culture of Stockholm

Sergels Torg with Kulturhuset

Apart from being a large city with an active cultural life, Stockholm as a capital also houses many of the national cultural institutions of Sweden, including theatre, opera and museums. There are two UNESCO World Heritage sites in the Stockholm area: the Drottningholm Palace and a large cemetery, Skogskyrkogården, which include some well-known examples of the architecture of Gunnar Asplund. During 1998 Stockholm was designated as the European City of Culture.

Sites of interest

Main article: Tourism in Stockholm

Drottningholm Palace	Gröna Lund amusement park	The Riksdag parliament	Stockholm City Hall
Vasa Museum with the Ship Vasa	Rosenbad the seat of Sweden's government	The Sergels Torg square	The open air museum Skansen.
The Royal Palace	The Kaknästornet TV Tower, 155 meters, offers a splendid view.	Gamla stan – the old town section	Stockholm Globe Arena

Sports teams

Sporting events are popular, with football and ice hockey being the most popular sports. The city hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics, as well as all but one of the Nordic Games, a winter multi-sport event that predated the Winter Olympics.

The three most popular men's football teams in the Stockholm region are Djurgårdens IF, Hammarby IF and AIK. The clubs also all have ice hockey teams, but currently (2005–2006 season) only Djurgården plays in the highest division, Elitserien. Hammarby also have teams in the highest leagues in bandy, handball, speedway, goalball and rugby.

Notable natives

• Alfred Nobel
• August Strindberg
• Hjalmar Söderberg
• Raoul Wallenberg
• Carl Michael Bellman
• Yngwie J. Malmsteen
• List of Mayors of Stockholm
• List of Swedish monarchs
• List of Swedes
• Europe (Band)

Public transport

Main article: Public transport in Stockholm

Stockholm Central Station

Stockholm has an extensive public transport system, consisting of a large amount of bus lines; a metro, Stockholm Metro (Tunnelbanan); three regional/suburban rail systems, commuter rail (pendeltåg), Roslagsbanan, Saltsjöbanan; and three light rail systems, Nockebybanan, Lidingöbanan, Tvärbanan; and a heritage tram line Djurgården line. The Stockholm archipelago is serviced by the Waxholmsbolaget archipelago boats.

All the land-based public transport, except the airport buses/trains and partly the Djurgården line, is organised by Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (SL) and has a common ticket system.

From all the airports there are Flygbussarna bus lines to and from central Stockholm, and between Arlanda Airport and Stockholm there is Arlanda Express, a train-to-the-plane service.

Airports

International and Domestic

• Stockholm-Arlanda Airport
• Stockholm-Bromma Airport

Only international

• Stockholm-Skavsta Airport
• Stockholm-Västerås Airport

See also

• Public transport in Stockholm
• Stockholm-Arlanda Airport
• Largest European metropolitan areas
• Ports of the Baltic Sea
• Conference on the Human Environment

References

• The history section was found at de:Stockholm, in German.

External links

• Stockholm - Official site
• Stockholm Visitors Board - The official visitors' guide
• Visit Stockholm - Destination Stockholm's official guide
• Hotels in Stockholm
• PhotoGlobe - Stockholm offers high quality photos of Stockholm together with GPS coordinates
• Interactive map of Stockholm
• Stockholm Photos
• Over 40 Panorama Photos of Stockholm and the old town

Stockholm is one of 134 towns with the historical City status in Sweden.