Time zone

Time Zone is also a historical computer game.
There is also an Australian franchise of video arcades called Timezone.

Time zones are areas of the Earth that have adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. Formerly, people used local solar time, originally apparent and then mean solar time. Their difference is the equation of time. Mean solar time is the average over the course of a year of apparent solar time (sundial time). With the expansion of the railways and as telecommunications improved this became increasingly awkward because clocks in a given town would differ from those in any other by an amount corresponding to their difference in geographical longitude, which was generally not a convenient number. Forcing all localities to run their clocks in synchrony would solve this problem, but under such a scheme, in many places the time shown by clocks at sunrise and sunset would differ too markedly from the solar time values to which people are accustomed. As a compromise, a scheme was devised where the surface of the planet was divided into twenty four "time zones", each separated by 15° of longitude and offset by one hour from its neighbor. Under this scheme, local time is always close to mean solar time, while comparing the time in different places is a simple matter of adding or subtracting whole hours. However, the one hour separation is not universal and, as the map below shows, the shapes of time zones can be quite irregular because they usually follow the boundaries of states, countries or other administrative areas.

Standard Time Zones of the World

Originally, time zones were aligned such that the Prime Meridian (longitude 0°) was the center of its own time zone, with the mean solar time there (Greenwich Mean Time or GMT) defining its local time. As a result, all other time zones used GMT as the "base time", from which they were offset by a whole number of hours. However, as a mean solar time, GMT, or UT1 as it is also now known, is defined by the rotation of the Earth, which is not constant in rate.

Initially, the rate of atomic clocks was annually changed or steered to closely match GMT, but effective January 1, 1972 the rate of atomic clocks became fixed, and time steps (leap seconds) replaced the rate changes. This new time system was called Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Leap seconds are inserted to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of UT1. In this way, local times continue to correspond approximately to mean solar time, while the effects of variations in Earth's rotation rate are confined to simple step changes that can be easily subtracted if a uniform time scale (International Atomic Time or TAI) is desired. With the implementation of UTC, nations began to use it in the definition of their time zones instead of GMT. As of 2005, most but not all nations have altered the definition of local time in this way (though many media outlets fail to make a distinction between GMT and UTC). Further change to the basis of time zones may occur if proposals to abandon leap seconds succeed.

UTC is, incidentally, local time at Greenwich itself only between 01:00 UTC on the last Sunday in October and 01:00 UTC on the last Sunday in March. For the remainder of the year local time is [[UTC+1]], known in the UK as British Summer Time (BST). Similar circumstances apply in many places: see Daylight saving time.

The definition for time zones can be written in short form as UTC±n (or GMT±n), where n is the offset in hours. Here are some examples:

Where the adjustment for time zones results in a time the other side of midnight from UTC, then the date at the location is one day later or earlier. Some examples:

Note: The time zone adjustment for a specific location may vary due to the use of daylight saving time, e.g. New Zealand, which is usually [[UTC+12|UTC + 12]], observes a one-hour daylight saving time adjustment during the southern hemisphere summer, resulting in a local time of [[UTC+13|UTC + 13]].

See also: Sidereal time, Calculating local time

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History

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was established in 1675 as an aid to determine longitude at sea by mariners. The first time zone in the world was established by British railways on December 1, 1847 – Greenwich Mean Time being hand-carried on chronometers. About August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by telegraph from the Royal Greenwich Observatory. Even though 98% of the Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855, it was not made Britain's legal time until August 2, 1880. Some old clocks from this period have two minute hands — one for the local time, one for GMT [1]. This only applied to the island of Great Britain, and not to the island of Ireland.

On November 2, 1868, New Zealand (then a British colony) officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony, and was perhaps the first country to do so. It was based on the longitude 172° 30' East of Greenwich, that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time.

Timekeeping on the American railroads in the mid 19th century was somewhat confused. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its own time. Some major railroad junctions served by several different railroads had a separate clock for each railroad, each showing a different time. The Pittsburgh main station used six different times! The confusion for travellers making a long journey involving several changes of train can be imagined.

A system of one-hour standard time zones for American railroads was first proposed by Charles F. Dowd about 1863. He made this proposal while teaching teenage girls, but without publishing anything. He did not even consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870, he proposed four ideal time zones (having north-south borders), the first centered on Washington, DC, but by 1872 the first was centered 75°W of Greenwich with geographic borders (for example, sections of the Appalachian Mountains). Dowd's system was never accepted by American railroads—instead, U.S. and Canadian railroads implemented their own version on Sunday, November 18, 1883, also known as "The Day of Two Noons", when each railroad station clock was either advanced or delayed as noon, standard time, was reached within each time zone, east to west. The zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within one year, 85% of all cities having populations over 10,000, about 200 cities, were using standard time. A notable exception was Detroit, Michigan, which kept local time until 1900, then vacillated between Central Standard Time, local mean time, and Eastern Standard Time until it settled on EST by ordinance during May 1915, which was ratified by popular vote during August 1916. This hodgepodge was made uniform when Standard zone time was made legal by the U.S. Congress in 1918.

Time zones were first proposed for the entire world by Canada's Sir Sandford Fleming in 1876 as an appendage to the single 24-hour clock he proposed for the entire world (located at the center of the Earth and not linked to any surface meridian!). In 1879 he specified that his universal day would begin at the anti-meridian of Greenwich (now called 180°), while conceding that hourly time zones might have some limited local use. He continued to advocate his system at subsequent international conferences. In October 1884 the International Meridian Conference did not adopt his time zones because they were not within its purview. The conference did adopt a universal day of 24 hours beginning at Greenwich midnight, but specified that it "shall not interfere with the use of local or standard time where desirable." Nevertheless, most major countries had adopted hourly time zones by 1929. Even today, they have not been fully realized, with several time zones keeping a standard time that is not offset by a number of whole hours from Greenwich Mean Time.

Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's entry into another time zone—he often chose midnight. These zones were adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many independent merchant ships until World War II. On February 9, 1942, the United States switched from Eastern Standard Time to Eastern War Time (Eastern Daylight Time maintained year round) and switched back to Eastern Standard Time on September 30, 1945.

Time on a ship's clocks and in a ship's log had to be stated along with a "zone description", which was the number of hours that was to be added to zone time to obtain GMT, hence zero in the Greenwich time zone, and negative numbers from −1 to −12 for time zones to the east and positive numbers from +1 to +12 to the west (hours, minutes, and seconds for nations without an hourly offset). These signs are opposite to those given below because ships must obtain GMT from zone time, not zone time from GMT. All zones were pole-to-pole staves 15° wide except for −12 and +12, which were each 7.5° wide separated by a longitude of 180°. Unlike the zig-zagging land-based International Date Line, the nautical International Date Line follows 180° except where it is interrupted by territorial waters and the lands they border, including islands. About 1950, a letter suffix was added to the zone description, assigning Z to the zero zone, and A–M (except J) to the east and N–Y to the west (J may be assigned to local time in non-nautical applications). These were to be vocalized using a phonetic alphabet which included Zulu for GMT, leading sometimes to the use of the term "Zulu Time".

These nautical letters have been added to some time zone maps, like the map of Standard Time Zones by Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office (NAO), which extended the letters by adding an asterisk (*) or dagger (†) for areas that do not use a nautical time zone, and a double dagger (‡) for areas that do not have a legal standard time (Greenland's ice sheet and all of Antarctica—The United Kingdom specifies UTC − 3 for the Antarctic Peninsula, but no other country recognizes that). They conveniently ignore any zone that does not have an hour or half-hour offset, so a double dagger (‡) has been co-opted for these zones below.

In maritime usage, GMT retains its historical meaning of UT1, the mean solar time at Greenwich. UTC, atomic time at Greenwich, is too inaccurate, differing by as much as 0.9 s from UT1, creating an error of 0.4 km in longitude at the equator. However, DUT can be added to UTC to correct it to within 50 ms of UT1, reducing the error to only 20 m.

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Trivia

  • In terms of the largest number of time zones, Russia is first, with eleven time zones, including Kaliningrad on the Baltic Sea. The United States is second with nine time zones, six for states and three more for possessions. Canada is third with six time zones. Possessions of the United Kingdom and France may increase their number of time zones.
  • In terms of area, China is the largest country with only one time zone ([[UTC+8]]), although before the Chinese Civil War in 1949 China was separated into five time zones. The next largest country with only one time zone is India ([[UTC+5:30]]). China also has the widest spanning time zone.
  • Stations in Antarctica generally keep the time of their supply bases, thus both the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station (U.S.) and McMurdo Station (U.S.) use New Zealand time ([[UTC+12]] southern winter, [[UTC+13]] southern summer).
  • The 27° latitude passes back and forth across time zones in South Asia. Pakistan: +5, India +5:30, Nepal [[UTC+5:45|+5:45]], India (Sikkim) +5:30, China +8:00, Bhutan +6:00, India (Arunachal Pradesh) +5:30, Myanmar +6:30. This switching was more odd in 2002, when Pakistan enabled Daylight Saving Time. Thus from west to east, time zones were: +6:00, +5:30, +5:45, +5:30, +8:00, +6:00, +5:30 and +6:30.
  • Because the earliest and latest time zones are 26 hours apart, any given calendar date exists at some point on the globe for 50 hours. For example, April 11 begins in time zone [[UTC+14]] at 10:00 UTC April 10, and April 11 ends in time zone UTC-12 fifty hours later, at 12:00 UTC April 12.
  • There are numerous places where several time zones meet, for instance at the tri-country border of Finland, Norway and Russia.
  • There are about 39 time zones instead of 24 (as popularly believed). This is due to fractional hour offsets and zones with offsets larger than 12 hours near the International Date Line. The number of time zones is not an absolute fact, however, since some micronations may use offsets that are not recognized by all authorities.
  • The largest time gap along a political border is the 3.5 hour gap along the border of China (UTC +8) and Afghanistan ([[UTC+4:30]]).
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Computer systems

Most modern computer operating systems include information about time zones, including the capability to automatically change the local time when daylight savings starts and finishes (see the article on Daylight Saving Time for more details on this aspect).

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Microsoft Windows

Windows based computer systems normally keep system time as local time in a particular time zone. A system database of timezone information includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight savings in each zone. Application software is able to calculate the time in various zones, but there is no standard way for users from multiple zones to use a single server and have their own local time presented to them.

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Unix

Most Unix based systems, including Linux and Mac OS X, keep system time as UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). Rather than having a single timezone set for the whole computer, timezone offsets can vary for different processes. Standard library routines are used to calculate the local time based on the current timezone, normally supplied to processes through the TZ environment variable. This allows users in multiple timezones to use the same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. Timezone information is most commonly stored in a timezone database known as zoneinfo (or sometimes tz or Olson format). In fact, many systems, including anything using the GNU C Library, can make use of this database.

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Java

While most application software will use the underlying operating system for timezone information, Java, from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own timezone database. This database (as well as the operating system database) will need to be updated whenever timezone rules change.


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See also

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References

  • Bowditch, Nathaniel. American Practical Navigator. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1925, 1939, 1975.
  • Hill, John C., Thomas F. Utegaard, Gerard Riordan. Dutton's Navigation and Piloting. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1958.
  • Howse, Derek. Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. ISBN 0192159488.
  • Palin, Michael. Pole to Pole. Bay Books, 1995. ISBN 0912333413.
  • It's about time Canadian time zone exceptions.
  • Saskatchewan time system (156KB pdf file)
  • Canadian time zone maps
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External links

  • The tz database - Provide specific information on the beginning and ending dates of daylight saving time for each zone and tracks time zones over the years. Often called tz or zoneinfo, this database is used by several implementations, including the GNU C library used by many Unix variants.
  • Animated time zones - Show the relationship between arbitrary time zones and "natural" zones, from www.radicalcartography.net
  • US Official Time Clock - Java enabled clock to graphically display night and day around the globe.
  • The World Clock - Time Zones
  • Personal World Clock Display only the time zones you pick, and save them for when you come back later
  • World times on one page - Current date and time in all timezones and major world cities. All on one page.