San

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The town San, also called bosquimanos it is a town khoisánida of southern (Namibia, Bostwana and South African Republic). Traditionally they were hunting-recolectores.

Antigüamente occupied an extensive territory, but they were displaced by bantúes and later decimated by the Dutch colonos.

Their languages characterize by the abundance of sounds click (about 100.000 hablantes).

Bosquimanos of the South of Africa, Hunters in front of the change

"When somebody says, ' you them bosquimanos you do not have government ", we say to them that ours more distant ancestors of kill long time had a government and was a brilliant coal del fire del place in which there were been living and we used it to ignite the fire del new place al that we went.So I say: You do not want to stop, we want to us to continue advancing, we have our own speech ". Di//cao, "Oma, woman bosquimana of Nyae Nyae, Namibia.

Much people continue thinking about 'bosquimanos' present like untouched hunters of the age of stone, being mistaken freely in the open spaces.But this one is an idea far from the present reality.They almost do not exist bosquimanos nowadays that lives only on the hunting and the harvesting (although many continue practicing these activities as a complementary food source) and the majority lives free like shepherds working or by minimum wages like day laborers, servants or in establishments of the government.

Most of the set of towns known like bosquimanos it lives disperses in the desert of the Kalahari, in the south of Africa, an area of more than 500.000 km2, more or less the extension of Kenya or France.But their ancestors almost occupied the totality of austral Africa and probably parts of Eastern Africa.

Outside the Kalahari, some groups of bosquimanos they survive in the south of Angola, marshes of Okavango of the north of Bostwana and in Eastern and western Bostwana.

According to the last calculations, 95 live about.000: 8.000 in Angola, 45.000 in Bostwana, 33.000 in Namibia, 2.500 in the South African Republic, 1.500 in Zambia and 500 in Zimbabwe.

The bosquimanos do not constitute an only group but several different groups.Several languages speak, almost all of them ' languages of chasquidó (these use several chasquidos and sounds done with the language that imagine in writing by different signs like! and/).

They do not have a word to denominate itself like set.Other towns talk about to them with different names: in Namibia usually one occurs to the generic denomination San to them and in Bostwana, Basarwa, but both terms are contemptuous. Some accept the name of Bosquimanos with the meaning of ' people of it will tierrá it.

We know much on the traditional life of bosquimanos because they have been one of the studied towns more in the history of sciences. A reason important to explain this interest was the idea that they were one of the last hunting and recolectores native towns.

The bosquimanos have lived habitually like recolectores hunters. The women had a great ability to find the dry fruits, fruits and roots that constituted most of their daily diet. The meat that hunted the men mainly (different species from antílopes)era a special and very valuable food.

All did not live only on the hunting and the harvesting. At beginnings of century XIX, the Bosquimanos maintained one of the most extensive commercial networks of the precolonial time, that extended through the Kalahari. In Tsumeb, which today is Namibia, they controlled one of copper the richer mines of Africa.

bosquimanos they have been the most brutal town and cruel treated in the bloody history of austral Africa. In the past one hunted like a animals to them. For example, in South Africa in century XVIII special commandos made up of bosquimanos were created to persecute and to hunt to other bosquimanos. Many murders were committed and it took to women and children to work for white farmers. Their descendants today are between the call population ' of color'.

In Angola, the Portuguese used to bosquimanos in their fight against the independentistas movements.

With the collapse of the Portuguese empire, these soldiers fled to Namibia where he got up the South African Army to them, with as much success that the South Africans began to recruit local bosquimanos that did not have work nor earth.

From the independence of Namibia in 1990, 4.000 of these bosquimanos have been transferred to the South African Republic.In 1993, the Forces of Defense of South Africa transferred their responsibilities with respect to them to a Foundation who control the own bosquimanos to a great extent.

Still in the decade of the 50, several groups of bosquimanos in Namibia and Bostwana lived hunting and collecting. But, since then, which they had left of the Earth of which they depended to hunt has been snatched to them almost completely to establish natural farms, farms or reserves.

In Bostwana governmental establishments for them have been created; although they have services like hospitals or schools, the life in the establishments is generally devastating.

bosquimanos present they lack earth and they are impoverished. But some are looking for new ways to live, like learning to cultivate and simultaneously maintaining small flocks of cattle and Earth goats that they have left, that continues hunting when they have opportunity.

A group of these farmers of Namibia has been united to form the Cooperative of Granjeros Nyae Nyae (NNFC), who receives support of the Foundation for the Development Bosquimano Ju/Hoansi de Namibia.

In the past, the great flexibility of its society helped to bosquimanos to avoid to be conquered and to be controlled. But at the same time it made difficult an organization who allowed them to exert pressure and to demand her rights.

Now they are beginning to do this, through organizations like the NNFC, or First Towns of the Kalahari in Bostwana.

The two first conferences on ' Development for the Towns San of Áfricá in 1992 and 1993, where bosquimanas delegations of Namibia and Bostwana made hear their exigencies, were like a hope ray.

Since then, nevertheless, the situation of the towns bosquimanos one has only become harder. For example, from 80 years the Government of Bostwana has tried at all costs to evacuate to approximately the 1.500 bosquimanos that they live in the Reserve of Hunting of the Central Kalahari, to leave free route to the environmental conservation, the tourism and the extraction of diamonds.

In 1996 the pressure grew and for 1998 around a third of the inhabitants they had been induced by the authorities to leave the Reserve by a new establishment.

Nevertheless, the organization First Towns of the Kalahari is exerting a vigorous resistance with the hope to establish her rights in her ancestral earth

San also it can be

• Greek letter - to see San (letter)
• Apócope of santo
• Honorary ()