Urdu

urdu, sometimes writing urdú in Spanish, it is a language spoken fundamentally in India and Pakistan. In Pakistan the language is considered national, whereas in India he is one of the 23 official languages in all the country.

In spite of its condition of national language of Pakistan, so single about ten million people in that country speak it like maternal language. This small percentage forms the calls to mohajir (literally "emigrants" in urdu), the social and economic elite of the country that comes from the Muslim refugees who fled from the north of India after the partition of old British India in 1947, when independent states arose both from India and Pakistan.

Like spoken language, urdu is practically indistinguishable of hindi, national language of India. The difference between both languages is in which urdu is used like language written by hablantes Muslims and he is written in a form adapted of Arab alphabet. Hindi, on the other hand, it is written in the alphabet devanagari and it is used by the hablantes Hindu. Although the colloquial language is practically the same one, the cultured norm of urdu makes use of numerous terms of origin Arab and Persian, whereas hindi resorts, in formal styles, to sánscrito like source of cultured vocabulary. To the form spoken common of urdu and hindi it is often denominated to him hindustaní.

History

Urdu has its origin in the city of Delhi. After it conquers mogola of India, dialecto East Indian spoken in this city received numerous influences Persian, Turks and Arabs had to the conquerors Muslims. Although these used the Persian like official language, the popular language seguría being East Indian although with an abundant lexicon of Persian origin. Thus, the growth of the city of Delhi gave rise a new one lingua frank, used to a large extent of the north of India, that in century XVII she would be well-known like zaban-e-urdu-e-mualla. This Persian expression means "language of the campings and the cut" and contains the own word "urdu", "camping", of Turkish origin, that it would end up giving name to the language.

The first literary manifestations of urdu began in century XVII. Urdu, writing in Persian alphabet, one would become means of expression of the Muslim poets of the north of India. To the form of urdu used in the poetry of this time is denominated it rekhti and its maximum exponent was the poet Vali Dakkani. One of the main centers of literary activity in urdu has been traditionally the city of Lucknow, where still the use written of urdu predominates on hindi.

The term "urdu" was used like synonymous of "hindustaní" at the time of British India also talking about to the spoken language. Nevertheless, the always complex relations between religion, language and society in India would take to the use of a form written in alphabet devanagari, own of sánscrito, as alternative to the form written in Persian alphabet. This division in the written form of the language, that it has been in the development of two cultured forms, it would be accentuated with the partition of India in 1947, when the independent states arose from India and Pakistan. Since then, the term "urdu" is used exclusively to talk about to the cultured norm of the language that uses the Arab alphabet. From 1947, urdu used in Pakistan has increased considerably the use of terms of Arab origin whereas in India many hablantes of hindi avoid the use of words of Persian and Arab origin in the written language, favoring a style with numerous neologisms taken from the sánscrito. This tendency has accentuated the division of the forms written of urdu and hindi, although the spoken language continues being essentially the same one.

Official use

Urdu is the official language of Pakistan and is official in the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir and Andhra Pradesh. Although most of the states of India, as well as the central government, they have promoted the use of hindi from independence, urdu written continues being very habitual between the Muslim community of India and is favored by some academic institutions, like the University of Lucknow.

Scripture

It also see

• hindi

Bibliography

• Masica, Colin P: The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999 (ISBN 0521299446)

External liaisons

• Information on urdu in forward.org

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