Aerospace

For the homonymous articles, to see aerospace (homonymy).

aerospace (with or without the "E" final) gathers the techniques of (displacement in the atmosphere) and those ofastronautics (space, i.e. ways except atmosphere and interplanetary displacements).

Synopsis

1 History
2 Techniques
3 Apparatuses and machines
- 3.1 Except atmosphere
- 3.2 The space sector
4 The military sector

History

First attempts known to make steal an apparatus heavier than the air go up with civilization of which them kite and them rockets artifices will be used as model during two millenia.

Brothers Joseph and Étienne de Montgolfier, will open the era of airships in with the invention which bears their name, montgolfier, finally allowing the man to rise in the airs.

Edouard Johnson create the first model with human size flying on several hundred meters.

John Montgomery carry out the first human flight by traversing a gliding flight of 200 meters.

Otto Lilienthal German engineer, carries out more than 2 000 flights in sailplane enters and .

Henri Marie Coanda Rumanian engineer is the inventor of jet (first flight in 1910), the first presents the first jet of the history. Even if its only trial flight finished against a wall (and one understands, considering the engine was located at before (!) and only one had pushed of 220 kg, and all that with a plane which, although entirely drink some (whereas the fabric prevailed at the time), was still of a very traditional form and well little adapted to a system with reaction), and that it was well forgotten...

took really its rise when one managed to make steal a man in a motorized machine heavier than the air (contrary to the montgolfier, lighter than the air). This exploit is disputed between small jump of it 9 October and it gliding flight with Kitty Hawk .

After the masterly demonstrations in flight of Wilbur Wright in Mans from June to December 1908, it is however with , in , what will open the first flying schools in the world, with as of those of and of . The thirty years which follow see the spectacular development of the civil aeronautics and military. The airplanes cross increasingly large distances and transport always more freight and passengers.

After one will see the appearance of . The race at the speed carries out to the will to cross it wall of the sound, par do réalisé dos sera do qui da façanha Chuck Yeager on board its rocket X1. It will be necessary to wait so that opens the way of civil supersonic transport.

In the field of rockets, it y have little of projections technical until the end of XIX^E century, during which they will be used as weapons flamers during the large wars of this time; rockets of the British William Congreve at the time of Napoleonean wars from 8 October ; finally, American Civil War with rockets stabilized by wings of English William Hauls.

It will be necessary to await the end of XIX^E century so that Constantin Tsiolkowski (-) publishes the theories of thus opening the era ofastronautics.

Three countries will take part in the beginning of XX^E century to develop the techniques necessary to the epopee of ; the American professor Robert Goddard who makes a success of the first flight of a rocket with liquid propellant with Auburn () it , the team of Valentine Glouchko (Russian Glushko) with which the engines will equip the models GIRD and will contribute to successes of , and finally, the group Verein für Raumschiffahrt or VFR (Association for the Voyages in Space) under the impulse of Johannes Winkler.

VFR was the seedbed from which the famous ones will leave Hermann Oberth (adviser technical for rocket film ' the woman on Lune' of Fritz Lang), Eugen Sänger (inventor of antipodean bomber precursor of ), and finally of (18 years at the time, in ) which with the support of the army created the terrible one V2, then, with the release, its rocket Saturn V will give to The USA means of establishing it program Apollo who carries out the first man on it .