Judaism

Religion
Three
Judaism - -


image:Icone_judaisme.jpg
This article forms part of the series
Judaism
Commemorations
Rosh Hashana, Frightening Days and Yom Kippour
The fast of Guedaliah
Souccot - Hoshanna Rabba - Chemini Atseret
Sim' hat Torah - Hanoucca
10 Tevet
Tou Bishvat
Taanit Esther - Pourim
Fast of theborn ones - Pessa' H and it Seder
Sephirat haOmer and Lag BaOmer - Chavouot
17 Tammouz, three weeks and nine days
Tisha BeAv - Tou BeAv
National commemorations in Israel
Yom HaShoah - Yom HaZikaron
Yom Ha' atzmaout - Yom Yeroushalayim
Events
Circumcision
Repurchase of the Prime Minister born
Zeved habat
Bar Mitsva - Mitsva Beats
Prayers
Modé Ani - Shema Israel
Amidah - Birkat Hamazone
Texts Founders and Rabbinical literature
Torah - Mishna - Talmud
Mishné Torah - Zohar - Choulhan Aroukh
Great figures of the Judaism
Maïmonide - Nahmanide
Rachi - Abravanel - Juda Halevi - Abraham ibn Ezra
Everyday life
Cacherout - Shabbat
Holy places
Mount of the Temple - Tomb of the Patriarchs
Tomb of Rachel
Ethno-cultural groups
Ashkénaze - Séfarade - Falasha - Teimanim
Karaïte - Yahudique - Boukharique



Judaism is oldest of the religions of the Book (i.e. of ) and the least important in a number of faithful.

The majority current being currently it rabbinical Judaism, one will regard the two terms as synonyms, except precision of the opposite. The rabbinical Judaism is founded on the study and the practice of Hebraic bible, and on the comments of Wise of Talmud (Talmud of Jerusalem and Talmud of Babylon) and of the posterior rabbis.

The word "Judaism" is formed on Juda (Yehoudah), which also gave the term Jew (Yehoudi), qualifier which appears in Deliver of Esther to indicate Mardochée.
Etymologiquement the Jew is thus a "Judéen", alive according to the laws, habits and beliefs of the kingdom of Judaea (whose capital was Jerusalem), paid in Hebraic bible.
The word Judaism takes direction starting from the Babylonian exile. is detached some, like various schisms of which it karaïsm. It finds its form modern in the centuries following the destruction of Temple of Jerusalem (in 70 EC.). It is during the first two centuries that will be compiled Mishna and the three centuries from this one which will be elaborate it Talmud.

At this point in time Judaism becomes really "religion" ("which connects"), although, if there is well a federator principle, it is rather that of people, dispersed between the Earth of (Erets Israel) and the Exile (Galout).

Jew is written with a capital letter, like "French" or "Spaniard", when it designates a member of the Jewish people; with tiny, like Christian or Moslem, when it qualifies a religious membership. One will thus write: all the Israelis are not Jewish, the Jews are not in Israelis majority. On the other hand, all the Jews are Jews, within the meaning of biological or spiritual descendants ofIsrael (Children of Israel, Bné Israel in the Bible).

Today, the symbol of the Judaism is itstar of David (Maguen David) which, according to the tradition, was the emblem of the king David. The oldest Jewish symbol is Ménorah, candlestick with seven branches, which was in Temple of Jerusalem. In the pediment of the synagogues they are also illustrated Tables of the Law.

Synopsis

Jewish life

Observation of Shabbat, weekly day of rest reserved being studied and with prayer is the first form of observance liturgical data in the Bible. This day is characterized, at the house, by the prayer before the meals (Kiddouch), of the festive meals and the prayer known as of separation (Havdala) which finishes it.

The Jewish religious life is marked by:

  • Brith milah, circumcision of the boys at the eighth day of their birth, in reference toAlliance of Abraham (Genesis 17, 11)
  • Bar-mitsva for the boys (at 13 years and a day) or, of modern addition, by beats-mitsva for the girls (at 12 years and a day),
  • marriage,
  • funeral and ceremonies of mourning.

Any ceremony or collective prayer requires the presence of a quorum of ten adult men (miniane). The studies and prayers are done in synagogue (Beit Ha-Knesset or Shul in ). One gathers there for the three daily prayers and more particularly at the time of shabbat and of the feastdays ('Hagim). Each Shabbat morning is read, by the faithful ones having made them Bar-mitsva, a section (paracha) of the Torah: one starts with the beginning of Genesis in the vicinity of the one and autumnal equinox (Simhat-Torah) it finishes Deuteronomist twelve or the thirteen moons later, according to whether the year is or not "embolismic".

ground of Israel is appellée in the Jewish tradition "Holy Land" (Erets ha-Qodesh). Special commands are referred to it such as that to live there or there to respect the sabbatical year (fallow of the ground every seven years and jubilee every fifty years). The wish of the return to a Jewish sovereignty on Erets-Israel is a constant of the Jewish thought, but some teach that that would be assimilated to an attempt to bring the arrival closer to Messiah who can come only from God.

A particular enthusiasm surrounds Jerusalem, capital rested by king David, where it was located Temple of Solomon, on Mount of the Temple and where it sat Sanhédrin.

Among the other révérées cities:

  • Hebron (Hevron): y are buried the majority of the patriarchs.
  • Tibériade (Tvéria): many rabbis are buried there.
  • Tsfat : city from where left Cabal.

The Jewish year

The Jewish calendar is based on the lunar cycle. It thus counts twelve months from 29 to 30 days. However, in order to remain in phase with the solar calendar and thus the seasons, it introduces certain years one treizieme month.

The calendar is rythmé by many festivals and religious commemorations, divided into two categories:

  • the festivals whose origin are extracted from the verses from Torah.
  • the festivals which originate in of the rabbinical institutions.


  • Month of Tichri:
    • Rosh haShanah : from one two days duration, the Jewish New Year, commemorates the creation of the Man.
    • Yom Kippour : Day of Atonement.
    • Soukkot : celebrates huts, recalls the peregrinations of the Hebrews in the desert after the exit of Egypt.
    • Sim`hat Torah : Joy of the Torah.
  • Month of Kislev:
    • Hanoucca : celebrate the Re-dedication of Temple of Jerusalem after the War of Macabées against Hellènes. One lights the lights there of Hanoucciah, the candlestick with eight branches.
  • Month of Chevat:
    • Tou-Bichvat : celebrates during which the various varieties of fruits are with the honor.
  • Month of Adar:
    • Pourim : the "festival of the Fates" commemorates the safeguard of the Jews at the time of the Persian domination.
  • Month of Nissan:
    • Pessa' H : Easter (the jump) the exit of the Hebrews of Egypt commemorates.

During the year, five fasts are observed:

All new Jewish months (Rosh ' Hodesh) also have a particular statute.

Certain festivals last 2 days in the diaspora against only one in .

Between the first and the septieme day of Pessa' H and of Soukkot not included, the other days have the statute of Hol Ha-Moed, between one day holy and one day normal.

External bond: [ 1 ]

Structure

Rabbinate

The Judaism is characterized by the absence from one hierarchical, since the last destruction of the Temple. rabbis are not intermediaries between God and the men, but of the teachers; rabbi mean "Main" within the meaning of professor; they have in particular as a role to teach the Judaism with the faithful ones. However this function ensures to them a moral authority comparable with that of the priests of other religions.

Discipline

There remains exceptional in that the women hold a major role in the organization of the offices or become rabbi. Judaisme Orthodoxe does not recognize that a woman can become Rabbin. Only the liberal movements born with the 19eme century are likely to accept it. In France, there is only one community of which it rabbi that is to say a woman. It acts of a liberal rabbi, Pauline Baby. On the other hand, with The United States of America and with where the preserving Judaism ("conservative" which remains a liberal movement in spite of the name) and the reformed Judaism ("reform") are in a majority, the women rabbis are numerous.

History

The Judaism knew its batch of schisms, and this before even its establishment in Judaea: the Genesis tells that to preserve peace in the clan of the ' Ivrim (them Apirou?), Abraham moves towards North while Loth is established with Sodome. Many sudden starts cross also the Hebrews during the crossing of the desert, the most known episode being the revolt of Kora' H (Koré): this one affirms that the people ofIsrael is already healthy, while Moïse and Aaron explain that it must to become saint, while conforming to the regulations of the Eternal.
The fundamental schism occurs with dead of Solomon: refusing to fold with the yoke of Roboam, the son of Solomon, the tribes prefers to federate around Jeroboam Ben Nébat, who founds the pagan worships apart from temple of Jerusalem, melting it kingdom of Israel, with for Samarie capital. The kings of Israel opening much more readily their doors the abroads, the kingdom of Israel is variegated. The proportion from abroad increases with the fall of the kingdom of Israel and the Assyrian exile, Sennachérib repopulating the territory with foreign people.
This is why the people of Samarie will not be allowed to take part in the rebuilding of the Temple, after the Babylonian exile. Thus is born it Samaritanism.

Another division concommitamment occurs with the centre even "Hebrews of Judaea": those which returned in Ground of Israel, and those which remained in Babylonia. Although theirs Torah that is to say the same one, their rites differ somewhat. According to some, those which remained in Babylon, "exiled First Temple" will emigrate for the majority in Ashkenaz, whereas those which returned, "exiled of the Second Temple", will settle in , i.e. in Sfarad.
Of course, this division highly diagrammatic, and is easily taken at fault: Abravanel, for example, written with pride that its family count among oldest of Spain, installed well before the arrival of Sépharades. Ashkénazim and Sefardim travelled much the ones at the others. An important part of the community of Babylon there remained established, and formed the community of Bagdadi and the Jews of Iran, enjoying privileged conditions, have regard with the remainder of the Juif people, the beginning of the twentieth century. Rav Ovadia Yossef comes fromIraq.

In Israel, of many " sects "(here with the direction first running religious formed again by a low number of followers) emergent in answer tohellenism appeared with IIE front century. J.- C., the four principal ones are: Sadducéens, rejecting any oral law, influential in the clergy and the sacerdotal life, of which Anne and Caïphe Gospels would be members, them Zealoies, whose history will finish tragically with Massada, them Esséniens, sect minor by the number of its followers, but having left documents of capital importance for, and which could have counted well (even ) among its members; finally, them Pharisees, the centre of which will leave Mishna and rabbinical Judaism.

In the East, following the Arab conquest and the shock of with and older during seventh and eighth centuries, one attends a flowering of sects and dissidences compared to the traditional religious movements. The Judaism does not escape from the phenomenon and one observes, in addition to a short reviscence of the sadducianism and Esséninens, the appearance of new movements: Issawites, Yudganites, Shadganites, Malakites, Mishawaïtes, etc. These movements of little scope should have disappeared, or turn over in the bosom of the Judaism pharisee, if it had not been grouped under the banner ofAnan Ben David.
According to certain sources, this one, opposed to the nomination of the exilarche, would have been autoproclamé anti-exilarche, which would have been interpreted by the caliphate like an act of rebellion. To escape from death, Anan Ben David would have had of another choice only to make secession with the official Judaism, which followed the authority of Rabbanim of Talmud, from where the name of rabbinical Judaism (or rabbanite), in opposition to "its" Judaism, which was based only on the interpretation of Tanakh, it Miqra (translated by "Text", but it would be necessary to include/understand "Reading" in a direction similar to ), from where its name of Judaism karaïte

The Judaism knew deep modifications in 1492. The rabbinical Judaism made unit of the Jewish people a central point of the Law, and in fact, did not know any more major changes, except for liturgical variations in the various communities, grace, inter alia, with the drafting of legal codes, whose production culminated with Shoulhan Aroukh. Some False Messiahs, of which Franck Jacob and Sabbataï Zvi crowd exaltèrent, involving some people in dissenting movements, which should lead to their conversion with Islam or Christianity.

The Judaism ashkénaze nevertheless was once again stirred up with the advent of Lights, which entrainèrent of sharp controversies of Haskala, following what the quarrel was exacerbated enters Hassidim and "Mitnagdim" in Eastern Europe, which sought to alleviate the "moderate ones", "intermediaries", like Rav Samson Raphaël Hirsch, whose currency was "Torah ouMadah" (Torah and science).
The end of the XIXème century sees the rise of Zionism : first pioneers, driven out by pogroms Russian and supported by rich person Western philanthropists, clears the marshes of the coastal plain of , then under Othoman sovereignty;Dreyfus Business cause the vocation of the journalist Viennese Theodor Herzl. But the emigration in Palestine causes the skepticism of the "comparable" Jews of Western Europe and the opposition of the majority of the orthodoxe rabbis.

November 2, 1917, the English government publishes Balfour declaration. In 1922, the Company of the Nations entrusts the administration of Palestine ("Mandate") to Great Britain. The political convulsions in Europe, consecutive to the dislocation of the Empires Russian, austro-Hungarian, German and Othoman, soon will be exacerbated with the rise of the fascistic modes and anti-semites, which leads to the cataclysm of Shoah. Jewish immigration impels a sharp economic, agricultural and medical progress in vain and to stimulate Arab employment as well as the immigration of the close countries, is born an Arab opposition, often violent, which obtains British administration several successive limitations of legal immigration Jewish, which does nothing but develop clandestine Jewish immigration.

From 1941 to 1945, Shoah makes 6 million dead and an infinity of physical, psychological and family traumatisms. November 29, 1947, the General meeting of the United Nations approves the division of the territory of Palestine between a Jewish State on 55 % of the territory and an Arab State on the remainder. Particular provisions relate to Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The Jewish part accepts this territorial division that the Arab States reject. The State of is proclaimed on May 14, 1948.

Nowadays, if Hassidim/Mitnagdim antagonism disappeared, that between laic "and" religious "Juifs" remainder of topicality, and took a new turning in Israel, where the parties of left are mainly and primarily not-monk, those of right-hand side being for a small monk part. As a Diaspora coexist it Reformed Judaism, Orthodoxe Judaism in Western Europe, to which it is added Preserving Judaism in the United States.

Cf [ 2 ]

Theological diversity

The Judaism is not monolithic; currents there are met orthodoxe even ultra-orthodoxe, of the median currents, such it "preserving" movement or Massorti, which does not have anything conservative as opposed to what its name suggests and all kinds of liberal currents such it liberal Judaism and it Judaism reconstructionnist. See Theological liberalism

The orthodoxe currents are well represented in but one knows there also a liberal movement. Massortis and the reconstructionnists are especially present at The United States of America and Massortis have a strong presence in

Lastly, with The United States of America and in Israel (in Ramle) they took refuge karaïtes, driven out about the years -, whose some small groups remain in Lithuania.

Geographical diversity

Moreover, two principal currents cross the Judaism:

  • Séfarades historically on the circumference of The Mediterranean, mainly resulting from Spain it y have then great migrations towards North Africa notement towards Morocco; "Sefarad" could be related with the word Sefer which means Livre. This word gave its name to Hebrew Spain.
  • Ashkénazes in central and Russia, particularly of medieval German language (). Ashkenaz is one of wire of Japhet. It is only in Talmud and comments of Rachi what it is explicitly associated (by shift in meaning?) in "Germamia" or "Germania", i.e. Germany.

The distinction is cultural, liturgical, linguistic and geographical. It finds its origins in the same bases of the Judaism and its history. </br>En effect, the Torah, in its written form, revealed and irrefutable for one believing, although containing all in it, as well as the ensign one Wise of Talmud, does not allow to know action to be taken on the basis of its simple reading (this is the point of view of the Jews rabbanites, the karaïtes refuting this idea): it requires an oral tradition, was this only to make sure that what is transmitted was well included/understood. </br>Les torments and exiles known by the Juif people gave birth to the need for compiling the oral tradition (in Mishna, Tossefta, it Talmud and it Midrash) in order to ensure its survival, and to confront all the opinions with it. </br>Toutes the divergences were however not solved, and when two poles developed in the Juif people, as well at the geographical level as spiritual, the ones adopted such point of view, the others such other (it is important to point out on this subject that Rav Ovadia Yossef, often called wrongly the Chief rabbi of the Sépharade Community is not Sépharade, but Iraqi, AND DOES NOT SLICE Halakha like Sépharades).

One could estimate at first approximation that the groundwork common to Ashkénazes having been defined by Rabbenou Guershom, these differences appeared with him. However, the studies of the Jews of Spain were not unknown on the other side of , and there existed, if not a community of ideas, freedom of movement, as show it on the one hand Rachi, taking as a starting point the Yessod by Moshé HaDarshan and of work of the grammairien Menahem ibn Sarouk, and other Ramban, formed by one of its Masters, Nathan of Trinquetaille, at the school of Tossafists.

It is thus well at the time of Reconquista Spanish of XVIE century, when the toughening of Catholicism forced with the exile very vast majority of the Jews which had been installed on the ground of tolerance that represented itMoslem Spain that these currents were completely separate and that the differences continued, because of geographical and cultural composts basically diffférents.

The differences of habits, songs, of food, ultimately hold less religious divergences than of different habitat. In the same way, the feeling of difference holds more of mentalities of the country of asylum (or of exile, it is according to).

</br>Ainsi, when Voltaire compose its article disparaging and defamatory on the Jew in the Encyclopaedia, a from Amsterdam Jew answers him that the "Ashkénazes should not be confused", binds ground, and Sépharades, "authentic" descendants of noble tribe of Juda.</br>Il is necessary to know that this Jew is a "Portuguese" Jew, all impregnated of the ideas ofhidalgo and of purity of blood ( limpienza of sangre, which is, ironically, a measurement among more the anti-semites who are, aiming at discriminating them nuevos christianos, impure, of the old Spanish catholic families).

</br>De even, mistrust and the repulsion which the Jews Sépharades and Orientaux with the "pioneers" Ashkénazes will inspire to two centuries later will nourish less "natural" prejudices than of "cultural" considerations of "civilized and cultivated" Europeans, of a intellectual elite indicator to unload these people who will appear to them just like before "vilder hayyes" (wild beasts in ). H.N. Bialik will express this feeling the adéqutement: "I do not love the Arabs, they point out too Sépharades to me". However, nobody will express better the distress of the emigrant sépharade that a satirist ashkénaze, Ephraïm Kishon. </br>De more, this state of mind could only be diluted with the generations, the mixtures of population and the marriages "mixed".

In conclusion, the currents séfarades and ashkénazes nowadays are more or less mixed geographically, both in Israel and in France and in the rest of the world, except for the United States where Ashkénazes are in very great majority. </br>Ce mixture is especially due to the pogroms and the departures of the European countries.

In France, the distribution is approximately 70 % of séfarades, 30 % of ashkénazes, the two larger synagogues of Paris being ashkénaze (Victories) and sépharade (Small towers).

Other geographical particularisms

Certain areas of the world such as, itIndia,, shelters Jewish communities, often reduced and isolated from the contemporary Judaism until their rediscovery with the liking from the chance. </br>Par example, the first and prickly European testimony of the presence of Jews in China was given in 1605 by Jesuit Matteo Ricci, approached by called Ngai, Jew of Kaifeng, which, being unaware of until the existence of Christianity, took the missionary for a correligionnaire, and an icon of with the child for a representation of Rebecca and Jacob !

A foundation for lost tribes get busy to find them, as it was the case for Falashas of.

With the Early middle ages, the Judaism was the official religion of the empire khazar, which perhaps founded the city of Kiev, inter alia. The existence of this Juif empire is sometimes still advanced to explain the many Jewish communities of the Caucasus.

Faith and practical

Shema Israel

Listen to Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is ONE

"Shema Israel, A. Elohénou, A. Echad "

Assertion of the divine Unit, Shema is the prayer first and fundamental judaism. It is made up of verses 4-9 of Deuteronomist 6, then 13-21 of Deuteronomist 詩の最終的の11, 37-41 の Numbers 15 It institutes in particular the commands of Mezouzah, of Tsitsit and of Tefilines.

Each pious Jew must twice recite it per day: With the rising ('Cha' harit), and the evening (Arvit). According to the tradition, this prayer was said by sons of Jacob to their father. The wire of the centuries this prayer was associated the dernieres words which the Jews pronounced which would die for the sanctification of the Divine Name.

Cf Encyclopaedic dictionary of the Judaism, French adaptation under the direction of Sylvie-Anne Goldberg, Books, Cerf/Robert Laffont, 1996.

What one finds in a traditional Jewish library

The Jews were often called the "People of the Book", which much they developed, and this since the beginning of the revelation, to believe Rav of it Adin Steinsalz. </br>Voici a structured list of the basic books in the fields of the thought and the practice of the Judaism:

</br>Le Tanakh is the holiest book for the Juif people: it starts with creation of the world until the construction of the Second Temple. The Torah is the holiest part of Tanakh; according to the Jewish faith, it was dictated in Moïse by God, and was discussed no when he was decided which books should appear in the biblical gun (those appear in it which were incontestably inspired by Dieu;en are excluded those which come only from human wisdom).</br>En revenge, the books of the Prophets, more still the Hagiographal ones, were subjected to intense debates.

</br>Le Judaism holds large account of Talmud, collection of the Jewish rules of life, founded on the exegetic and/or poetic interpretation (i.e. allegorical) of the biblical text. the purpose of </br>Les explanations and interpretations of the verses contained in Michna and Guemara are to determine how to apply the positive precepts and negative statements in the Torah, as well as the spirit which accompanies them (a contemporary rabbi said that, if the literal direction of a verse are the "heart", the allusive, allegorical directions and secrecies are the "âme"). </br>C' is around that which rests teaching in the Jewish institutes talmudic (Yéchivot).

</br>La Torah comprises 613 precepts, including 248 positive (Mitsvot Adze ex:"you will like your next like yourself"), and 315 negative (Mitsvot lo Ta' adze ex:"you will not have an other god only Me"). </br>D' other subdivisions were considered at the Average Age (Mitsvot towards God and mitsvot towards the men, etc.)

See too

Fundamental principles of the Judaism

Most famous are 13 principles of faith of Maïmonide or it is in particular expressed there the faith in the unicity of God, in His non-materiality as well as the faith in the prophecy of Moïse and the divine origin of this one. Are there also the faith in the resurrection of deaths, the future world, and the arrival of Messiah.

In addition, some see in the Judaism one which would recommend only one way of life and would state laws. Thus from the very start of the modern era, some tried to dissociate the religion of these "principles of faith".

Names of God

One of the names usually met in the texts crowned to indicate is the tétragramme, unpronouncable word formed of the four Hebraic letters Youd-Hé-Vav-Hé (IE. YHWH in approximate translitteration), and being able to come from the contraction of the verb to be conjugé with accomplished and unaccomplished (it was, it is, it will be); this name being used to indicate the character transcending of the divine one. The best translation would be the Eternal if this word did not contain a direction of immutability transmitted by the Greek language. It tétragramme is conceived like too saint to be marked. In the contemporary Judaism, one often hears HA CHEM, i.e. The NAME who is thus a periphrasis.

One also meets in the biblical text:

  • ELOHIM (plural), EL, ELOAH (female), ELYON have nothing to dohas nothing to do with the precedents (he is written in Hebrew with a "aïn" and not a "aleph" like the others - only this root means "high"), these the last 3 words being in the singular, built on a root which means high, high. Names of God formed on this root (like Allah who follows the same Semite root) can be returned by the Almighty.
  • ADON, ADONAI (Lord, my Lords (interpreted like a plural of a number) or the very large Lord (interpreted like an augmentative)

Plurals ELOHIM, ADONAÏ or SHADDAÏ are generally explained by a plural qualifier, an augmentative (superlative), and not like a traditional plural. Nevertheless, certain historians, like Israel Finkelstein, estimate that it could be a question of a residue of the original polytheism of the Jewish religion, considering the biblical passages where these terms seem oldest.

  • SHADDAÏ Mountains
  • EL SHADDAÏ. Derived from the precedent, it is read however also HA-CHEM.
  • TSEVAOT. Translated by "God of the armies". It is included/understood by "God of the celestial armies" or by the cabbalists "God of the army of the letters" (Tseva-ot)
  • YAH Name derived from the tétragramme. Formed of the yod, masculine, and of hé, female, it symbolizes the force of the couple. It is present in the formula of Allélouia/Hallélouyah praise (return praise in Yah)

Bible

The Judaism is distinguished from the other religions revealed by the fact that it places in the center of the revelation the Torah, the "Law". The term "Torah" derives from a verb meaning "to teach", "to inform".

One will distinguish, towards 130 before the common era, between the three parts of the Bible: Torah (Pentateuque), Prophets (Neviim), Hagiographes(Ketouvim). From Ier century, the term "Torah" will end up indicating the whole of the crowned code.

The concept of Alliance: God makes alliance with his people while giving the Torah to him and in particular them 10 Words, more known under the name of the "Ten Commands". It results from it that the concept ofelection , is a requirement with more responsibility observance conduit of life.

Creation of the world

According to the Jewish faith, the world was created in six days cosmological. The year 2005 corresponds for example to year 5765 of Jewish calendar. According to the majority of the commentators, this account begin with the end from the process of creation of the world and thus of creation of Adam , the first man (Adam ha-Richon) in year 0. According to the book of Béréchit, the man is the crowning of creation and it is made with "the image of God". Following the creation of this one comes the seventh day, that of Shabbat. Following the fault ofAdam and ofEve (' Cut), the man was expelled of paradise towards the ground and there its decline started.

Bases of the Judaism

According to Tanakh, the Judaism goes up with Abraham, the first monotheist left Ur-Kassdim for Country of Canaan with the promise of God whom it will leave him people many and which it will be a blessing for all the people. The Alliance ofAbraham is marked by circumcision at the eighth day.

After the family of Jacob- Israel, grandson of Abraham, left in where its descendants were reduced in slavery, the "Children of Israel" left Egypt under control Moïse and received the Law with the Sinai mount. The first to have employed the term of people about them is . Torah was not given in a progressive way but suddenly, with people who bathed until there in the Egyptian culture idolâtre and who became people by accepting it.

After the gift of Torah, the people of Israel wandered during forty years in the desert, in punishment to have adored Golden calf, to have criticized Moïse and to have wanted to turn over in (episode of the scandalmongering of the explorers). It is only at the end of this period that their descendants entered on the ground of, then country of Canaan, that they conquered under the control of Josué. They resided at it until the year 587 front. J-C. This year began the Babylonian exile and which lasted 70 years. They are gone back there at the time of the reign of Cyrus II (Koresh).

A new Exile starts with the destruction of the second Temple in year 70. But the Roman domination was already felt before and the physical destruction took place 60 years after, at the time of the revolt of Bar-Kokheba.

Conversions with the Judaism

The Judaism does not express any expansionist inclination. It can accomodate the adult individual who asks to convert after having lengthily examined his motivations, but will not in no case to request it. The rabbis require a strong motivation and a sincere adhesion with the Torah at those which wish to convert. Thus conversion cannot have for only reasons the satisfaction of a Jewish spouse and his family.

Some conversions of group, more or less spontaneous, mark out apparently the history but they can correspond, contrary, with the assimilation partial with the surrounding populations of cut Jewish groups their traditions (legends of "Ten the disappeared Tribes"):

  • the conversion of Jébuséens, under David,
  • that of the tribe iduméenne of Hérode, under Hasmonéens,
  • after the end ofWorsen Roman, that of a part of Franks ripuaires and of Souabes,
  • that of (Djeraouas of Aurès and Nefoussas de Tripolitaine)
  • that of Falashas from Ethiopia
  • that of Ural-Altaic people like Khazars from Russia.


See Fraternity of Abraham
To see Emmanuel Lévinas, the philosopher presents his vision of the dialogue Judeo-Christian.

Times of the Judaism

One can historically divide the Judaism into several times:

Related articles

External bonds


French bibliography (to be supplemented by the bibliography of the quoted books)

  • "A history of the Jews", Josy Eisenberg ISBN 2-253-01384-6
  • "Encyclopaedic dictionary of the Judaism", Sylvie Anne Goldberg (dir.), Books, Robert Laffont, 1996 ISBN 2-221-08099-8
  • "Ashkénazes, Sépharades and Co", Rav Elie Lemmel, Lamed.Fr
 

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