Comic strip

This article forms part of the series Comic strip

Techniques and theories

- Oubapo Invisible Art - Graphic novel

Lists

Series - Hero Editors - Periodicals

Kinds

- Manhwa Comics - Webcomic - Tebeo Héroïc-fantasy - Science fiction

Authors

With - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

Festivals

2005 in data base Angouleme - Arlon Quay of the Bubbles

See too

- Data base on line

Méta

Comic strip Project Gate Comic strip

comic strip (still called by the acronym Data base, or bédé) is an art and graph (often called it the ninth art) where a history is told thanks to images, drawings, accompanied by a text (explanatory or dialogues, it is in this last case, one bubble or phylactère). One calls the amateurs of comic strip, of the bédéphiles.

Synopsis 1 History of the comic strip 1.1 Definition 1.2 Names 1.3 Anatomy of a comic strip 2 = 2.1 XIXe century 2.2 XXe century 2.2.1 Years 1900 2.2.2 Years 1910 2.2.3 Years 1920 2.2.4 Years 1930 2.2.5 Years 1940 2.2.6 Years 1950 2.2.7 Years 1960 2.2.8 Years 1970 2.2.9 Years 1980 2.2.10 Years 1990 2.2.11 years 2000 2.3 Data base & cinema 2.4 Theory of the Comic strip 2.4.1 Bibliography 2.5 Fanzinat 2.6 Festivals 2.7 Various Kinds Data base 2.8 Some sites dedicated to the comic strip 2.8.1 Shops on Line 2.8.2 Bédéthèques 2.8.3 Chronicles 2.8.4 Sites General practitioners 2.8.5 Topicality - News 2.8.6 The Community data base 2.8.7 Editors 2.8.8 Others 2.9 Internal bonds 2.9.1 Related articles

History of the comic strip

Definition

Before making the history of this medium, it should be noted that the "comic strip" has several cross definitions which are not recut inevitably.
The name "comic strip" should make it possible to define the comic strip like a means of telling stories by the means of a sequence of images, but the word suggests other concepts:

• for some a comic strip mixes the image with the text, this last being present in a more or less artificial way (For which looks without familiarity nor kindness, the bubble of comic strip is far from offering a gracious or natural solution to the problem of the insertion of the text in the image - i.e. crossing between two modes of basically different signs. Thierry Smolderen : This is not a bubble! Énonciatives structures of the phylactère) in the form of récitatifs or phylactères ("bubbles"). Many dumb comic strips, like the very traditional "small king" of Otto Soglow, contradict this principle which would like that a comic strip is inevitably encumbered of text. It is known in addition that the phylactère existed before the comic strip, and that it was used in a way very close to that which has course in comic strip in the caricatures of the end of XVIII^E century

century in Great Britain or France

• For some, the comic strip, beyond a simple means of expression (a medium, one limps with tools), is a "kind". One finds this opinion among amateurs of comic strip ("I like science fiction, the novel-police officer and bédé") as at their detractors ("this film is a true comic strip" - sentence which implies: this film is whimsical and simplistic). It should be noted that those for which the comic strip is a "kind" often consider that the latter is reserved to a public child or to teenager.
• Others further go and see the comic strip like a graphic style, going until qualifying non-sequential drawings of drawings "data base", because those include details borrowed from the graphics developped at the point by strip cartoonists, such as the "large nose".
• Lastly, some advance that the comic strip is primarily one media of mass, intended to exist in printed form (multiple). The very close connection which binds the comic strip to the mechanical means of reproductions undoubtedly gives them reason: lithograph (XVIII^E century

), which allows to the draughtsman a fast work, solitary and unbounded of the number of impressions, allowed the print to develop and to democratize themselves. The photoengraving still removed certain constraints with the authors. Progress ofoffset during years 1980 allowed direct color to hatch, etc.

Names

The names given to the comic strip according to the countries of origin or times' scramble still a little the tracks:

• In the Anglo-Saxon cultural field, one spoke a long time about comics ("comic") and of funnies ("amusing"), two words which evoke a register quite precise set of themes and not a "medium". The word comic strip ("comic band") a better idea of gives than is the comic strip in a formal way.
• The same Anglo-Saxons proposed during years 1980 two phrases allowing to make leave the comic strip the light register: Graphic Novel and Sequential Art (« graphic novel "and" sequential art"). It seems that the two phrases are creations of Will Eisner.
• In , the comic strip is called Fumetti ("fume"), because the phylactère is described like a cloud of smoke. It is thus the phylactère which defines, here, the comic strip.
• In , it is the name of the first re-examined of comic strips (TBO, 1917) which gave their name to the comic strips: Tebeos, but one also often speaks abouthistoriettas ("historiettes").
• With , one uses the word (??) which is generally translated by "ridiculous images", "drawings of no importance" if one wants.
• In , one speaks about lianhuanhua ("connected images") and sometimes Manhua (??/?? mànhuà). It should be noted that, until recently, it (very rich) Chinese comic strip is made up of books which contain only one image per page. This image is accompanied by récitatif, and, in an extremely rare way, phylactères.
• In , one speaks about Manhwa (??, to pronounce man-OAU).
• In the Scandinavian countries, the word Tegnesery (Norwegian) or Tecknad series (Swedish) means: "series of drawings" (continuation of drawings)
• In the French-speaking countries finally, in addition to the word "comic strip", one spoke about"illustrated" ("illustrated books"), word which evokes a childish public.

Anatomy of a comic strip

The amateurs get along on a certain number of words and definitions to describe the various elements of which the comic strips are made up.

• put is a label containing a drawing
• strip (of English: "band") is a succession of boxes, laid out on a line
• board is a whole of boxes, often laid out on several lines. The word is generally applied board with the original document.
• bubbles or phylactères are texts integrated into the labels, intended for the transcription of the dialogues of the characters. These elements designate the character who speaks.
• récitatifs are panels generally located at the edge of the labels and being used for the comments in " voice off ", in particular to give indications of time and place ("At the same moment with Moulinsart... ») or to provide information allowing a better comprehension of the action ("Linda is unaware of that Alan survived its fall").

=== Before XIX^E century

=

It is difficult to give a precise date to the first comic strips.

It is often said that them rupestral, like those cave of Lascaux in , is the antiquated shape of comic strip since they tell stories by means of images. Such a bringing together is a little artificial bus a priori, it never acts of continuations of drawings, it does not have there reasons to attach the cave paintings to the comic strip rather than with other visual arts. Moreover, the "narrative" quality of these paintings remains to be proven, of many archaeologists lean for an interpretation chamanic (the drawings would have a magic function).

frescos and them low-reliefs antiques in Egypt, in or with Rome ( Trajane column for example), are not (sometimes) very distant from the definition of comic strips since they use the sequence of images as means of telling a history.

With , the book takes its rise, and in particular the illustrated book of miniatures. It is at that time also that one starts to use stringcourses of texts (phylactères) to make speak about the characters. In Tapestry of Bayeux is, in a strict sense, a very long comic strip.

With Rebirth, paintings of the churches often tell stories in several panels (today still, in the majority of the catholic churches, it " way of cross "tells the last hours of Jesus in the form of a succession of images). With XVII^E century

and especially XVIIIE century

, is born the popular literature with the "blue books" diffused in the campaigns.

In 1796 first images of Épinal are printed in series byImagery of Épinal founded by Jean-Charles Pellerin (The Vosges). It is prints on the subjects popular (history, song, tales, etc.) and with the colors sharp. Later the Image of Epinal changes. The single table the board made up of a history succeeds, drawings, songs. Jean-Charles Pellerin was without any doubt a precursor of the publishers of comic strip.

At the same time, the tuck pattern knows its first great period, in particular in (with William Hogarth, Thomas Rowlandson and James Gillray) or, during Revolution, in France. One sees there being born the regular practice from phylactère and, more generally, the overlap of the drawing and the text, one also sees there being born the first characters stereotyped (like the famous one John Bull).

XIX^E century

With XIX^E century, the stories in images, were spread thanks to a broader diffusion of the press due to progress of printing works and announces the first steps of the comic strip by exceeding the traditional illustration.

• With , Katsushika Hokusai created a series of drafts of grotesque drawings, comparable with Grotesque Léonard de Vinci, that it called . This name is that of the Japanese comic strip still today. mangas current often have recourse to the same kinds as the prints of XIX^E century

: horror, samouraïs, erotism, humour. Even if them mangas benefitted from a anglo-saxone influence at the beginning from XXE century
and even if the kind were cristalisé after  with Osamu Tezuka, one can completely consider that a continuity connects the?uvresUkiyo-e (Hokusai, Sensei, Utamaro, Hiroshige, Sharaku, etc.) with mangas contemporaries. 

• In , one generally agrees to recognize Switzerland Rodolphe Toepffer (or Töpffer) like the first creator of comic strip, its first work History of M. Jabot having been published in 1833. Several works of the same type will follow. One can say that Töpffer invented the album of comic strips (each one of its books is a long account), the character of comic strip and even, the theory of the comic strip with sound Test of physiogonomy. The experiment will be a great success and the books of Töpffer will be republished (and sometimes redrawn, by Cham in particular) and suffisemment diffused well, including in the United States, not to leave any doubt about the considerable influence which they had on the continuation of the history of the comic strip. Come then Christophe, author of The Fenouillard Family (1893) and of Camember Sapper (1896), but too Nadar, Cham, Grandville, Gilded Gustave and Caran d' Ache.

The dialogues are not included in these comic strips in the form of phylactères, they are generally present in récitatifs located under the labels.

• In Germany, let us mention Wilhelm Busch, of which the hero Max und Moritz (1865) will inspire Rudolph Dirks when it creates them Katzenjammer Kids about thirty years later.
• With The United States of America the first comic strips were The Yellow Kid (1896) by Richard Felton Outcault, and especially The Katzenjammer Kids of Rudolph Dirks in 1897 (in French: Pim, WFP and Poum). This one is the first to make a systematic use of bubbles (or phylactères). Earlier, Arthur Burdett Frost, without using the phylactères, is one of the most serious applicants under first American strip cartoonist.

XX^E century

Years 1900

• In 1904, with Montreal in the newspaper The Fatherland for the first time a bubble in the series appears Timothée, by Middle-class Albéric. 1

• In 1905, The Week of Suzette offer to its small readers the adventures of a Breton maidservant to large the c?ur born with Bell-tower-the-Woodcocks, called Snipe. Its adventures are told under the feather of several authors, of which the first were M. Languereau and J. Pinchon.

• In 1908, in a very different kind, Impressing publish the tribulations of a trio the crafty one, Nickelled Feet. This expression, imagined by Tristan Bernard, designates men little related to work. Croquignol, Filochard and Ribouldingue differently do not design food than by clears up.

Years 1910

• in 1915, William Randolph Hearst, the most important man of press of his time, creates it King Features Syndicate dedicated to the national and international distribution of comic strips. It is imitated by Joseph Medill Patterson, its principal competitor.
• In 1917 with Barcelona in it is the first publication of the periodicals TBO le succès fut si grand que dès cette époque toutes les revues de bande dessinée furent appelées tebeosin Spain, as well as the sections of the newspapers which published inserts of comic strip or stories for child.

Years 1920

• In 1929 in Belgium a comic strip in black and white is published in The Small One Twentieth, a supplement of the newspaper The Twentieth Century intended for the young people. It is the beginning of Adventures of Tintin created by George Remi, said . From a graphic point of view, of Tintin only one is not the revolution often says, since at the time, The Illico Family appears since nearly fifteen years, and Guy and Chip, by Alain Saint-Ogan, have also existed for a few years - Hergé is, of the remainder, inspired much. It is with other qualities that Hergé will owe its success: a purified technique of the graphic account (never of useless texts, a great direction ofélipse), of good reminiscences of authors such as or , and, from Blue Lotus, a completely new taste in comic strip at the time for the work of documentation.
• In 1929 with The United States it is the appearance of the strips of action with Buck Rogers and Tarzan, other stories appear under name comics, term which was quickly adopted to indicate a form rather than a kind. It is there as this year as was published in the form of tabloïds, them Funnies, a compilation of a series of strips published in the American newspapers, it is the first publication into four color of comics. Its Tabloïd format caused a confusion with the supplements of Sunday of the various newspapers of the time and caused the stop of these supplements.

Years 1930

• In 1934 appears in the first number of Newspaper of Mickey. A great profusion of newspapers intended for a young public will follow: Junior, Tarzan, Jumbo, Robinson, etc.
• In 1938 with The United States the first number appears ofAction Comics, a magazine entirely dedicated to comics. It sees the first appearance of Superman (the first superman modern - Doc. Savage, Tarzan, The Phantom of Bengal or was also, with their way, of the supermen), and announces the golden age of comic books with The United States (1938-1950). Since, with the wire of the decades, appeared much of characters (see the section dedicated to comics).

• In 1938 in it is the publication of Newspaper of Spirou magazine weekly magazine of prepublication of comic strip Belgian and . Imagined since 1937 by the editor Jean Dupuis, this review profited as of its creation from the participation from authors from talent, such: Raoul Cauvin, Jijé, Franquin, and well of others. The name of the newspaper comes from the word Walloon spirou who indicates as well a squirrel as a mischievous child.

Years 1940

• In 1946 with , After the Second World War it started to be modernized. The face lift of band abandonant propaganda, allows Osamu Tezuka to return as well the contents as the form of manga more energetic. The first book of Tezuka was an adaptation of the island to the treasure entitled The New Island with the treasure 1947
• In 1949, in France, a law proposes?uvrer with one "improvement of the publications intended for youth". Its true program is in fact to remove the comic strip while applying to it of many constraints, like that, always into force, which wants that a newspaper intended for the young people must contain a significant part of editorial.

Years 1950

• In 1954, fearing that an anti lawcomics is not voted, a certain number of editors gathers to create a label of self-censorship, it Comics Codes Authority. The same year, the psychiatrist Fredric Wertham publish Innocent Seduction of the, a violent load against the comic strip which presents the industry of the comics like a plot, and charges all the evils of youth to him.
• In 1958, Francisco Ibañez create the immortal ones Mortadelo y Filemón (information arranges).
• In 1959 it is the publication of newspaper Pilot (Mâtin, what a newspaper!) a weekly magazine of comic strip which discovered much talent such: Astérix the Gallic one (of and Albert Uderzo), Tanguy and Laverdure (of Jean-Michel Charlier and Albert Uderzo), Bore-red (of Jean-Michel Charlier and Victor Hubinon) and well of others.

Years 1960

• In years 1960, the French-speaking comic strip develops, in particular through the rise of magazines (in particular it Newspaper of Spirou and The Newspaper of Tintin, then with newspaper Pilot) allowing the emergence of new characters of which most popular their adventures compiled in hard-bound albums will see and a very great success near general public gains then.
  • Humour: Astérix, Lucky Luke, Iznogoud, Gaston Lagaffe, Achilles Talon, Philémon, Schtroumpfs, etc.
  • Venture: Tintin, Blueberry, Spirou, Bore-red, etc.
  • Science fiction: Valérian, Yoko Tsuno, Blake and Mortimer, etc.
  • Sport: Valiant Michel, Eric Manor house, etc.
  • Authors: Bilal, Boucq, Bretécher, Charlier, Christin, Druillet, Franquin, Fred, Jijé, Moebius, Godard, Goscinny, Gotlib, Greg, , Edgar P. Jacobs, Lauzier, Mandryka, Jacques Martin, Morris, Pétillon, Peyo, Reiser, Tabary, Uderzo, Martin Veyron, etc.
  • Reviews: Record, Tintin, Pilot, Spirou, etc.

• In 1964, Quino create its incredible Mafalda, small girl Argentina who delivers his particular vision of the world to us which surrounds it.

The comic strip "adult" fate of the confidentiality (it always existed, but subjected to an important censure, restricted with a public precise and confined with the pornographic topics), with V Magazine, and the series Barbarella, by Jean-Claude Forest, like with White Epiphany, by George Pichard.

Lastly, it is during years 1960 that researchers and impassioned will start to study the comic strip in a serious way: Pierre Fresnaut-Deruelle, Alain Resnais, Francis Lacassin, etc.

Years 1970

Following Pilot, which had been the first newspaper to be addressed to young people (i.e. with teenagers - thus nor with children, nor with adults), following V Magazine, of Pet, of Hara Kiri, and within the framework of the progressive liberalization of the m?urs post-sixty-eight, an "adult" press offers to the public pornographic contents often but also, and it is there an innovation, subversive, political, underground : Current (1970), The Echo of savannas, created by three defectors of Pilot (Nikita Mandryka, Claire Bretécher, Marcel Gotlib) in 1972, Mormoil (1974) and well of other titles which have, to date, all disappeared except notorious for Icy Fluid, born in 1975, which had chosen a relatively marginal way in its time, inspired by the American newspaper Mad : no the policy, relatively little subversion, but humour in each page.

Years 1980

At the end of years 1970 beginning 80, the comic strip offers new ambitions and is made name graphic novel, with The United States with Will Eisner (A lease with god), in with Hugo Pratt, in Argentina with Alberto Breccia, in with the newspaper (TO BE FOLLOWED) and its "novels to be followed" such as Ici-même (, Fantagraphics Books and Drawn and Quarterly in North America, Cockroach in , etc. The authors who publish (and often, car-publish) in this sector are often tried by the autobiography, the experimental comic strip (cf Oubapo), but also the comic strip of adventure. Let us quote, among emblématiques: Art Spiegelman, Lewis Trondheim, David B, Marjane Satrapi. These authors do not disavow therefore general public nor the more traditional kinds. The series Keep in is a good example, in the kind heroic fantasy with a peel of irony and parody, as well as the participation in each number of different draughtsmen (as in years 1950 with the stories of the uncle Paul). Currently, collections "Pilot fish" at Dargaud or "Free Surface" at Dupuis are very representative of this change.

years 2000

The large features of years 1990 remain true, but know changes which worry certain professionals of the sector:

• the overproduction: in 2005, it is published nearly ten French-speaking albums per day, nobody is not more capable knowledge all that is published in comic strip.
• the digestion of the experiments of the desktop publishing by the large editors, who discharge the authors most accessible to general public and are not afraid to provide substitute of comic strip of author to a not-specialized public.

Data base & cinema

Industries of the comic strip and the cinema were born at the same time, and have many common features (the sequence, the narration, time). Series such as the Illico Family or Little Orphan Annie very early the honors of adaptations out of films had " live "and one does not count the adaptations of comic strips in animated drawing (Popeye) and vice versa (Mickey). Many strip cartoonists passed, temporarily or definitively, with the realization or the film scenarisation: Gerard Lauzier, Didier Martiny, Patrice Leconte, Marc Caro (joint author of Delicatessen), Terry Gilliam, Frank Miller (which scénarise Robocop), etc.

A long time, the adaptations of comic strips to the cinema (or in televised series) were productions with small budget and without great artistic ambitions (with some exceptions, like Barbarella) : Lucky Luke, Large disgusting person, Pay attention to the blunder (Gaston Lagaffe), Spiderman. In the United States, the beginning of years 1980, of genuine adapted films of comic strips were born, revisiting traditional comic-strip: Popeye by Robert Altman, Annie by John Huston, Gordon flash, Dick Tracy, Superman by Richard To ballast, etc.

At the end of years 1980, a new way is opened by Tim Burton with sound Batman : having grown with comics and having followed the recent evolutions of the kind (Frank Miller, Alan Moore), Burton films Batman like a dark and dramatic tale. Finally one takes a superman with the serious one. The progress of the numerical special effects, during years 1990, allowed to visually make almost credible the exuberant effects formerly imagined by Stan Lee and Kirby Jack, which will lead to the creation of a great quantity of films inspired by the comic-books: Spiderman by Sam Raimi, X-Men, Daredevil, Catwoman, The League of the extraordinary gentlemen, The Crow, etc.). In France, Astérix profit from average equivalents.

Other kinds of comic strips inspired the cinema: Paths of perdition, From Hell, Ghost World, Sin City or American Splendor. The influence of the comic strip on the cinema takes sometimes more diverted ways: universe of Jean-Claude Mézières (Valérian) is for example a major and assumed influence Fifth Element, of Luc Besson, but was also a source of important inspiration for Wars Star.

Theory of the Comic strip

• Sequential art : language of band-drawn.
• : style carried at its top by .
• Oubapo : on the mode ofOulipo, research & analyses of constraints in band-drawn.

Bibliography

• Marjorie Alessandrini, Marc Duveau, Jean-Claude Glasser, Marion Vidal, The Encyclopaedia of the comic strips, Albin Michel, 1986
• Brad Brooks, Tim Pilcher, Steve Edgell, Herve Flora, B.With.- BA of the data base and the drawing of humour: rough with the realization, Eyrolles, 2002
• Bernard Duc, The Art of the data base, volume 1: scenario with the realization, Glénat, Collection Art and technique, 1993
• Bernard Duc, The Art of the data base, volume 2: technique of the drawing, Glénat, Collection Art and technique, 1993
• Jean-Benoit Durand, Data base instructions, Flammarion, Collection Beaver Doc., 1999
• Will Eisner, The comic strip, art séquenciel, Graphic Giddiness, 1997
• Henri Filippini, Dictionary of the comic strip, Bordered, 2005
• Thierry Groensteen, System of the comic strip, PUF, Collection Forms Semiotics, 1999
• Scott McCloud, Invisible Art, Graphic Giddiness, 1999 (theoretical presentation of the comic strip in the form of comic strip)
• Benoit Peeters, To see the comic strip, Flammarion, Collection Flammarion Fields, 2003
• Jean-Bruno Renard, Keys for the comic strip, Seghers, collection Keys, 1978

Fanzinat

There is an important culture underground of the comic strip through . The fanzines make it possible to young authors to be made the hand on short stories and to collect criticisms on their work.

• Pimpf Mag, the review of the data bases Small sizes

Festivals

• Festival data base of Angouleme is regarded as most important in France. It takes place each year with Angouleme since 1974, during the last week of January, of Thursday at Sunday. The decreed prices were named until in 2003 "Alph' Art", named before the "Alfred" (of the name of a hero drawn by Alain Saint-Ogan, in the series Guy and Chip).

• Festival data base of Arlon - Festival data base and of the book for children also called "whole data base of the 3 borders". It takes place each year in September with Arlon in Belgium since 2000.

• BD-FIL, International Festival of comic strip with Lausanne (), (first edition in September 2005) BD-FIL

• Quay of the Bubbles - Festival of the comic strip and the image projected with Saint-Malo (first edition in 1981).

• Festival data base of Chambéry. Founded in 1976, it takes place each year in October. It was sponsored by Andre Franquin who in carried out the logo.

• Fumetto is the name of International festival of the comic strip of Lucerne, in German-speaking Switzerland.

• BDSierre was the greatest festival of Comic strip of . It had taken place each June in the commune of Sierre, in Were worth enter 1984 and 2004.

The different ones Kinds Data base

Franco-Belgian Data base

The Franco-Belgian data base indicates as its name indicates it the data bases produced in and in Belgium. By extension, one also speaks about European data base.

Comic strip

Comic strips of some boxes, always very current in the Anglo-Saxon countries. See Comic strip.

Comics

Comic strips American : to see the page dedicated to comics.

Fumetti

Comic strips in : to see the page dedicated to fumetti.

Manga

Comic strips : to see the page dedicated to .

Manhwas

Comic strips : to see the page dedicated to manhwas.

Graphic novel

Comic strip telling a more detailed and complex history being located between the novel and the Comic strip known as traditional: to see the page dedicated to graphic novels

Tebeo

Comic strips in : to see the page dedicated to tebeo

Swiss data base

The Swiss data base - in particular French-speaking Switzerland - is not in remainder, with authors such as Zep (series Titeuf), Daniel Ceppi (series Stephan Clement, chronicles of a traveller), or Cosey (series Jonathan), Gerald Chick, Frederik Peeters, inter alia.

Small sizes

Comic strips of pocket (generally with the format 13x18 cm) and generally in black and white: to see the page dedicated to Small sizes.

WebComic

Says comic strips published directly on one Web page. It is a particular form of account on numerical support also indicated by the term Data base on line. Example: Megatokyo.

Lianhuanhua

See the article devoted to the Chinese comic strip.

also apelé Manhua (??/??mànhuà)

Some sites dedicated to the comic strip

Shops on Line

• TopBD : Bookshop in line specialized in the Derived data base and its Products.
• BDnet : Bookshop on line - member of the network "Channel data base", regrouping of independent booksellers

Bédéthèques

• BDovore : site to manage free its collection of data base on line
• The bédéthèque :: Bdthèque of the BDGest software
• BDTheque : Bdthèque put on line by the Net surfers
• Encyclo' Data base : site allowing to manage free its collection of data base on line. Manage the albums and the objects para data base.

Chronicles

• ART9 : chronicles and synopsis by the voluntary ones on finished series data bases
• Bulledair : chronicles of data base and Hebdos data base on line
• Data base Selection : the hebdo of the comic strip ]
• BDGest Forum : Chronicles and forum around exits data base
• Mezkale : Chronicles, portraits, interviews and news data base
• CoinBD.COM : site proposing of many chronicles on thousands of albums data base.
• Du9 : in the past a fanzine, Du9 is an active webzine since 1996, promoter of a demanding comic strip.

Sites General practitioners

• 1001 data bases : site on the data base in all its forms
• Data base Exchange : treating site of topicality data base and the exits
• Forgotten data bases : base data indexing all that is appeared in many reviews of data base (Spirou, Pilote, Tintin, Vaillant/Pif, Métal Howling, Icy Fluide...)
• Data base Paradisio : site containing of the chronicles, the infos, the interviews...
• iBDdb : A collaborative encyclopaedia of the comic strip
• Mark data base : the webzine of all the comic strips
• Sceneario.COM : site containing of the chronicles, the infos, the interviews...
• Blam : site containing of the chronicles, the infos, the interviews...
• ArtikZone : Magazine data base in format pdf on the topicality of the data base
• Bdstrips : Site general practitioner allowing to buy data bases
• Clearly of Bubble : Site of the alternate or independent comic strip
• PIMPF : PIMPF the gate of the data bases Small sizes
• Pifomanie : Pifomanie Biddings Conk Gadget and Valiant
• The Councils to create its data base : To create a file of Comic strip, to protect and make publish its data base...

Topicality - News

• TOUTENBD : treating site of the topicality of the data base
• Actua Data base : daily information on the data base
• comic strip information
• L @ Data base : All infos of the data base
• [ 1 ]
• BDGest : Infos of the data base and Software of management of collection of data base

The Community data base

• Abdel-inn : data base on line, animation flash, animation 2d 3d...
• Data base Amateur : site open to all the amateurs authors and their public...

Editors

• Comic strip Glénat : Editor of comic strip, books and manga
• Comic strip Winds of West : Editor of comic strip (fantastic, thrillers, humour, erotism, youth...)
• Media Participations : group of French edition, gathers in particular the editors Dargaud, Dupuis, Lombard
• Delcourt
• Sun : specialist in the data base of the type "Heroïc Fantasy"

Others

• Heading comic strip open directory project
• AnnuaireBD.COM : repertory of addresses of devoted sites the Comic strip.
• Bdzone : a gate general practitioner on the data base
• Euro data base : the webring of the comic strip
• The data base.COM : Center National Comic strip and image
• Lambiek Comiclopedia : List authors of Comics (in English)
• French-speaking Lambiek Edition : List authors data base
• Comic strip and Philately
• Sallartist : Site on the Congolese data base
• CinEmotions.COM : File ' the Comic strip in Cinéma'
• Beyond humour History of the Comic strip in English Canada and Quebec
• Site devoted to the editor of small sizes Adventures and Voyages
• Site devoted to the editor of small sizes Youth and Holidays

Internal bonds

• Animated drawing
• Animation
• Animation Audio-visual Graphic art
• List cartoon film companies
• International festival of cartoon film of Annecy

Related articles

• Birth of an album of Tintin
• Periodic newspapers of comic strip
• List strip cartoonists
• List hero of comic strip
• List albums and series of comic strip
• List editors of comic strip
• Comic strips of science fiction alphabetically
• Data base on line
• Reuben Award