Medicine
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medicine is one science, one art, and one technique whose object is at the same time the study of human body and of its operation, as well as the conservation and the re-establishment of health. Applied to the animals, medicine is known as veterinary medicine.
Synopsis |
Bases of medicine
Terminology common to all medicine
- etiology is the study of the causes of the disease.
- pathogenesis in is the study of the causal mechanism.
- physiopathology is the study of the modifications of the great functions during diseases.
- semiology in east is the comprehensive study of the apparent signs. It is related so that one names private clinic, opposed to para-private clinic who are the results of complementary examinations. Vis-a-vis with the increasing complexity of the techniques of imagery etc., it developed a semiology of the complementary examinations.
- diagnosis is the identification of the disease.
- differential diagnosis is the description of the diseases comprising of the close signs and which can be confused.
- therapeutic is the treatment of this disease.
- forecast is the evolution of this one.
Branches of medicine
Fundamental sciences
- anatomy : study ofhuman anatomy
- medical biology : discipline including/understanding itbiological hematology, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, bacteriology, virology, parasitology
- biochemistry
- biophysics
- histology and itembryology
- physiology human
Medical specialities and competences
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Are gathered in this chapter the medical specialities which require obtaining D.E.S. (Diploma of studies spécialisées)ou of a Doctorate of state, and which are recognized byOrder of the Doctors,ou byOrder of the Dental surgeons or which is purely hospital (infectiology for example). In France, in 2004, the general medicine becomes a speciality.
- Study of allergies
- Andrology
- Angiology
- Anatomy and cytology pathological (see anatomo-pathology)
- Anesthesiology-reanimation
- Medical biology
- Cancerology or oncology
- Cardiology and vascular diseases
- Surgery
- Cardiac surgery
- Surgery of the face and the neck
- General surgery
- Infantile surgery
- Surgery orthopedic
- Dental surgery
- Plastic surgery, reconstructrice and esthetics
- Thoracic surgery
- Urologic surgery
- Vascular surgery
- Visceral surgery
- Surgical techniques
- Dermatology and venerology
- Endocrinology and metabolisms
- Gastro-enterology
- Genetics
- Geriatrics
- Gynaecology medical
- Gynaecology obstetrics
- Hematology
- Infectiology
- Medical computing and Information Technologies
- Occupational medicine
- General medicine
- Emergency medicine
- Internal medicine
- Medicine hyperbare
- Nuclear medicine
- Nutritional medicine (see nutrition)
- Nephrology
- Neurosurgery
- Neurology
- Oncology medical
- Oncology radiotherapic
- Ophthalmology
- Otorhinolaryngology
- Pediatry
- Pneumology
- Psychiatry
- Radiodiagnosis and medical imagery
- Physical therapy and of readjustment
- Rheumatology
- Public health
- Stomatology
- Urology
By practice
- general medicine
- anatomo-pathology : microscopic study of sick fabrics
- anesthesiology-reanimation : sedation, anaesthesia, reanimation
- surgery : therapeutic medical which comprises a mechanical intervention with the centre even fabrics
- aesthetic medicine : type of care aiming at improving the plastic aspect of the patient.
- occupational medicine : preventive medicine consisting in avoiding any deterioration of health workers because of their work, in particular by supervising the conditions of occupational hygiene, risks of contagion and the health of the workers.
- emergency medicine : hospital medicine (service of the urgencies) and extra-hospital (Samu), treatment of the vital urgencies
- nutrition : assumption of responsibility of the metabolism and the food
- radiology : speciality ofmedical imagery
See also article Doctor.
By type of patient
- andrology : medicine of the man, dealt with of the specific diseases of the male sex.
- gynaecology : medicine of the woman, dealt with of the specific diseases of the female sex.
- obstetrics : medicine of the pregnant woman. To note the medical practice with whole share of midwives, which is devoted to the monitoring of the normal pregnancy
- medicine f?tale : medicine of the f?tus thanks to the appearance of methods of explorations of the intra-uterine life (echography, Doppler, amniocentèse).
- pediatry : medicine of the children, field very broad and generally including clinical genetics.
- geriatrics : medicine of the old people.
- medicine of the sailors : medicine of the sailors and workers of the sea.
By bodies
- cardiology : medicine of the diseases of c?ur (electrocardiography)
- dermatology : medicine of the diseases of skin
- endocrinology : medicine of the diseases of glands, the hormonal anomalies, the disorders of the nutrition.
- hematology : medicine of the diseases of blood
- hepato-gastro-enterology : medicine of the diseases of liver and of digestive tract
- immunology
- nephrology : medicine of the diseases of kidneys
- neurology : medicine of the diseases of nervous system
- odontology : care of the teeth
- ophthalmology : medicine of the diseases of eyes
- orthopedy : surgical discipline treating the affections of the locomotor apparatus.
- otorhinolaryngology (ORL) : medicine of the diseases of ears, of nose and of gorges
- pneumology : medicine of the diseases of lungs
- rheumatology : medical discipline treating the affections of the locomotor apparatus.
- stomatology : medicine of the diseases of stop
- urology : medicine of the urinary tract
By affections
- addictology : medicine of the dependences, gathering italcoholism, it nicotinism and drug-addiction (connects psychiatry according to some)
- alcoology : medicine of the disorders related to alcohol
- study of allergies : medicine of allergies
- cancerology or oncology : medicine of cancers
- infectiology : medicine of infectious diseases
- psychiatry : medicine of the psychic disorders and the psychoses
- toxicology : treatment of poisonings and intoxications
- traumatology : treatment of the patients having undergone serious wounds, generally accidental
Other medical professions and ancillary medical professions
Problems related to the care
The medical care is acts on the human person. If one seeks effects positive, these acts can also have negative consequences. Some are adverse effects related to the treatment, the "side effects". Others result from awkwardness, medical error, defects of organization.
It is estimated that in France, 4 % of the hospitalizations are consecutive with care, and that 40 % of these cases would be avoidable [ 1 ]. These problems include/understand them diseases nosocomiales.
Parallel medicines
See the detailed article Parallel medicine.
Summary bibliography
- Kahn (Axel) & Lecourt (Domenica), 2004: Bioethics and freedom, Paris, PUF/Quadrige.
- Lecourt (Domenica) (dir.), 1999: Dictionary of history and philosophy of sciences, Paris, 4th réed. "Quadrige"/PUF, 2006.
- Domenica Lecourt (dir.), 2004: Dictionary of the medical thought, Paris, réed. PUF/Quadrige, 2004.
See too
Internal bonds
- Family antecedents
- Doctor
- Health
- Abbreviations in medicine
- First aid
- General medicine
- medical trade union
- Veterinary medicine
- Dentistry
- Medical file
- Medical examination
- Studies of medicine
- Order of the Doctors
External bonds
- National order of the doctors (France)
- Code public health (France)
- SML: Trade union of the Liberal Doctors
- CSMF: Trade-union confederation of the French Doctors
- FMF: Federation of the French Doctors
- SFMG: French company Doctors General
- MG France site (the trade union of the general practitioners)
- The Daily newspaper of the doctor
- The international Newspaper of medicine (JIM)
- Medical studies - CHU Pity-Salpêtrière with duplicated course
- Conferences of consensus
- Ledamed, site intended for the professionals of the health of the developing countries
- Forums of the Atoute site
- Mysteries of the human body
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