Republic

Synopsis

Modern republics

One republic is one form government in which Head of the State is not one monarch (this term also indicates one thus controlled). This word comes from LMBO publica, the "public thing", and suggests the control of the State by the whole of the population. However, the republic is not therefore inevitably democratic. A government of republican form can imply a limited democracy, where such rights are not reserved that to a restricted group. In such cases, a republic can be dictatorial or totalitarian. The concept is also enough broad to include them representative democracies.

The history of the republic as goes up far as the old one Akkad. The ancient republic the best known one is Roman republic, which lasted of -509 with . In the Roman republic, principles of yearly recurrence (exercise of the capacity for a only one year mandate) and of collegial structure (exercise of the capacity by at least two men at the same time) were usually observed.

At our time, the executive power is generally incarnated in only one person, it , but some exceptions is verifiable as in , which has a council of seven members at his head (called it or the Federal Council) and , where two people share the capacity.

Nothing makes it possible to say that enters monarchy and republic one is necessarily more democratic than the other, because the capacities of the Head of the State (that he is a monarch or president) can be only purely cérémoniaux - although the election of a Head of State within democratic systems is generally considered more democratic than the monarchical right. The monarchs generally reign with life and are replaced with their death by a relative, either determined by them is by preestablished rules. Many current constitutional monarchies are completely democratic, including/understanding a Parliament elected by the people. The presidents of republics, on the contrary, are generally elected for a limited mandate - just as their successors. Nowadays, of many not-democratic republics say themselves democratic, and notwithstanding the control of the electoral results maintain the ritual to elect their Head of State regularly; in these States, many Heads of States give up their functions (by resignation or early retirement) or there are forced (by constitutional means) by other members of the dominant elite. There are however exceptions - each new emperor of , for example, was elected by the principal princes of the Empire, although through the centuries the habit evolved/moved until naming with this load the successive members of the same family.

Republics Soviet were Member States which were to join together three criteria to be thus named, 1) to be with the periphery of the Soviet Union to be able to benefit from their theoretical right to make secession, 2) to be economically able to ensure itautarky after secession, and 3) to be named according to the ethnic group of at least a million people which will constitute the majority of the aforementioned republic. These republics were originally create by Stalin - and some continue to be created still today.

States of The United States must be of republican form (just like the federal government), the people being the real holder of the authority. A requirement for States which are supposed to create and reinforce the majority of the domestic laws, except for the zones delegated to the federal government. fathers founders country awaited a management by the States of the majority of the domestic laws, even if with time the influence of the federal government on those were reinforced little by little. The obligation of a republican form was also a way of protecting the civil rights and of preventing that a State does not sink in the dictatorship or monarchy.

In France, the 1st republic was proclaimed in 1793. Today, It is the 5th republic which governs the French institutions.

The republic in the traditional texts and of the Rebirth

(principal article: Traditional definition of the Republic)

Before the 18è century (roughly), all the known republics were also more or less democratic. Thus in the old texts one will see the word republic used in alternation with the word democracy. Many recent republics were not completely democratic (and often are still not it), from where a current design of the more limited republic.

Examples

Currently, the republics are very numerous on a world level. The republican shape of government can be combined with very many economic and democratic systems different. Some examples to illustrate various republican models:

  • The United States, it is federal republics controlled by a representative democracy
  • is one federation states (cantons) controlled by a combination between direct democracy and representativeness.
  • is one federation semi-autonomous republics (States) and directly directed provinces.
  • is a republic .

Let us note that although one regarded Sparte as a republic, monarchy played however a part in their government; and whereas one would regard today Athens as being a republic, it was described in Classiques times like a democracy. In Greek, the distinction between democracy and republic does not exist (the word republic being, as one mentioned above, of Roman origin). Old authors Greek described modes not-monarchical as oligarchies (if they were directed by a reduced group citizens), tyranies (directed by a person who had seized the capacity by a coup d'etat) or democracies (if the voting rights and that to be elected were given to a great number of citizens, the lowest classes include).

Bibliography

  • The idea of Republic and the jurisprudence of the constitutional Council / Frederic Monera - Paris: L.G.D.J., 2004;

See too

 

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