Crown
crown is a religious ceremony giving to a sovereign a crowned character (sometimes even divine), thus distinguishing it from the other laic ones. It is a ceremony distinct from couronnement.
Synopsis |
Antiquity
King David accepted an oiling. The sacring is thus a Hebraic rite.
The sacring was unknown and of .
Restoration of the sacring to the Middle Ages
Spain
The sacring was practised by the sovereigns of to the VIIE century, but only the kingdom ofAragon in the use preserved thereafter. The other kingdoms preferred simple crowning, in order to be subjected to the influence of .
France
Sacrings of ( and )
Kings mérovingiens (VE- VIIIE centuries) did not reach the capacity after a sacring; they were selected (elected officials) by the aristocrats in the mérovingienne family. Their capacity came from their charisma and their military victories. Baptism of the first king mérovingien , towards , was never a sacring.
In the medium of the VIIIE century, it is it Pip the Brief, wire of , which inaugurated the practice of the religious sacring for the kings of France; as a preliminary, he wanted to ensure himself of the support of the highest spiritiuelle authority of the Occident: the pope. It sent initially Burchard and Fulrad in embassy near the pope Zacharie. This one answered that the divine order was disturbed because the mayor of the palate had the reality of the capacity whereas it did not have legitimacy of it. The last kings mérovingiens did not exert indeed any more any effective authority (image of Epinal of lazy kings).
The Church affirms whereas it must give the legitimacy of the capacity by the ritual of the sacring. The model is the oiling which the king accepted David by Samuel in. The ceremony occurs to in , in the presence of several bishops. During the mass, the king receives a little devoted oil. The election by the people and the Large ones (aristocrats) remains, but with the Carolingian successors, it will lose of its importance.
In exchange of its it, agreement in principle had hoped for the support armed with the Carolingian vis-a-vis to the threats . In , the pope Etienne II must even take refuge in Gaule and ask for the intervention of Pip the Brief: this last gives him the promise of an armed intervention against Lombards; in exchange, the pope confers to him the title of "Patrice of the Romans" (i.e. protective of Rome); especially a second sacring takes place with in : this time, the woman and the wire (of which future ) of Pip is crowned hands even of the pontiff. Thereafter, Pépin the Brief holds its promise and engages several forwardings in Italy. The territories given up by Lombards form the embryo of Papal States, the temporal one of Saint-Pierre.
The sacring of Pip Short A several fundamental implications:
- a dynastic change: the Carolingians reign in France until in . The last king mérovingien, Childéric III, is locked up in a monastery.
- the Carolingians obtained the support of the pope and the Church. They must, in return to ensure their defense.
- with the sacring of 754, all the Carolingian dynasty is crowned.
- by the sacring, the king is above all the other laic ones.
The sacring under the Carolingians
During the Carolingian empire, itelection fell in disuse, without disappearing: it is recalled at the time of the sacring by an acclamation, but it is nothing any more but one formality. crowning imperial, given on the agenda by Charlemagne into 800, is distinct from the sacring. It takes place in Rome in general, in the presence of the pope.
The first sacring with took place in : , wire of Charlemagne, became by this ceremony, the elected official of God and defender of the Church. The archbishop of Rheims Hincmar crowned Charles the Bald person in . However Rheims kept preeminence on the other metropolitan seats only during the XIIE century because it was the city of the baptème of Clovis during which appeared holy Bulb. Also Capétien Louis VI is made crown with in .
The sacring of Capétiens
The decline of the Carolingians is obvious with the IX and Xe century: Robertiens Eudes is chosen by the Large ones into 888. After having proclaimed the forfeiture of the Carolingian Charles the Simple one, Robert is made elect and crown king with on June 29 .
With XE century, the territorial princes (marquis, dukes, counts) acquired such a political power which they can pose their conditions before agreeing to the election of the king. The election of the king is thus become again determining, especially during the dynastic crises.
In , the Carolingian Louis V dies without child. is elected by the Large ones with Senlis then crowned with Boundary-line : it is the end of the Carolingian dynasty. Hugues Capet takes the care to make crown his son of alive sound. This use will be perpetuated until Philippe Auguste : at the end of XIIe century, the capacity and the legitimacy of Capétiens are definitively assured.
Evolution of the ritual
- See the detailed article Crown (France)
The ritual of the sacring was fixed only gradually: the description of the gestures and the words pronounced during the sacring is named ordo ; the clerks wrote several of them:
- ordo of Hincmar (IXE century): oiling, crowning, oath: the king commits himself to respect and defend the Church, to ensure peace and returning justice as well as the mercy
- ordo of Fulrad (XE century)
- ordo of saint Louis (XIIIE century): handing-over of spurs and of a sword in the presence of the 12 pars from France. The acclamations of the people present in the cathedral of Rheims replace the old election. Kiss of peace. During the sacring, the king receives his badges of being able (regalia). If the king is married, the sacring of the queen takes place afterwards right.
- From the XIVE century, the king has the capacity thaumaturgical (of healer). After the ceremony, it leaves touch scrofula.
Germanic empire
The Germanic emperors were initially elected kings, then they reçoivaient the imperial crown of the hands of the pope, in Rome.
England
The English kings were crowned.
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See too
Bonds
The sources miss
